Izitshalo transgenic: ukulungiswa nokusetshenziswa

Udaba lokuhlolwa kwesifo izitshalo ezishintshwe izakhi zofuzo ngaphezulu olusha kule minyaka yamuva. ubuchwepheshe transgenic zisekhona izimbangi zayo kanye abavikeli, isimo Nokho akusho zicaca ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Kulesi sihloko sizogxila lokho izakhi izitshalo, kulokho elithola abo kanye nebubi, izokwethulwa izibonelo izitshalo transgenic.

Ukuphuthuma inkinga

Inani labantu base-Earth iplanethi ekuqaleni 2016 zaba abantu 7.3 bhiliyoni futhi likhula ngamandla namuhla. Izizwe eziningi emhlabeni uzizwe ukushoda njalo kokudla namanzi. Lokhu kungenxa yemiphumela eyingozi indoda on nemvelo, okwaphumela mpilo inhlabathi lokuzala.

Ekhulwini XX kwalahleka hhayi ngaphansi kuka-20% ezindaweni athelayo emhlabeni. endaweni yabo futhi uyaqhubeka ukuze wehlise ngenxa nokucekelwa begazi, izindawo eziphenduka ugwadule, ngamanzi surface ewusizo, ekuthatheni umhlaba nezinye izinjongo.

Inguquko ukuba ukutshala izitshalo zezimboni ukwenziwa methanol kuholela ukuncipha indawo kutshalwa, okuyinto kwandzisa isimo umsoco womuntu.

Russian eMnyango Wezempilo ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi abantu ukudla libhekene ukwehla inani imikhiqizo eziphila ezibalulekile. Ngenxa yalokho, lapho kuntuleka amaprotheni ekhiqizwa, amavithamini kanye nezinye izinto zemvelo.

Ososayensi babikezela ukwanda isibalo imiphakathi lwesintu Emhlabeni ukuze 9-11 billion 2050, ngakho udinga kabili noma kathathu ivolumu kwemikhiqizo yezolimo emhlabeni wonke. Lokhu kwenyuka kwabangelwa yini nokwenzeka ngaphandle ukwethulwa izitshalo transgenic ukusiza ukunyusa ivolumu izitshalo futhi sinciphise intengo yemikhiqizo, kanye equkethe izakhiwo angekho ezikhulileyo kobuchwepheshe bendabuko.

Ingqikithi ubuchwepheshe

Noma yimuphi eziphilayo has zofuzo ukucacisa zonke izici. Kakhulu uchungechunge izakhi zofuzo akhiwa izakhiwo. I chain ngokwalo ubizwa ngokuthi genotype (ufuzo).

Ngaphambili, izinhlobo ezintsha hybrid etholwe inhlanganisela izitshalo sabazali eyashintsha izakhi zofuzo nomunye futhi uthole izici ezintsha. Le nqubo wathatha nenani elikhulu isikhathi, futhi okwaphuma lapho kuyilo hhayi lokho okwakulindelwe njalo.

Through the kusungulwa izidingo ezintsha zobuchwepheshe kwakunokwenzeka ukushintsha genotype isitshalo ngokushesha ngokwethula izakhi zofuzo kunesidingo. Lokhu isiqondiso umsebenzi ucwaningo uye wabizwa ngokuthi ukushintsha izakhi zofuzo. Izitshalo ngezakhi ezishintshwe ngokuthi transgenic noma izakhi. onjiniyela bofuzo ukudala genotypes entsha. Ngakho-ke asikwazi ukuze uthole ngokushesha izitshalo ezintsha. Njengoba ithuba engashintsha genotype unenjongo.

Izibonelo isakhi sofuzo ukulungiswa

Ubuchwepheshe bokushintsha izakhi zofuzo kusiza ukwethula zofuzo amelana izici ezihlukahlukene eziyingozi:

• izingoma Herbicidal.
• Zinambuzane ukwakhiwa.
• nezilwanyana ezincane Phytopathogenic.

Yethulwa ngokobana zofuzo ukwandisa isikhathi nokuvuthwa, ukulungisa i-nitrogen. Can ngcono Ukwakheka acid acid izitshalo amaprotheni.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo futhi ukutshala izitshalo ezifanayo ezindaweni ezinkulu kuholela kabusha nezilokazane ukudluliswa isifo. Silwe nabo sibehlule, ososayensi ukudala compounds eziningi zamakhemikhali. kancane kancane Izinambuzane ukuzivumelanisa ubuthi futhi emqaleni. Isimo kwemvelo uwohloka ngalesi: afe izinambuzane oyifunayo, futhi emhlabathini iwe amakhemikhali ayingozi.

