Izindawo zokugcina igesi emhlabeni. Imithombo yegesi yemvelo emhlabeni

Ukusetshenziswa kwegesi yemvelo kuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuphila komuntu wanamuhla. Ivuselela izindlu zethu ebusika, isinika ithuba lokupheka ukudla nokugebha emanzini afudumele, ngosizo lwazo ukuthutha nokuhamba kwamabhizinisi amakhulu. Ngeke kube khona uphethiloli oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka - kuyoba khona ukuwa. Naphezu kwezinqolobane ezinkulu zegesi emhlabeni, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa le nsiza ngokuhlakanipha nangenzuzo, ukuze emva kwezizukulwane eziningi izizukulwane zijabulele izinzuzo zempucuko.

Izindawo zokugcina igesi emhlabeni (2014)

Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi mangaki amamitha ayizigidi zamabhiliyoni aphezu kwe-blue planet iplanethi yakhe, kufanele aqikelele futhi akhiphe ukwanda nokusetshenziswa kwawo. Imithombo ayitholakali futhi ngokwayo ayikwakhiwa. Ngakho ngokushesha noma ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kungagcina.

Inani eliqondile likagesi elifihliwe ngaphansi kwezingxenye zomhlaba, akekho oyokubiza. Kodwa ngokusho kochwepheshe abathile, singakhuluma ngezigidi ezingu-173 zama-resl. Ezinye izinkulungwane eziyizigidi eziyi-120 kuthiwa zifihliwe kude namehlo ethu, futhi isandla somuntu asikafiki ingcebo eyimfihlakalo. Lokhu uphethiloli oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kufanele kube ngokwanele isintu kuphela iminyaka engu-65. Kuphi izindawo ezinkulu zegesi emhlabeni? Ithebula elihlanganiswe ochwepheshe lizosisiza ukuba siphendule lo mbuzo.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kunezizwe ezinokugcina okukhulu kwegesi lika- shale emhlabeni. Ziyi-USA, iRussia, i-Ukraine, iHungary, iPoland, i-Austria, iJalimane namanye amazwe aseYurophu.

I-Russian Federation

Izwe lethu linemali ecebile kakhulu yale nsiza. Njengoba kuboniswe etafuleni, ivolumu elilindelekile lefutha elihlaza okwesibhakabhaka lihluka kusuka ku-31 trillion cubic metres kuya ku-50. Ngokwesilinganiso samaphesenti, sinomnikazi wamaphesenti angama-24 kuya kwangu-40 azo zonke izindawo zokugcina igesi emhlabeni.

Ingxenye engaphezu kwesigamu sezinto ezisetshenziswayo zeRussia Federation zikhona esifundeni esentshonalanga yeSiberia, ezingaphezu kwekota - emashalofini amaLwandle aseKara naseBarents. Ingxenye yezindleko zokubikezela igxilile olwandle lwaseMpumalanga Ekude ne-Arctic, kanye nengxenye ye-Asia yezwe. Ngokuqondene nokuhlonishwa, izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zifihliwe emathunjini esifundeni saseYamal-Nenets. Engxenyeni yaseYurophu yeRussian Federation, kuphela u-10% wehla. Lezi yizona zinqolobane ezinkulu zegesi emhlabeni ezikhona kuphela.

Insimu ye-Urengoy yephethiloli eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka yiyona yesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni. Ngokuvamile, inamamitha ayizigidi ezingu-16 zama-cubic. Ukukhiqizwa kwegesi kwenziwa yinkampani yeGuperprom, enikeza umkhiqizo emazweni amaningi aseYurophu.

I-Iran

Imithombo enkulu yegesi yemvelo emhlabeni wonke, ngaphandle kweRussia, nayo ine-republic ye-Islamic. Ngokwezibalo ezijwayelekile, lokhu kungu-16% wazo zonke izinsiza ezikhona emhlabeni. Izindleko ezibaluleke kunazo zonke ezisenyakatho-mpumalanga nasesitokisini sePersian Gulf. Uhulumeni uhlela ukwakha iphayiphi yegesi ye-Iran-Pakistan-India.

