Isisekelo futhi angaphinde - yini umehluko? isisekelo Electrical kanye nokunyamalala

ukunyakaza kokuqondisa izinhlayiya icala elithiwa kagesi, iqinisekisa khona ukhululekile yomuntu yesimanje. Ngaphandle kwayo, tingasebenti ukukhiqizwa nokwakhiwa amakhono, amadivayisi ezibhedlela, kukhona induduzo ekhaya, angenzi lutho ezokuthutha zasemadolobheni kanye kwamadolobha. Kodwa ugesi uyinceku indoda kuphela endabeni ukulawula okuphelele, kodwa uma electron icala bazokwazi ukuthola enye indlela, imiphumela iyoba ebuhlungu. Amagadango akhethekileko zokunqanda izimo ezingalindelekile, into esemqoka - ukuqonda ukuthi yini umehluko. Isisekelo futhi angaphinde ukuvikela umuntu abanjwe ugesi.

ukunyakaza kokuqondisa of electron Kwenziwa endleleni amelane. Ukuvimbela ukudlula zamanje ngomzimba womuntu, kuphakanyiswa ohlangothini oluhlukile ne ukulahlekelwa okungenani, esinikela phansi noma angaphinde. Uyini umehluko phakathi kwalokhu, ukuze baqonde.

isisekelo

Isisekelo umuntu umqhubi yakhiwa kubo noma iqembu, elisetendeni nabo emhlabathini. Ngalo kabusha ngokufaka bezinhlamvu zensimbi lokubolekwa voltage zero ukumelana indlela, isb emhlabathini.

Okunjalo kagesi isisekelo futhi singathathi hlangothi isisekelo kagesi imishini embonini futhi kubalulekile zikagesi ngensimbi Ingaphandle izingxenye. Ukuthinta umuntu emzimbeni isiqandisi noma umshini wokuwasha, kube nginomdlandla, ngeke abangele abanjwe ugesi. Ngenxa yale njongo, usebenzisa ekhethekile isokhethi ezijwayelekile.

Isimiso ezisebenza we RCD

Ngomsebenzi wokugqokwa okuphephile imishini industrial nendlu esetshenziswa kudivayisi (RCD) , usebenzisa amadivaysi othomathikhi umehluko ukushintshwa. Umsebenzi wabo kusekelwe ngokuqhathanisa engenayo isigaba umbhidisi kagesi, futhi ephuma efulethini ku umqhubi hlangothi.

operation evamile wesifunda kagesi libonisa nezindinganiso ezifanayo zamanje ezindaweni isihloko, notshwala baqondiswa zibheke. Ukuze ukuthi bayaqhubeka equilibrated izenzo zabo ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza olinganiselayo iyunithi, amayunithi futhi ukufakwa isisekelo futhi angaphinde.

A ikhefu noma iyiphi ingxenye ukwahlukanisa kuholela ukuvuza isihloko wamanje emhlabathini ngokusebenzisa obonakele indawo ngokudlula ukusebenza umqhubi hlangothi. I RCD kuboniswa ukungalingani zamanje, idivayisi icima ngokuzenzakalelayo oxhumana nabo voltage ubalekela kuyo yonke yokusebenza kohlelo.

Kwezimo ngamunye ezahlukene zokusebenza kunikeziwe ukubekela RCD ezithothene ngokuvamile isukela ukulungiswa ivela milliamps 10 300. Idivayisi usebenza ngokushesha, ezithothene isikhathi sesibili.

Umsebenzi kudivayisi isisekelo

Ukuze uxhume isisekelo iyunithi nezindlu imishini zasekhaya noma zezimboni esetshenziswa PE umqhubi okuyinto okukhiphayo kusukela iphaneli ngokusebenzisa oseceleni nge okukhipha ekhethekile. Umklamo ihlinzeka uxhumano emhlabeni phansi, futhi injongo isisekelo. Ngokungafani phansi nokunyamalala liqukethe eqinisweni lokuthi ngesikhathi sokuqala lapho yokuxhuma i-plug ukuba izisekelo kanye isigaba ukusebenza akuyona zero ku zokudlala olunezintambo. Ukuxhumana ubalekela ngomzuzu wokugcina, uma oxhumana naye avuleke. Ngakho, phansi ifreyimu has a ukusebenza onokwethenjelwa futhi eqhubekayo.