Ubuchwepheshe bokushintsha izakhi zofuzo inikeza ukudalwa yezakhi zofuzo ukukhiqiza isivikelo izinambuzane. Ngo utamatisi kuvuna isakhi sofuzo esibangela kwamazinyo ngokushesha. I ukhukhamba kunezelwa izakhi zofuzo ezibangela kumiswa ushukela, you phetho ikhukhamba amnandi. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi lezi zindlela ukuvumela izitshalo ukuba zikhule ephelele, anikeza ezithela eliphezulu futhi asesabi ezidala futhi bagule.

Lo mkhuba wenziwa kusukela ngo-1984. Lesi sitshalo lokuqala transgenic yabhaliswa ngo-1983. Kwakuwusuku ugwayi, e isakhiwo cell eyethula izakhi zofuzo zama-third party. Ugwayi izivivinyo emasimini Kwakuseshwa 1986 e-United States. Futhi ngo-1994 e-United States waya ku ukudla transgenic ukudayiswa. Lawa kwakungamadodana utamatisi nge ongaphakeme isikhathi yokuvuthwa kanye kabhontshisi. Ngemva kweminyaka emibili emakethe kwavela uhlu ngezitshalo ezishintshwe izakhi: corn, utamatisi, amazambane, usoya rapeseed, isithombo, squash nokotini.

Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, le ukuhlela kabusha isakhi sofuzo kusetshenziswe kuwo wonke izitshalo, izitshalo zikhula. Lokhu kungenxa izinzuzo zomnotho. Phela, leli bhungane Colorado sibulala izitshalo enkulukazi amazambane, yingakho zezigidi zamaRandi elahleka. I isinqumo esivuna amazambane transgenic, engakutholanga Colorado amazambane bhungane. Ungaqhubeka ushayele izitshalo transgenic izibonelo. Kuze kube manje, uhlu ngempela ebanzi. Cishe zonke izitshalo Uthole twin izakhi zabo zofuzo.

Inqubo yesayensi

Ukudala izitshalo transgenic iqala ukwethulwa izakhi zofuzo ezifanele plant cells ukuhlanganiswa ku chromosomes abo. Inqubo ethula izakhi zofuzo angaphandle lula uma iseli izindonga yokuqala isuswe enzyme: pectinase noma cellulase, okuholela ukubukeka protoplasts. Kwethulwa izakhi zofuzo amasha isakhiwo protoplast, okwathi ngemva kwalokho amaseli cultured ezimweni izakhi ke kwakhiwa amaseli asetshenziselwa nokuvulwa izitshalo.

Injongo eyinhloko yawo isayensi yezakhi zofuzo - izitshalo transgenic amelana yokubulala ukhula nama-virus. Ngenxa yale njongo indlela yokwazisa transgenes okuyinto ukuveza amasosha omzimba ngaphakathi amaseli ngokumelene amaprotheni ezibangelwa amagciwane. Excretion abanamasiko bangaveziwe amagciwane, kungenzeka ukudala isivikelo zezitshalo izinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane.

Izindlela eziyisisekelo esikhiqiza izitshalo transgenic yilezi:

1. Ukusetshenziswa Agrobacterium. Kuyinto ukwethula bacterium ekhethekile genotype isitshalo.
2. "I-DNA-isibhamu." Kulokhu, ososayensi ngokoqobo "ukudubula" ye-DNA yayo esitokisini. Ngenxa yalokho, la "amachashazi" zakhelwe nge-DNA yakhe indawo oyifunayo.

Inani omuhle

Ukukhethwa kwenza okholwayo wangakwazi uthole isitshalo nge semali amavithamini. Ukuthuthukiswa we-biochemistry enikeziwe ithuba. Ngokwesibonelo, yafakwa le "irayisi osemqoka" nge wokuqukethwe lelisetulu Vitamin A. strawberry Tholakele nge wokuqukethwe lelisetulu kavithamini C. okuletha kukhompiyutha Produced, futhi lokho kwenza kahlanu Izinga lika-vitamin E.

izitshalo Ukusebenzisa ekhiqizwa ezihlukahlukene eziwusizo amaprotheni, imigomo, amasosha omzimba. Ukusebenzisa isitshalo izinhlelo ngamaphrotheni isakhi sokuzakhela ngendlela yezomnotho. Ngowokuqala ngqa etholwe womuntu hormone ukukhula ngo-1986. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, eziningi amaprotheni kwemiqondo, phakathi awo:

• avidin (yasetshenziswa ocwaningweni molecular biology);
• casein (obisi lisetshenziswa njengedivaysi okufakiwe ukudla);
• Collagen neze mithambo ine-elastin (amaprotheni imithi).