I-reserves yokugcina igesi emhlabeni inkulu, futhi i-Iran inesabelo sabhubesi sabo. Ngakho-ke, ngilungele ukuncintisana neRussia ngenxa yokunikezwa kwezinsiza eYurophu. Igunya leRiphabhulikhi yamaSulumane lizobeka uphethiloli oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka enyakatho-ntshonalanga. Kunezinto eziningi ezihlukahlukene zomzila: ngeTurkey, eSiriya, e-Iraq noma eCaucasus. Nakuba u-Ali Majedi, iSekela likaNgqongqoshe wezoMfuta neGesi e-Iran, wabiza ngokuthi iqembu elizoqala ukusebenza lizobe lithembise kakhulu.

Ukwakhiwa kwepayipi yegesi kuzoqedwa ngo-2019. Khona-ke ukulethwa kuzoqala. I-Turkey izothola amamitha ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-6 zamamitha ayizigidi zamabhilidi ngonyaka, njengezwe lokuhamba, ne-Europe lizophindwa kabili inani lemithombo.

Qatar

Umbuso omncane, ongewona wonke umuntu ozowuthola ebalazweni lomhlaba, unezinqolobane ezinkulu zegesi. Ezweni yilokho okwesithathu ngokwemibandela yamamitha ayi-cubic efihliwe e-blue fuel emathunzini omhlaba. Cishe 24-26 trillion m³. Ngokwezibalo ezingenhla, izwe lingakwazi ukuhlanganyela ngokuthula ngokukhiqiza igesi eminyakeni eyi-150 elandelayo. Nansi enye imali enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni - iNyakatho Dome.

Muva nje, i-Qatar ifuna amathuba okuqala ukuthengiswa kwe-European Union. Kanye ne-Iran, imizila engcono kakhulu yalesi sizwe idlula eSiriya naseTurkey. Ngesikhathi bexoxisana nabaholi bala mazwe ngokuhamba, iziphathimandla ze-Qatar iphupho elifanele ukuncintisana neRussia futhi lize liwudlulele ngenani lokuthutha okwesibhakabhaka. Futhi lokhu kuyiqiniso ngempela. Izwe lisusa amafutha negesi. Izimpahla emhlabeni wonke walezi zinsiza zisatshalaliswa ngendlela e-Qatar ukuthi isabelo sezingonyama siwa. Izindleko zediphozi kule nsimu zilinganiselwa ku-$ 10 trillion, okuphindwe kabili kunalokho kwe-Iran neRussia efanayo, i-Saudi Arabia ne-Venezuela.

I-Turkmenistan

Izindleko zegesi emhlabeni jikelele zitholakala ngendlela yokuthi indawo yesine ekulinganisweni kwethu ithathwa yilo mbuso. Futhi unethuba lokungena eziphezulu ezintathu, ngoba ngo-2015, umengameli wezwe u-Garbaguly Berdimuhamedov ucele uhulumeni ukuba ukwandise ukukhiqizwa kwemithombo kuma-cubic meter ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-83, kanye namazwe angaphandle - kuze kube ngu-48.

Izwe lihlinzeka ngokuthethelela ugesi oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka e-China, futhi, ngokudabukisayo, ku-Iran naseRussia. Manje ukwakhiwa kwephayiphi entsha ye-TAPI gas kuqala kuhulumeni.

Ekujuleni kwensimu enkulu yegesi nenamafutha eTurkmenistan - iGalkynysh - izindawo ezinkulu zokugcina amagesi zifihliwe. Azikho izindawo eziningi kangaka emhlabeni. Ukusebenza kwalo kwaqala cishe nje - ngo-2013. Futhi, leli zwe linemithombo emikhulu yemithombo eduze kwedolobha lase-Iolotan, eliqanjwe ngemuva kwalolu hlelo - iSouth Yolotan.

E-USA

Leli zwe ngokuyinhloko linamakhemikhali amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni wonke. Bakukhipha emafutheni amafutha, futhi kubandakanya ikakhulu imethane yabo. Umthombo wokuqala wokuhweba wanyatheliswa lapha ngo-1821 eNew York. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, i-United States isibe yinye yabaholi ekuqothulweni kwalolu lwazi emhlabeni.