Amabili isisekelo kudivayisi endleleni

Ukuvikelwa kanye voltage kampompi uhlelo uhlukaniswe:

• yokufakelwa:
• yemvelo.

phansi Artificial elakhelwe lokuvikeleka kwezifiso ezisemqoka ezingumphumela imishini kanye nabantu. Zamadivayisi wabo ziyadingeka steel metal izakhi evundla mpo longitudinal (evame ukusetshenziswa ipayipi ngenhloso ububanzi kufika ku-5 cm noma emakhoneni № № 40 noma 60 ubude kusukela 2.5 kuya 5 m). Ngakho, angaphinde ezahlukene futhi isisekelo. Umehluko wukuthi kuthatha Uchwepheshe ukwenza izinga Vanishing.

Yemvelo emhlabeni electrode esetshenziswa endabeni indawo eseduze edude into, noma ikhaya yokuhlala. Njengoba Ukuvikelwa atholakala amapayipi inhlabathi ezenziwe metal. Ayikwazi isetshenziselwe izinjongo zokuzivikela umugqa amagesi oluvuthayo, uketshezi, kanye iphayiphi, izindonga zangaphandle ziphathwa nge enamathela anticorrosive.

izinto zemvelo akuzona kuphela ukuvikelwa zikagesi, kodwa futhi afeze injongo yabo eyinhloko. I yokuntula of uxhumano ezifana inikeza ukufinyelela Amapayipi amakhulu ngokwanele ezahlukene abantu neminyango amasevisi elingumakhelwane, okuyinto kwakha ingozi kokuyekethisa ubuqotho uxhumano.

nokunyamalala

Ngaphezu phansi, kwezinye izimo, sebenzisa Vanishing, kubalulekile ukuba bahlukanise. Isisekelo futhi angaphinde voltage kampompi, kwenze ngezindlela ezahlukene. Eyesibili indlela uxhumano izindlu kagesi, esimweni esivamile ngaphansi kwamandla, kanye okukhipha owodwa esigabeni amandla umthombo umqhubi kokungathathi hlangothi transformer noma ugesi, umthombo DC engxenyeni yalo phakathi. Lapho nokunyamalala voltage kusukela izindlu kukhishelwa okhetheke ukusatshalaliswa ibhodi noma bamisa itende elincane transformer.

I Vanishing isetshenziswa amacala yokwanda kwama noma ukuhlukaniswa umzimba ukwahlukanisa noma zikagesi zezimboni ezingalindelekile. A short circuit, okuholela fuses kushaywa futhi leso ukuvala shaqa ngokuzenzekelayo, lena umehluko phakathi phansi futhi angaphinde.

nokunyamalala isimiso

Variable okhombisa izifunda ukusebenzisa zero umqhubi izinjongo ezihlukahlukene. Ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kagesi etholwe ngosizo umphumela short circuit kanye voltage ezivukayo izindlu nge engaba isigaba ezimweni ezibucayi. Ngakho kukhona zamanje ephakeme kunaleyo izinga okuzisholo we full wesifunda kanye contact liyaphela.

Idivayisi nokunyamalala

Ngikuphi okuhlukileko kuneGreyidini isisekelo le nokunyamalala, futhi kungabonwa isibonelo uxhumano. Leli bhokisi ixhunywe wire ahlukene ngeqanda ebhodini wokusabalalisa. Ngenxa yale njongo, esitolo wesithathu exhunywe kwi umqhubi ikhebula kagesi olunikezile esigungwini ku isokhethi. Le ndlela has ububi ukuthi okuzenzakalelayo livaleke-off kuyadingeka usayizi wamanje mkhulu kunezinhliziyo yezilungiselelo kusengaphambili. Uma ku kwimodi ejwayelekile, idivayisi nokunqamula kwenza idivayisi ukusebenza nge samanje 16 amperes, ukuvuza encane iloli lesikhona kungunyalo sichubeka ngaphandle ukuvala shaqa.

