Imibono yesimanje mayelana nemvelaphi yokuphila. Ukuvela lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni (kafushane)

Uma sihlaziya yonke idatha esiye etholwe usosayensi ezifundweni ezahlukene, kuyacaca ukuthi ukuphila Emhlabeni - Amazing ngokumangalisayo Empeleni. Amathuba okuphathwa yiyo lapho ivela khona azinakwa endaweni yonke. Zonke izigaba umsuka wokuphila equkethwe ukuthi kungenzeka Yiqiniso okunye imicimbi, ngenxa okuyinto izwe babeyohlala abandayo kwalasha cosmic ngaphandle kokunezela noluncane akuyona into kwengqondo yomuntu, ngisho bacterium kulencane. Indalo yadalwa ngezinsuku ukuchaza isenzakalo esinjalo Amazing ngenxa yokungenela kwaphezulu. Nokho, bona uZimu ukhona nofana awa, nemibono yesimanje mayelana nemvelaphi yokuphila, kanye nazo zonke wonke umkhakha wezesayensi, esekelwe idatha zokuhlola kanye nentuthuko theory, okungase imibuzo noma uqinisekise.

vitalism

ulwazi abangabantu eziguqukayo kuthi akufane nokwenzeka amaphuzu ayinhloko achazwe inqubo Darwin. Kwemvelo kukhona kwemvelo futhi kusinda ezinamandla, okuyinto wakwazi ukumelana ukumelana esiphikisayo agumenti noma alingise, liguquke ukufanisa kubo. Imicabango mayelana nemvelaphi yokuphila futhi baye sezihambe ibanga elide ukuze abe, kwaqedwa okuyinto engazange ngisho wabonisa, njengoba amaqiniso amasha avuliwe nsuku zonke, ephoqa ulungise imibono usumisiwe.

Isenzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando ezinkulu kulo mgwaqo kwaba vitalism - imfundiso yokuziphendukela isizukulwane okuzenzakalelayo nokuphila okuphakade. Ngaphansi bezimiso zawo, amagundane uvele zidwedwe ubudala, ama-worms - e izinsalela ezibolile ukudla. Vitalism lamnqoba ucwaningo isayensi kuze Lui Pastera ngo-1860, lapho aba ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento isizukulwane nokuguqulwa yezinto eziphilayo. Imiphumela okubangelwa umcimbi nakuba: baqinisa inkolelo ngomsunguli waphezulu futhi ziphoqelelwe ososayensi ukubheka ubufakazi ukuthi muva nje baye ngawo atholakala engenabufakazi. Isayensi uhlose ukuchaza ukuthi umsuka ezimele zokuphila zenzeka, kodwa isikhathi eside bese uya igxathu negxathu, ukuthatha izigidi zeminyaka.

zamagama carbon

Isimo sasibonakala singathembisi kuze, kuze ku-1864 AM Butlerof ungenziwanga ukutholakala ezibalulekile. Wakwazi ukuthola izinto eziphilayo (carbon) i wezinto ezingaphili (kule experiment kwaba formaldehyde). Idatha etholwe umxhwele odongeni ukucekela delineates eziphilayo wayesaphila kanye nezwe into efile. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, ososayensi bakwazi ukudamane bethola izinguqulo nezinye organic kusuka izinto wezinto ezingaphili. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ngaqala ukwakha imibono yesimanje mayelana nemvelaphi yokuphila. Baye ugxile idatha hhayi kuphela biology, kodwa futhi Cosmology ne-physics.

Imiphumela Big Bang

Theory ka umsuka wokuphila ukumboza isikhathi elikhulu: the izimfanelo kuqala ukwakheka ikusasa eziphilayo, ososayensi zisengaphansi kusaqalwa umsuka Umkhathi. physics Modern ubala khona kwezwe kusukela Big Bang, lapho cishe lutho kwavela konke. I eyanda ngokushesha futhi iyapholisa phansi yonke ama-athomu kuqala kwakhiwa kanye nama-molecule ke sezifikile ndawonye ukuze zakhe ubuzalwane isizukulwane sokuqala izinkanyezi. Babé indawo kweenkambiso izici aziwa isayensi namuhla. Ama-athomu omoya okusha egcwele isikhala lapho Kuqhuma inkanyezi futhi uba isisekelo alandelayo izindawo, kuhlanganise ilanga lethu. idatha yamanje zisikisela ukuthi kuqala organic compounds ungase luvele efwini protoplanetary ezizungezile izinkanyezi ezintsha. Kubo Kungakabiphi kwamiswa kanye iplanethi. It kuvela ukuthi izinyathelo zokuqala lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni kwenzeka ngisho nangaphambi kokuba lasungulwa.

imijikelezo autocatalytic

Izinqubo ezenzeka emhlabeni Blue "Isikhathi sasebuntwaneni" yalo, kusekelwa izinto ziyingxenye ekujuleni kwalo futhi ivela emkhathini njengoba emkhathini. Imicabango umsuka wokuphila omunye izisekelo ebaluleke kakhulu ukuvela udaba eziphilayo eMhlabeni ubizwa ngokuthi yelikhono zamakhemikhali, abanjwe lapha izingxenyana zalezi "njengabafokazi". Baye bahola yokuthi indima eyethusayo kumiswa izinto ezintsha emhlabeni baqala ukudlala izinqubo fast kakhulu.