Idiphozi enkulu kunawo wonke e-US aseGulf of Mexico. Lezi yizithombo: I-Red Hok, etholakala ngo-2002, kanye no-Ticonderoga kanye ne-Tender-Horse, ku-20 billion cubic metres kagesi ifihliwe. Ngalokhu, i-giant yangempela kusukela ngo-1965 yi Point Point, okuyingxenye yamafutha nogesi esenyakatho ye-Alaska. Lapha izibilini zomhlaba ziqukethe 3 trillion m³. Ukuthutha imithombo, leli zwe lakha ipayipi legesi. Isukela ePotton Thompson kuya ogwini lwasePacific Ocean, futhi kusukela lapho kuya enhliziyweni yaseMelika - Washington.

Ochwepheshe bathi le diphofithi ingahlinzeka ngo-7% wemfuno yonyaka ye-United States. Kulindeleke ukuthi iphayiphi yegesi izoqedwa ngo-2018, bese kuqaliswa umsebenzi ogcwele.

I-Saudi Arabia

Kunezingxenye ezingaphezu kwengxenye yesine yama-reserves amafutha ahloliwe. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kungamabhaluni angu-260 billion. Futhi, leli lizwe lingumlawuli oyinhloko wamanani amafutha emhlabeni kanye nomholi we-OPEC.

Ngokuqondene negesi, eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo umbuso uzophindaphinda kabili ukukhiqizwa kwawo. Ukuthunyelwa kokuthengiswa akulindelekile, imithombo izohlinzeka kuphela izidingo zasemakhaya zombuso. Njengamanje, insimu enkulu kunazo zonke igesi iTukhman, ephakathi nendawo yeRub al-Khali. Isitoreji sokuqala lapha kulinganiselwa ku-1 billion cubic metres. Imithombo ikhona ekujuleni kwamakhilomitha amahlanu.

I-Saudi Arabia, nakuba ingenye yezinhlanzi eziyishumi eziphezulu zegesi, kodwa "izondla" ngokwayo ngokuyinhloko ngamafutha. Nguye onomkhakha omkhulu wamafutha emhlabeni - iGavar. Amaphesenti ama-65 e-oli mazwe athathwa lapha. Isibonelo, ngonyaka ka-2006 kuphela eGavar wakhuliswa ngaphezu kuka-6.5% wokukhiqizwa kwamafutha omhlaba. Kunezigesi zemvelo ezikhona lapha: izigidi ezingu- 56.5 m³ zihlushwa nsuku zonke.

I-United Arab Emirates

Amamitha ayizigidi ezingu-214 cubic meter - lokhu kuyimithombo egciniwe yegesi. Ezweni, i-Emirates igcina ubuholi kule ndawo: 4% yazo zonke izimali zomhlaba zomthombo. Ngokuyinhloko, kutholakala phansi e-Abu Dhabi. Ngaphansi kokulawula inkampani yegama elifanayo, amaphesenti angama-90 emithombo yegesi yezwe ayatholakala.

Ngokusho kochwepheshe, i-UAE nayo inendawo yesihlanu emhlabeni ekuthengiseni amafutha. Leli lizwe ilungu le-OPEC, lizoba nezinqolobane ezanele zamafutha iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-100. Imiphongolo eyizigidi ezingu-66 - ukuthi igolide elimnyama liqukethe amathumba alo mhlaba ocebile wase-Arabhu. Inkampani kazwelonke e-Abu Dhabi iphinde iqaphe imboni.

I-United Arab Emirates yizwe elicebile kakhulu emhlabeni kanye nesikhungo sezomnotho esiholela phambili. Kusukela ngo-1970 kuze kube namuhla, i- GDP per capita iye yanda ngama- 20. Abalingani abakhulu bokuhweba yi: Italy, Germany, Great Britain, South Korea naseJapane. I-UAE nayo izwe elithakazelisayo. Wakhetha ukungathathi hlangothi ngokuphelele, kokubili maqondana neWest, nakuMpumalanga wakubo.