Ngemva kwalokho, kuba sobala ukuthi yini umehluko phakathi phansi futhi angaphinde. Umzimba womuntu lapho sesimeni samanje milliamperes 50 futhi ayikwazi ukusekela ukuboshwa inhliziyo kwenzeka. I Vanishing lezi izinkomba wamanje zingakwazi ukuvikela, kusukela yayo umsebenzi ukudala umthwalo esanele uhambo nabo.

Isisekelo futhi angaphinde, uyini umehluko?

Phakathi kwalezi zindlela ezimbili, kunomehluko:

• ngu isisekelo wamanje ngokweqile kanye voltage ezivukayo izindlu akhishwe ngqo phansi, futhi ngesikhathi Vanishing kabusha zero panel;
• isisekelo kuyinto izindlela eziphumelelayo ukuvikela abantu ababaluleke kusuka umuntu abanjwe ugesi;
• uma usebenzisa isisekelo nokuphepha etholwe ngenxa ukwehla elibukhali voltage, futhi inikeza ukusetshenziswa nokunyamalala off line ingxenye, lapho kwakukhona ukwehlukaniswa izindlu;
• ekwenzeni nokunyamalala ukuze kuchazwe kahle zero iphuzu bese ukhetha indlela yokuvikela uzodinga usizo uchwepheshe kagesi kanye isisekelo ukuqoqa nentaba futhi sijulise it hlabathi kungaba noma ikuphi ekhaya master ingcweti.

Isisekelo kuyinto empompini uhlelo voltage nge unxantathu etholakala ezweni amaphrofayli metal, ashiselwe ngesikhathi amalunga omzimba. wesifunda kahle ahlelwe inikeza isivikelo, kodwa kumele uthobele yonke imithetho. Kuye umphumela edingekayo kuyinto isisekelo ngayingcwelisa earthing hlangothi ukufaka kagesi. nokunyamalala umehluko wukuthi zonke izinto zedivayisi, okuyinto evamile hhayi ngaphansi zamanje, exhunywe kwi-umqhubi hlangothi. Okungahleliwe isigaba touch nokunyamalala imininingwane zedivayisi kuholela spike e imishini wamanje kanye azizwe ekhubazeke kakhulu.

Ukumelana Ngiphakathi nendawo ka-zero wire noma kunjalo esingaphansi okufanayo inkomba wesifunda emhlabathini, ngakho lapho short circuit kwenzeka Vanishing, okuyinto ngokomthetho akunakwenzeka nge unxantathu zobumba. Ngemva Ukuqhathaniswa izinhlelo ezimbili kuba kunomahluko ocacile. Isisekelo futhi angaphinde ngendlela engafani yokuvikela, njengoba amathuba wokusha-off ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bentambo hlangothi, lokho kumele njalo ukugadwa. I Vanishing lisetshenziswa kakhulu multi-storey izakhiwo, ngoba abazi banethuba lokwenza isisekelo onokwethenjelwa futhi ephelele.

Isisekelo kuzimele umlingisi esigabeni se-instrument, kuyilapho izimo ezithile ezidingekayo ukuze yokuxhuma idivayisi nokunyamalala. Ezimweni eziningi, indlela yokuqala owandile izitshalo lapho izidingo zokuphepha enikeziwe ukuphepha owengeziwe. Kodwa ekhaya usanda ngokuvamile bahlela ukuba kabusha wesifunda ezivukayo ingcindezi ngokweqile ngqo phansi, it is a indlela ephephile.

Ukuvikelwa by isisekelo ukuze circuit kagesi emva ukuwohloka ukwahlukanisa okuhlobana ngokuqondile ngenxa ukugeleza a samanje voltage phansi is kakhulu ziyancipha, kodwa inethiwekhi Sizoqhubeka nokusebenza. Lapho nokunyamalala inqanyuliwe ngokuphelele isigaba umugqa.