Esigabeni esilandelayo - imijikelezo autocatalytic. Ngo izinqubo ezinjalo ukukhiqiza izinto ezisiza ukuthuthukisa izinga yokusabela, kanye substrate uvuseleleke - izici basebenzisane. Umjikelezo Ngakho ephelele: izinqubo ngokwabo yanda futhi ngokwabo "ukudla ukulungele", izinto okusho ukuthi kukhona futhi asabela ngayo futhi catalyzing ngokwabo futhi kabusha obumba substrate, nokunye.

ukungabaza

Sekuyisikhathi eside imibono yesimanje mayelana nemvelaphi yokuphila equkethwe nemibono engqubuzanayo. Uyisikhubekiso - inkukhu neqanda inkinga. Yini eza kuqala: amaprotheni nizifeze zonke izinqubo kuseli, noma i-DNA, ebheka isakhiwo namaprotheni ebamba wonke ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo. I ebalulekile lokuqala emzimbeni njengoba Kukhulisa umuzwa wokuzihlonipha kwenze sokuvuselela uhlelo, ngaphandle okuyinto ukuphila akunakwenzeka. DNA iqukethe isakhiwo cell yerekhodi, futhi ekunqumeni ukusebenza. Ibalulekile imibono yesikholwa ososayensi bese uphendula umbuzo, kwaze kwaba isikhathi lapho kwaziwa ukuthi njengoba ekhiqiza ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo egciwaneni aliveli DNA ne-RNA, ekilasini lesithathu organic compounds, okuyinto ngokuvamile zinikwa kuphela indima yesibili ku-mbono yokuziphendukela umsuka wokuphila.

RNA emhlabeni

Kancane kancane waqala buthelela amaqiniso futhi in the 80s kwekhulu elidlule, kunobufakazi bokuthi washintsha imibono mayelana kusaqalwa kumiswa eziphilayo ndaba. Kwatholakala ribozymes, RNA molecule banezimfanelo amaprotheni amakhono, ikakhulukazi, ukuba catalyze ukusabela. Izinhlobo zokuqala eziphansi zokuphila, ngaleyo ndlela, kungavela ngaphandle iqhaza amaprotheni DNA. Ngo umsebenzi wabo isitoreji, kanye wonke umsebenzi kwenziwa ngaphakathi RNA. manje Ukuphila Emhlabeni wenziwa protoorganisms emelela umjikelezo autocatalytic ehlanganisa ribozymes self-ukuzandisa. Imfundiso ibizwa ngokuthi "i-RNA emhlabeni".

coacervates

Namuhla kunzima ukucabanga ukuphila isikhathi, ngoba wayengenayo sici esisodwa esibalulekile - igobolondo noma imingcele. Empeleni, kwaba isixazululo equkethe umjikelezo autocatalytic RNA. Inkinga yokungabi imingcele, ezidingekile ukugeleza kahle izinqubo ixazululwe ngokurhaba izindlela. Protoorganisms wathola indawo yokufihla ikhanda eduze namaminerali zeolite kokuba isakhiwo anezikhala ngehele. ezindaweni zawo wakwazi catalyze ekumiseni uchungechunge RNA ngibanike ukumisa ezithile.

Ngaphezu kwalokho - ngaphezulu, ivele coacervates esiteji noma amaconsi amanzi-lipid. I imicabango ka umsuka wokuphila njengoba muva nje, futhi okwamanje isekelwe imfundiso yokuziphendukela AI Oparin, ababefunda izakhiwo zalezi zokwakheka. Coacervates - lokhu isixazululo amaconsi ebiyelwe negobolondo amafutha (lipids). Lezi ulwelwesi zinezikhathi permeability sokukhohlwa ikhono lokufeza umzimba. Ezinye zazo ngokusobala, united ngamaketanga RNA self-ukuzandisa, kuhlanganise lezo catalyze synthesis lipids ngokwabo. Ngakho, izinhlobo ezintsha zokuphila, wanqoba ngendlela kusukela doorganizmennogo level umzimba langempela. The kungenzeka izakhiwo ezinjalo iye yaqinisekisa muva: abacwaningi Ucwaningo waqinisekisa ikhono RNA lihambisana calcium ion enamathiselwe nolwelwesi lipid nokulawula permeability yabo.

abasizi okunekhono

Umsuka wokuphila esigabeni esilandelayo yinqubo ekuthuthukiseni imisebenzi eziphilayo kwakhiwa. RNA atholwe ikhono catalyze synthesis amino acid polymers, ekuqaleni ulula. Umvuthwandaba sokubaluleka kokubeka indlela entsha kwaba ikhono synthesize amaprotheni. Ezemfundo lavela izikhathi eziningana ukwazi ukubhekana ngokuphumelelayo nge izinqubo yezinto eziphilayo kuka ribozymes.

