Pithecanthropus - ke ... I hypothesis zasezindaweni womuntu

Ezingaphezu kweyodwa yeminyaka, ososayensi ongqondongqondo kuthiwa babebanga imfihlakalo imisuka womuntu. Engaqinisekile, umbono, inkolelo-mbono. Kodwa kukhona ubufakazi obusha sokuba ngongakwazi ukukhokha izikweletu eyodwa noma omunye umqondo, ngakho ayikho le mibono okwamanje akuyona efakazelwe.

Imfundiso ezivamile zasezindaweni womuntu

1. ithiyori sezenkolo. Kuyinto endala kakhulu. Abasekeli balobu theory bacabange mayelana kwemvelo, ukubukeka saphezulu esemhlabeni engumuntu.
2. Cosmogony. Cosmogonists baphikisa ngokuthi umsuka isintu ubunjalo cosmic, ukuze izidalwa eziphambili ekwindla mayelana nezinto zasemkhathini chithi iplanethi. Ngalo mqondo, kunenkolelo yokuthi ukuphila emhlabeni - experiment kothile.
3. For mobile phones, imvelaphi yasemhlabeni. Umsunguli lo mbono - semvelo uCharles Darwin, ababeka phambili ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi umuntu owehla evela nezinkawu e inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Lokho bonke ukuphila emhlabeni ngesinye ziphenduke (vumelanisa nezimo zangaphandle) ngenxa ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo, okubandakanya ukuhlolwa out eziphilayo ababuthakathaka futhi basinde eziqine. Izizukulwane zabo zathola kuthiwa zofuzo ngobulili ulwazi mayelana nezimo, okuholela zinhlobo ziphenduke.

Ukuthuthukiswa imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Abalandeli mbono, ngokuthi "imfundiso kaDarwin classical", kukhona oyikholelwayo nenkawu ngenxa kwemvelo kancane kancane savela isigaba ephakeme yentuthuko.

Okuqhubekayo ukuthuthukisa inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela Darwin ekhulwini le-19, usosayensi German Ernst Haeckel, ngubani ezihlongozwayo ukuthi uma kwakubikwa esiteji Lesisemkhatsini yentuthuko phakathi kwenkawu nomuntu, futhi wanika igama lalesi sidalwa - Pithecanthropus, lihunyushwe kwelesiHeberu elithi Latin - "kwenkawu". Kuyini ezithakazelisayo, usosayensi kwakuthiwa kuphela echazwe kulolu hlobo. Phela, ezimbiwa phansi uthola at ayenalo wayengekho. Haeckel yasikisela, lapho ayengase ahlale Pithecanthropus - le ngxenye eningizimu-nempumalanga ye-Asia.

Ubufakazi imfundiso kaDarwin

Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, umbono waqinisekiswa umcwaningi Dutch Ezhenom Dyubua ubani athole izinsalela wachaza nokuba esiqhingini Java. Kamuva abacwaningi baye bathola ubufakazi obusha kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela - ku-20 kumbiwa ekhulwini Kwakuseshwa ngempumelelo e-Afrika, futhi ngaphezu izinsalela kwenkawu-owesilisa amathuluzi akhe eyenziwe ngetshe.

Ngo-1927, eduze Beijing (China) kwezazi baye bathola izinto umxhwele ukuhlola - izinsalela 40 abantu (amadoda, abesifazane nezingane). Morphologically abazi zehluke Pithecanthropus, ngokulandelana, bekulindeleke ukuthi lolu zenyathi, kodwa ngamasiko (ngamathuluzi ahlukahlukene), lolu hlobo kwenkawu ezinye intuthuko endleleni eya abantu yesimanje. Pithecanthropus - eyisihlobo kulaba bantu, ebebaphila ngaphambili. Ngokusho izinsalela ezitholakele, ososayensi awunika igama lokuthi okushiwo - Peking Man (Chinese kwenkawu-amadoda).

nocwaningo lwanamuhla

Okwamanje, abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi amadlozi ngqo zabantu kukhona ngqa - ezincelisayo kwenkawu-like, yabeka isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa parapithecus.

Parapithecus - kwenkawu abantu ukuthi uvele iminyaka eyizigidi 35 edlule. Lawa kwakungamadodana izilwane ezihlala ezihlahleni, okuyinto kwasho ukuqala ukukhula komuntu kulolu hlangothi, futhi ngakolunye - izinhlobo zanamuhla of nezinkawu: gibbon anezintende, ama-orangutan.