Ukusebenzisa izakhi isitshalo eziphilayo ukubhekana ezimayelana medium nokuhlanzwa. Ngokwesibonelo, dala isitshalo-biodegradatory. Bangasiza noqhekeko kawoyela kanye nezinye izinto ezingase zibe yingozi ezindaweni ezinkulu.

Ukuhlanza amanzi nomhlabathi, lesi sitshalo ingasetshenziswa ukuncela izinto eziyingozi ezivela imvelo, ikakhulukazi izinsimbi ezisindayo. Kulezi ucwaningo, lo ugwayi phambili, has zonke lezi amakhono.

Ukuze enze imisebenzi izitshalo uhlanzekile abatshalwé ezindaweni okunobuthi ke isuswe futhi inoculated ngohlelo olusha "wezindlu" party. Ukuhlanza amanzi, izitshalo ezifana kufanele baqede uhlelo afakwa izixazululo aqueous.

umkhakha Amathrendi

Inqubo lokuveza izitshalo transgenic kuhlanganisa izingxenye eziningana:

1. Izinhlobonhlobo nge ezingeni lelisetulu umkhiqizo.
2. Ukudala isiko akwazi kwesivuno eziningana ngonyaka. (Ngokwesibonelo, ama-strawberry ezifuywa, fruiting kabili kwelinye ihlobo.)
3. Ukukhiqizwa kwezitshalo transgenic amelana izinambuzane. (Kukhona amazambane, amazambane bhungane ebhubhisa.)
4. Okunhlobonhlobo, ukuze banqobe noma iziphi izimo zezulu.
5. yokuzalanisa izitshalo akhiqiza amaprotheni isilwane. (Ngo-China, ugwayi sesitshalo etholakala esikhiqiza lactoferrin womuntu.)

Ukusetshenziswa izitshalo transgenic ukusiza ukuxazulula eziningi izinkinga, phakathi kwabo: ukusweleka kokudla, agronomic ukuthuthukiswa nobunzima kwemithi nabanye abaningi. Ngenxa izitshalo ezishintshwe izakhi zofuzo zinyamalala imithi yokubulala izinambuzane eziyingozi ukuthi nethonya elilimazayo emvelweni. izitshalo transgenic amelana izinambuzane, - lena akuyona eqanjiwe, kodwa into yangempela kakhulu emkhakheni wezolimo.

Umehluko phakathi izitshalo ezishintshwe izakhi zofuzo kanye yemvelo

ongelutho Simple ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezitshalo zemvelo futhi transgenic akunakwenzeka. Kutholwa yokuhlolwa yase-laboratory.

Russian eMnyango Wezempilo e 2002 wayala ukuba abakhiqizi kwilebula imikhiqizo yakhiwa amaphesenti angaphezu kwayisihlanu impahla gennopreobrazovannogo. Kodwa empeleni, ukuthi kufakwe amalebuli enyama ezinjalo cishe izingcingo akekho. amasheke Ifanele zembula komgomo ezinjalo njalo.

Ukuze ufaneleke ukungenisa, ukuthathwa nokudayiswa kwemikhiqizo izakhi kukhona inqubo yokubhalisa isimo ekhokhwayo. Lena disadvantageous kakhulu abakhiqizi ukudla.

Ukumaka umkhiqizo akusho ukuthi ukudla kungadala umonakalo abantu. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, abathengi abaningi bayibheka njengelungelo isignali ingozi.

izitshalo ezishintshwe izakhi zofuzo - futhi bayini?

ERussia, ziye ebhalisiwe the amasheke ezidingekayo zonke 10 izinhlobo zezitshalo transgenic. Lezi zihlanganisa:

• kabhontshisi izinhlobo ezimbili;
• Ummbila zinhlobo ezinhlanu;
• amazambane izinhlobo ezimbili;
• beet;
• ushukela isithombo sebhitrudi kulokhu.

E-West, imikhiqizo izakhi namalebula, bona ngithuka emashalofini. ERussia, imikhiqizo eminingi kakhulu efanayo, mshini yize ezifanele kubo khona. Nokho, zonke lezi imikhiqizo amazwe kusuka kwamanye amazwe. ERussia, isiko zofuzo siguqulwe wathola kude kangaka kuphela ucwaningo lwesayensi. nokuziqhenya koqobo ososayensi iyona amazambane, okuyinto amazambane leaf beetle afe.

Zemvelo melanani amazambane ezinjalo. Lolu cwaningo, eyabonisa ukuthi ngokudla amazambane e amagundane izinguquko wegazi ifomula, isilinganiso izitho zomzimba, kukhona pathologies ezehlukene. Nokho, ngokuvumelana ososayensi, akusiyo isizathu sokwenqaba umkhakha iyonke.

ukuthuthukiswa transgenic lula kakhulu izindlela zizalela, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ephephile. imikhiqizo transgenic ishibhile zemvelo, ngakho-ke, bayindlala emazweni ampofu. Esikhathini esizayo, imifino organic inyama kuyoba umkhiqizo ezitolo ezincane ngokuthengisa amanani aphezulu.