Isisekelo ezimweni eziningi asetshenziswa imigqa nge ukushisa namakhaza kokungathathi hlangothi wahlela izinhlelo IT CT e ezintathu okhombisa amanethiwekhi ne voltages engafinyelela kwengu-1 ayizinkulungwane. Volt noma ngaphezulu lokhu inkomba izinhlelo nge abangathathi hlangothi iyiphi imodi. Ukusetshenziswa zeroing Kunconywa imigqa nge lusekelwe kokungathathi hlangothi umqhubi endaweni eziyize izwi amanethiwekhi, TN-CS, TN-C, TN-S nge ukutholakala N, PE, PEN umqhubi, ke imibukiso umehluko. Isisekelo futhi angaphinde, naphezu umehluko bangabantu izinhlelo ukuvikelwa kanye namadivayisi.

imigomo Ngilusizo kagesi

Ukuze uqonde ezinye zezimiso lapho ukwenza umhlaba zokuzivikela futhi hlangothi, isisekelo kanye Ukukhipha kufanele uqaphele le ncazelo:

Earthed kokungathathi hlangothi limelela wire ongathathi hlangothi generator noma transformer ezixhunywe ngokuqondile wesifunda isisekelo.

Kungenzeka okukhipha kusukela AC isigaba esisodwa noma isigxobo we DC iphuzu kule amapayipi amabili isigaba, nemibono ekhishwa isilinganiso DC voltage ezintathu okhombisa amanethiwekhi.

Gqwa kokungathathi hlangothi kuyinto umqhubi hlangothi generator noma transformer ayixhunyiwe circuit isisekelo, noma naye ngokusebenzisa ukumelana namandla kusukela emkhakheni kumadivayisi alamu, amadivayisi zokuzivikela, udlulisela yokulinganisa namanye amadivayisi.

Amagama amadivayisi isisekelo e inethiwekhi

Zonke ukufakwa kagesi nge khona kulezi babashayeli emhlabeni futhi wire kokungathathi hlangothi angaphansi kophawu saziso. Amagama zisetshenziswa isondo ngesimo a PE incwadi ukuqokwa nge variable kushintshana transverse noma emapheshana longitudinal green efanayo noma ophuzi. Ngiphakathi nendawo umqhubi kokungathathi hlangothi imakwe blue uhlamvu N, njengoba kuboniswa isisekelo futhi angaphinde. Incazelo zokuzivikela futhi besebenza phansi ukuba imise le PEN lettering kanye Umdwebo ithoni eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka phezu lonke obuphelele ngamathiphu umbala ogqamile ephuzi.

izimpawu incwadi

Izinhlamvu zokuqala kule incazelo kohlelo ukhombise ezikhethiwe kudivayisi uhlamvu isisekelo:

• T - Xhuma amandla supply ngqo phansi;
• Mina - zonke izingxenye bukhoma behlukene emhlabeni.

Incwadi yesibili isetshenziswa ukuchaza izingxenye kuqhathaniswa conductive exhunywe kwi emhlabeni:

• T ithi isisekelo esiyisibopho zonke izingxenye wadalula nginomdlandla, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi hlobo ngokuqondene phansi;
• N - ibonisa ukuthi Ukuvikelwa izingxenye wadalula nginomdlandla ngokusebenzisa hlangothi kuya emhlabeni kusukela umthombo wamandla ngqo.

Izincwadi ngimi phezu N dash, ukubika uhlobo indlela zokuxhumana sokunquma ilungiselelo zero zokuzivikela futhi babashayeli ukusebenza:

• S - Ukuvikelwa PE kanye N-zero babashayeli ukusebenza kwakhiwa izintambo ahlukene;
• C - ukuze asivikele futhi ukusebenza zero isicelo wire eyodwa.

Izinhlobo izinhlelo zokuzivikela

Ukwahlukanisa izinhlelo iyona isici eyinhloko okuyinto ahlelwe isisekelo zokuzivikela futhi angaphinde. Imininingwane ejwayelekile lobuchwepheshe zichazwe okwesithathu GOST R 50571.2-94. Ngokusho lokhu phansi kwenziwa amaqhinga IT, TN-CS, TN-C, TN-S.

TN-C uhlelo lakhiwe eJalimane ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Kuyinto ukuhlobanisa eyodwa ikhebula ukusebenza umqhubi hlangothi futhi umqhubi PE. Yini embi ngalo wukuthi ukushiswa-off zero noma ezinye ukwephulwa Kuvezwe ngoba voltage liyavela housings imishini. Naphezu kwalesi simiso isetshenziswa ukufaka ethile kagesi kuze kuzofika manje.