Driopithecus wabonakala iminyaka engu-18 izigidi ezingu edlule. Lezi zilwane uhlala e-izihlahla kanye emhlabathini. Zaba okhokho chimpanzee yesimanje, gorilla kanye Australopithecus ubudala.

Umsuka Homo habilis

Australopithecus - a zenyathi izinkawu ukuthi wahlala iminyaka 5 million edlule, izinsalela zabo eziye zatholakala e-Afrika, izindawo treeless. Babefanele nemilenze emine ezihambayo esimweni isigamu-uzimisele imilenze emibili indluzelekazi. Ukukhula babo base bekwazi ukufinyelela 150 cm; isisindo - 50 kg. Mahhala forelimbs australopithecines bakwazi uliphakamisela ukuzingela izindlela (Ukuvikelwa) - amatshe, tindvuku. Australopithecus - ke ploto- futhi herbivorous kwenkawu-amadoda, zahlelwa ngemihlambi nge zazo siqu. Ngokwezazi ezithile nekucabangela obekukhona kuwo esigabeni esilandelayo iketango yokuziphendukela kwemvelo - Homo habilis.

Homo habilis uvele iminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-2-3 edlule. isakhiwo umzimba cishe nsé ukhokho ngokushesha - Australopithecus, kodwa baye bafunda ukuba asebenzise i-izinto ezingezinhle. Homo habilis okuqaliswe Pithecanthropus.

Homo erectus ekugcineni kwaba kanye Homo sapiens

Pithecanthropus, Sinanthropus - zenyathi ezimbili okuqondene zohlobo olulodwa, Homo erectus ekugcineni kwaba. Ukwahlulela ngokubukeka izinsalela ezitholwa, ososayensi baphetha ngokuthi waba zifana enkulu ukuba Australopithecus kunokuba umuntu. ukukhula wabo wafika 160 cm, ivolumu ubuchopho - kusuka 700 kuya 1200 cubic metres. Bheka, ababenakho brow emikhulu ezinkulu hhayi ophumile kwesilevu, cheekbones ububanzi. Sasihlala 2 million - iminyaka 200,000 edlule, babeqoqana nge uhlobo abo emakhaya - emihumeni. Knew indlela yokwakha amamodeli ezingcono amathuluzi, kunokuba-Homo habilis. Kukholakala ukuthi Pithecanthropus - lokhu kwenkawu-amadoda, seluvele amakhono ezinhle ukuhambisana. Lesi silwane, owayemazi ngokuseduze nendlela upheke ngomlilo, wafunda ukuvikela, indawo yokukhosela sezulu esibi, ukuze sandise uhla yabo, ukuze saba akhe pilo.

Ingabe AmaNeanderthal - esigabeni esilandelayo sokuthuthuka, owawukhona ngesikhathi glacial (250.000 - 35,000 edlule). Travo- futhi carnivores bakwazi ukuzalela futhi silondoloze umlilo, ngamathuluzi ahlukahlukene (imimese, choppers, scrapers), ngafunda imithwalo yemfanelo ukusebenza ngempumelelo kakhulu (abesilisa babe abazingeli, abesifazane - uhlinza izidumbu, kubutsela izimpande ezidliwayo, izitshalo).

Cro-Magnons kwathathelwa indawo esikuziphathimandla yokuziphendukela kwemvelo AmaNeanderthal, babengabokuqala amalunga wokuthoma we-Sapiens zinhlobo Homo. Uhlale 50 000 - 40 000 weminyaka eyadlula. Lena anthropologically eduze yesimanje abantu nezidalwa. ekukhuleni kwayo akwazi ukuxoxa 180 cm, ivolumu zobuchopho -. 1400 cc, umuntu waba ebunzini okusezingeni eliphezulu, brow emikhulu ezinkulu lingekho (njenge ezazingaphambi kwayo). Cro-Magnons bakwazi ukukhuluma ngokucacile, njengoba kufakazelwa kwesilevu ovelele, ayakha izindawo zokukhosela, bathunga izikhumba ukukhiqiza amathuluzi eziyinkimbinkimbi (bone, itshe, Silicon), bakwazi bawahlobise. Babebonisa isithakazelo inkolo nezobuciko.

Manje imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngemvelaphi yomuntu ivamile kanti unegama ekhethekile - anthropogenesis.