Emihle nemibi izitshalo ezishintshwe izakhi zofuzo

Kukhona ukubukwa amabili aphikisanayo mayelana ukubaluleka ubuchwepheshe transgenic. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ekuguquleni idatha genotypic ephephile ngokuphelele mayelana nomzimba womuntu futhi iyasiza ekuthuthukeni kwezolimo. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi umphumela ukuguqulwa okunjalo kuzobonisa ngokwabo kuphela ngemva kweminyaka eminingi.

Ukufika kombuso izitshalo transgenic futhi zihlukanisa umhlaba nangokwengeziwe ngesigamu. Phakathi kwalabo ngemuva --United States, eCanada, e-Australia, e-Argentina nase nabanye abaningi. It ethathela Europe kanye namanye amazwe amaningi nge uhlelo emuva wezolimo.

I-agumenti yokulwa izitshalo transgenic Kunenkolelo ukuthi amasiko ezinjalo bagcina beba ukhula ineradicable noma uxhumeke nezinye emasimini, ungcolisa imvelo. Yiqiniso, kungenzeka.

Isimo emhlabeni kanti eRussia

emashalofini European kwimikhiqizo izakhi ezingajwayelekile kakhulu. Iziphathimandla zikaHulumeni zithatha imithetho eqinile ezidinga ilebula imikhiqizo enjalo. Kukhona futhi imithetho ngoba i-DNA. Lokhu kuma kokungathathi-Europe iyinhlangano nature yezombusazwe nezomnotho.

ERussia imithetho enjalo okwamanje. Nokho, azikho imithetho evumela ukubeka gennoizmenennye isiko. Wena kungaholela ukuthuthukiswa ukukhiqiza izinhlobo ezintsha, kanye avunyelwe ukungenisa imikhiqizo gennopreobrazovannye abavela kwamanye amazwe. ERussia amazwe kabhontshisi transgenic nommbila.

umbono womphakathi ngokuthi isimo izimpahla gennoizmenennymi ifomu abezindaba abamele. Bona kufuthwe amahlazo futhi uthathe ohlangothini izitha imikhiqizo gennopreobrazovannoy. Ubufakazi besayensi zokuphepha yayo ngesikhathi esifanayo sihlale ithunzi.

Ingabe sikhona isizathu sokukhathazeka?

Noma yimuphi izitshalo singangena ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, kudlule saziso amasheke ukuphepha ngaphambi kokuthola imvume isicelo mass. Iminyango kahulumeni zihlola izingozi kwemvelo futhi toxicological elihlobene ne ukutshala lezi izitshalo. Ayikho nemiphumela elimazayo ngemuva kokusebenzisa imikhiqizo izakhi angakafakwa kubhaliswe.

Ubuchwepheshe bokushintsha izakhi zofuzo inikeza amathemba sasivumela egqamile: izitshalo transgenic musa bagule futhi musa ukubola. Kodwa ungakhohlwa isisho sasendulo: ". Nature azizondayo a cleaner" Kuphi nezilokazane nezifo? Izimuncagazi izohlala ngaphandle ukudla futhi afe? Yini umphumela ngeke lesi simanga ibingakazeki.

Ngokusho nezitha ubuchwepheshe transgenic, onjiniyela, izazi zezakhi zofuzo nodlame ngokuphambene nemvelo. Bona, abalimi ngokungafani ukuhambisa noma iyiphi isakhi sofuzo ukuphendukela kunoma iluphi uhlangothi, okuyinto nakanjani kuyoholela nemiphumela edabukisayo. Nokho, ngaleso sikhathi, futhi odokotela abahlinzayo babesolwa ngokuchema sibambe ukugxambukela umzimba womuntu imithi yesimanje seyenze inqubekelaphambili enkulu, nezenzo likadokotela, asikho isizathu esisodwa kwenzinye izingxabano.

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isimo sinjani, intuthuko ngeke siyeke. Mhlawumbe, ukusetshenziswa izitshalo transgenic - iyona esizayo esiseduze embonini yezolimo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthuthukiswa genetic engineering kungasiza ezolimo ukuphuma ezimweni eziningi ezinzima. A-biotechnology olusha luzohlinzeka isinqumo nezinye izindaba (ukudla, kwezobuchwepheshe kanye zezombusazwe).

Manje kuba sobala ukuthi ezifana izitshalo transgenic (GMPs), nikeza isibonelo kanye impendulo yalo mbuzo can noma ubani ofunda sihloko.