TN-CS uhlelo TN-S futhi ithuthukiswe esikhundleni TN-C ukwehluleka isisekelo wesifunda. Esikhathini yesibili Ukuvikelwa wesifunda ezimbili zama-zero babashayeli ahlukaniswe ngokuqondile isihlangu wesifunda kwakuba isakhiwo metal eziyinkimbinkimbi. Leli cebo Ubuyisé ezinhle, njengoba voltage line aliveli lapho nokunqamula umqhubi kokungathathi hlangothi phezu bezinhlamvu yokumiswa.

TN-CS uhlelo ungachazwa ukuthi ukwehlukana izintambo kokungathathi hlangothi hhayi ngokushesha eyenziwa transformer, futhi cishe ngo-emgqeni phakathi. Kwakungekhona isinqumo esihle, ngoba uma ikhefu kwenzeka ngaphambi zero iphuzu ngokuhlukana, kagesi emzimbeni kuyoba okuyisimo esisongela ukuphila.

Uxhumano umdwebo we CT uhlelo ihlinzeka ngqo isixhumanisi bukhoma izingxenye emhlabathini, nazo zonke engavikelekile izingxenye kagesi lamanje yokubakhona ehambisana ne phansi udlule emhlabeni electrode, okuyinto akuxhomekile le kokungathathi hlangothi umbhidisi generator noma transformer.

Ngokusho uhlelo IT ekuvikeleni iyunithi ahlelwe isisekelo futhi angaphinde. Uyini umehluko uxhumano ezifana by isikimu odlule? Kulokhu, ukudluliswa kwe-ukucindezeleka ngokweqile kuzingxenye izindlu kanye evulekile kwenzeka emhlabathini, futhi umthombo hlangothi ngabodwa usuka enhlabathini yakhe, lihlala ngokusebenzisa kumadivayisi okusezingeni eliphezulu ukumelana. Lesi sifunda is wahlela imishini ekhethekile kagesi, okumele ukuphepha nozinzo, isb yanda, ezibhedlela.

Izinhlobo nokunyamalala izinhlelo

-PNG nulling uhlelo ilula eyezinto ke babashayeli hlangothi futhi esivikelayo ehlangana kuwo wonke obuphelele. Kungenxa wire kuhlanganiswe esetshenziswa isifinyezo. I yokuntula zihlanganisa izimfuno anda bushelelezi nokuxhumana zivele futhi umqhubi cross-section. Uhlelo iye yasetshenziswa ngempumelelo ngenxa Vanishing of inethiwekhi ezintathu okhombisa imishini indlela.

Awuvumelekile Ukuvikelwa ngaphansi kohlelo esigabeni iqembu kanye amanethiwekhi ukusatshalaliswa. Okunqatshelwe ukuqondanisa futhi esikhundleni nemisebenzi zero futhi izintambo okuvikela olulodwa okhombisa DC wesifunda. Basebenzisa umbhidisi ezengeziwe kokungathathi hlangothi esinelebuli EMP-7.

Kunesistimu ephelele kakhulu yokuzula ukufakelwa kagesi okunikezwa inethiwekhi eyodwa-isigaba. Kulo, i-conductor ejwayelekile ehlangene i-PEN ixhunywe ekungathathi hlangothi okubulalayo kumthombo wamanje. Ukuhlukaniswa kwabaqhubi be-N ne-PE kwenzeka endaweni yokuhlanganiswa komugqa oqakathekile kubathengi abangenazigaba eziyisikhombisa, isibonelo, emgwaqweni wendawo yokuhlala eminingi.

Ekuphetheni, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuvikela abathengi ekuthusheni kwamandla kagesi nokulimaza imishini yendlu kagesi uma kwenzeka ukuqhutshwa kwamandla kagesi kungumgomo oyinhloko wokuhlinzeka ngamandla. Umehluko phakathi kokugxila nokuhlaziya kuchazwa ngokumane, umqondo awudingi ulwazi olukhethekile. Kodwa kunoma yikuphi, izinyathelo zokugcina ukuphepha kwemishini kagesi yasendlini noma imishini yezimboni kufanele zenziwe njalo futhi ezingeni elifanele.