Heisenberg sika ukungaqiniseki - umnyango microworld

Lapho abasha Maks Plank watshela uthisha wakhe ukuthi wayefuna abaqhubeka beziphatha physics theory, wamamatheka wamqinisekisa ukuthi mina nje wafunda khona akuhlangene - kusele "kuhlanzwe olunzima." Maye! Imizamo Planck, Niels Bohr, Einstein, Schrödinger nabanye. Konke upside phansi ngokuphelele ukuze ngeke abuyele emuva, futhi ngaphambi imigwaqo. Ngaphezu kwalokho - ngaphezulu, phakathi theory jikelele esiphithiphithini kuvela, isibonelo, Heisenberg ukungaqiniseki. Njengoba Bathi, kungcono nje akwanele. Ekuqaleni kwawo-19-20 eminyaka, ososayensi baye wavula umnyango endaweni engaziwa izinhlayiya aphansi, futhi kukhona evamile Mechanics Newton kuhlulekile.

Kunengqondo, "ngaphambi", konke kuhamba kahle - ukuthi umzimba wenyama, ngakho izixhumanisi zayo. Ngo "physics evamile," ungahlala ukuthatha umcibisholo futhi ucacise "xhoxha" entweni yayo "okuvamile," ngisho ezihambayo. Slip kwakuthiwa ayifakiwe - imithetho Newton ungawenzi amaphutha. Kodwa nanku into cwaningo isiba ezincane - okusanhlamvu, i-molecule, athomu. Okokuqala zinyamalale wabuka esiqondile into, bese encazelweni zalo zivele izilinganiso probabilistic yamazinga ezimaphakathi amangqamuzana igesi, futhi ekugcineni, amangqamuzana izixhumanisi kukhona "isilinganiso", kodwa singasho mayelana engqamuzaneni igesi: kungaba lapha noma laphaya, kodwa cishe endaweni ethile kule ndawo. Uyobona isikhathi, futhi ukuxazulula le nkinga ye-Heisenberg ukungaqiniseki, kodwa kamuva, kodwa manje ... Zama hit "boom theory" entweni uma "e umsuka okungenzeka kakhulu." Ebuthaka? Futhi hlobo luni into, lokho ubukhulu bakhe, balolonge? Kwakukhona imibuzo engaphezu kuka izimpendulo.

Futhi kuthiwani-athomu? Awu imodeli manje eyaziwa kwamaplanethi kwahlongozwa ngo-1911 futhi ngokushesha yabangela imibuzo. Chief phakathi kwabo: kokubili ezimbi electron orbit Kunenkolelo futhi kungani angawi ku-nucleus omuhle? Njengoba Bathi - Umbuzo omuhle lowo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi zonke izibalo theory ngalesi sikhathi eyenziwa ngesisekelo Mechanics classical - ukungaqiniseki Heisenberg sika engazange wawina unendawo ehloniphekile ku-mbono ye-athomu. Leli qiniso ayikuvumeli ososayensi ukuqonda okushiwo Mechanics ye-athomu. "Spas" Niels Bohr athomu - wamnika uzinzo ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi electron inamazinga esemkhathini, ukuba yena akusho akhipha amandla, okungukuthi, akukulahlekeli hhayi awela nucleus.

Isifundo phezu phambili uthi amandla kuyi-athomu ye isivele zafaka umfutho ekuthuthukiseni a physics entsha ngokuphelele - quantum, kuqalile ngu Maks Plank ngo-1900. Wathola lo mkhuba quantization yamandla, bese Niels Bohr uthole ukusetshenziswa kwalo. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwatholakala ukuthi esachazwa classical Mechanics imodeli kuyi-athomu ye sizwisise macrocosm ngokuphelele. Ngisho nesikhathi nendawo ngokuya emhlabeni quantum livele zisho ehluke ngokuphelele. Ngalesi sikhathi ukuzama of zesayensi theory ukunikeza zezibalo imodeli kuyi-athomu ye kwamaplanethi yaphela zibalo ezinezitezi eziningi futhi kuyize. Inkinga yaxazululeka ngokusebenzisa Heisenberg ukungaqiniseki maqondana. Le nkulumo zezibalo abadingi sibopha ukungaqiniseki ngekwendzawo uhlela Δx futhi Δv ijubane kuyizinhlayiyana mass m h Planck njalo:.

Δx * Δv> h / m

Yingakho eliyisisekelo umehluko micro- futhi Macro: isikhundla futhi velocity we izinhlayiya ku micro ayitholiwe ngendlela ethile - banayo bemvelo probabilistic. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isimiso Heisenberg ku ohlangothini olusesandleni sokunene iqukethe ukubaluleka ukhonkolo kakhulu omuhle, okusho ukuthi ukubaluleka zero siqedwa okungenani oyedwa yokungaqiniseki. In practice, lokhu kusho ukuthi velocity isikhundla izinhlayiya emhlabeni subatomic njalo kunqunywa ngephutha, futhi ayiwona neze zero. Ngo ncamashi engela efanayo Heisenberg ukungaqiniseki uxhumano nomsebenzisi nezinye ngazimbili exhumene izici, ezifana amandla kanye nesikhathi ukungaqiniseki E Δt?:

ΔEΔt> h

Ingqikithi le nkulumo ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuba kanyekanye ukukala amandla izinhlayiya enuzi kanye nesikhathi lapho yena possesses ke, ngaphandle kokwesaba ukubaluleka kwalo kusukela nesilinganiso amandla kuthatha isikhathi esithile, lapho amandla is ngezikhathi washintsha.