Ekuqaleni, peptide zamagama awuzange ngaphambilini. Inqubo kwaba "hit noma miss", kusale ukuphathwa waleli cala kuyi-ukulandelana acid acid ngamaketanga entsha. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokhu wanamathela ikhophi esiqondile, ngoba lokho kwaba nomthelela ukuzinza enkulu ohlelweni lonke. Yavela kanjalo-ke isimiso sezakhi zofuzo, okuvumela synthesize amaprotheni oluthile imisebenzi oyifunayo.

ekupheleleni

Honing ikhono synthesize namaprotheni oyifunayo zenzeka kancane kancane. Isinyathelo sokuqala kwakuwukunqoba ukuvela ngohlobo olukhethekile RNA, okuyinto Ungaxhuma ama-amino acid. Isiwombe sesibili inqubo ukwakhiwa, ephelezelwa ukwakheka peptide molecule esebenzisa kuhlelwe ngendlela ethile ukuze elisekela. Ukulandelana eyayibekwe ngesikhathi esifanayo RNA isifanekiso. Kuchasiselwe "imiyalelo" ulwazi RNA namaprotheni izingxenye Ngokuzayo wahlanganyela uhlobo olusha RNA, ngokuthi ezokuthutha. Kanjani kanye nolwazi, futhi kuba kube yilolu suku - kuyingxenye ebalulekile peptide zamagama.

DNA

Ukuba yinkimbinkimbi okwandisa eziphilayo okwengeziwe waqhubeka izindlela zokuthuthukisa izindlela kolwazi USB. Kukholakala ukuthi DNA wayedabuka omunye izigaba ngibone umjikelezo wokuphila kwe amakoloni RNA. Wawunodonga isakhiwo uzinze ngokwengeziwe. degree kwayo ulwazi lalilikhulu kakhulu kunalokho, ngakho ngemva abanye, impela isikhathi eside kwaba onalo eyinhloko DNA isimiso sezakhi zofuzo.

Omunye izakhiwo ukwakheka entsha, ngesikhathi sakhe akazange avumele ukubeka DNA phakathi ikhanda inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela umsuka wokuphila - kuyinto ukungakwazi ukuba athathe isinyathelo. Sekuvele uhlobo ukukhokhelwa eziphambili izici kwisitoreji semidiya. Yonke "umsebenzi" wahlala amaprotheni RNA.

Symbiosis

imibono yesimanje mayelana nemvelaphi yokuphila akuvezi ukhokho wenkosi avaliwe futhi ebiyelwe nyá lonke umzimba. Ososayensi bathambekela ngokwengeziwe bakhetha ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi kusaqalwa kwakukhona ukufana umphakathi amaseli ezincane ezingabonakali imisebenzi ehlukene. Symbiosis ezinjalo kulula ukuthola imvelo namuhla. Isibonelo elula we - amacansi cyano-webhaktheriya, okuyizinto kanyekanye emphakathini nezilwanyana ezincane kanye ophilayo yomkhakha owodwa.

Ukuvela lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni biology esigabeni samanje yentuthuko yayo, ubona inqubo, elinesimo kuyimpi hhayi umncintiswano, kodwa kunalokho isibonakaliso okwandayo olungafani izakhiwo ezithile, okwaholela kwavela kwengqamuzana ephilayo, njengoba manje amelela.

nje okungaqondile

Kufinyeta, singakwazi kafushane enumerate zonke izigaba kwetinhlavu ukuphila, ngo kohlaka kunemibono yanamuhla, inguqulo Cishe iningi ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa eziphilayo eMhlabeni:

1. Ukwakheka eyinhloko organic compounds ngamafu protoplanetary.

2. Ukuhlangana kancane-kancane ukwehlukaniswa izigaba ngaphandle ayephambili ukusabela nge ikhono self-ukushesha, nemijikelezo autocatalytic.

3. Ukuvela imijikelezo autocatalytic RNA.

4. Union RNA futhi lipid ulwelwesi.

5. Ukuthola i-RNA synthesize amaprotheni.

6. Ukufika kombuso DNA kanye ukutholwa yayo njengoba Igumbi ezinkulu zolwazi.

7. Kumiswa eziphilayo kuqala owumphumela ngokusebenzisa Symbiosis.

Ukuqonda izinqubo ezaholela ukuvela ukuphila, noma kunjalo asiphelele. Ososayensi luselude imibuzo. Akwaziwa ngokuthe ngqo ukuthi kwaphakama RNA, izigaba eziningi eziphakathi kukhona theory kuphela. Nokho, abasha ucwaningo, amaqiniso nemibono bayahlolwa ezibekwe nsuku zonke. Singasho kugcwale umlomo ukuthi unyaka wethu unikele emhlabeni okutholakele okuningi ezihlobene kwenkathi nezakudala.