I-Venezuela

Imithombo yegesi yemvelo emhlabeni wonke, futhi ingxenye yayo iphethwe yiRiphabliki yaseBolivarian. Ihlala endaweni ehloniphekile yesishiyagalombili esilinganisweni sethu sezimpi zegesi. Amakhilogremu angu-146 ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-146 isigaba "sesingenzeka." Umbuso uthatha ingxenye ekuthuthukiseni amasimu ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka eshalofini kanye nezinkampani zaseRussia, eChina, e-Algeria naseMalaysia.

Ezindaweni ezisentshonalanga zezwe, i-Venezuela iye yagxila emigodini enkulu yamafutha - cishe imigoqo engama-75-80 billion. Nakuba uhulumeni athi lezi zibalo ziye zanciphisa izikhathi eziningana. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwakunjani, eLatin America lena yiNombolo 1 ekukhiqizeni igolide elimnyama. Liyilungu le-OPEC kanye nelinye lamanye amazwe anamandla kakhulu emhlabeni wonke.

I-Venezuela ayiyona nje umholi owaziwa kakhulu-umthengisi wemithombo yemvelo ebalulekile, kodwa futhi ubiza izindawo zokuqala ekubalweni kwamanye amazwe athuthukile futhi aphumelelayo aseLatin America. Futhi lokhu naphezu kwazo zonke izingxabano nama-US, ama-Antilles omngcele kanye neColombia eyomakhelwane.

ENigeria

Izindleko zegesi emhlabeni wonke zasakazwa ngendlela yokuthi imibuso eyishumi enkulu kunazo zonke zamagesi athole amazwe amabili ase-Afrika. Endaweni yesishiyagalolunye sineNigeria - amandla amanani eyodwa kuleli zwekazi "elimnyama" phezu kwezinto ezigciniwe ze-blue fuel. Emaphakathi komhlaba, cishe ama-cubiclion cubic metres angu-5 emithombo yamanzi afihliwe lapha. Ngokusho kwamanye amazwe, iNigeria ihlanganisa ama-7 emhlabeni wonke, okuyiyona imiphumela emihle.

Kukhona umhlaba kanye namafutha atholakala. Ilingxenye yesibili ngemuva kweLibya ngokulandela inani lezinqolobane eziqinisekisiwe zemigodi ebalulekile. Kodwa ngokuthengiswa kwegolide elimnyama e-Afrika, akukho okulinganayo. INigeria ithengisa ngenkuthalo imithombo eNtshonalanga Yurophu, e-United States, e-India naseBrazil. Ungunguli elihloniphekile le-OPEC.

I-Algeria

Izindawo zokugcina zegesi ezinkulu kunawo wonke zitholakala ekujuleni kwaleli zwe lase-Afrika. Futhi nakuba umbuso uyingxenye yeshumi kuphela ohlwini lwamanye amazwe anamafutha amakhulu ebhethri eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, yi-5 ekulinganisweni kwabasebenzi bezimayini abakhiqizayo kakhulu nabasebenza kakhulu kule nsiza. Ochwepheshe balinganisa isibalo esingu-4.5 trillion cubic metres - lokhu kuyimithombo egciniwe yegesi. Ezweni, amazwe ambalwa angaziqhenya ngemiphumela enjalo.

Iningi lama-blue fuel deposits e-Algeria yi-gas, ngaphandle kwamaholide ama-deposit amafutha, noma okusesigabeni segesi. Eminye imithombo (cishe i-15%) ichitheka emafutheni, okuyi-deposit gold enkulu ye-Hassi-Messaud. Insimu enkulu kunazo zonke yegesi yi-Hassi-Rmel, enye eminye imininingwane eyaziwayo yesikhukhula sezinombolo yiNezla, Gurd-Nus kanye ne-Wend-Numer. Kusukela ngo-1990 kuya ezinsukwini zamanje, izindawo zokuhlola eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka e-Algeria ziphindwe kabili, okwakungumphumela womsebenzi osebenzayo wezemvelo.

Njengoba ubona, kukhona igesi elanele eplanethi. Kodwa lokhu akusikhululi umthwalo wemfanelo ngokusetshenziswa kwawo okwezomnotho nokufanele ukuze kuzuze izizukulwane ezizayo.