GIS - kuyinto ... Geographic Information Systems

GIS - GIS kuyinto izinhlelo mobile yesimanje, lapho babe nekhono ukubonisa indawo yakho kumephu. Ngesikhathi inhliziyo yalesi impahla okubalulekile ukusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe ezimbili: Imininingwane ezindawo global positioning. Uma idivayisi yeselula ine esishunyekiwe GPS-umamukeli, usebenzisa idivayisi ezifana kungacacisa ukuthi indawo yayo futhi ngenxa yalokho olunembile uhlela GIS uqobo. Ngeshwa, ngokokuhlala Imininingwane ubuchwepheshe kanye izinhlelo e isiRashiya-ezincwadini zesayensi, emelelwa inombolo encane izincwadi, ngakho cishe akukho lwazi mayelana ubuchule ezilawula ukusebenza kwabo.

GIS ngezigaba

Geographic Information Systems division lwenzeka isimiso indawo:

1. GIS Global isetshenziswa ukuvimbela ezenziwe umuntu nezinhlekelele zemvelo kusukela 1997. Ngala idatha kungenzeka esikhathini esifushane yesikhathi ukubikezela esikalini ngemva kwenhlekelele, uhlelo ekucwileni ezikweletini ngemiphumela, ukuhlola umonakalo nokulahlekelwa zokuphila, kanye ukuhlela nezenzo abantu.
2. Regional Geographic Information System athuthukiswe ezingeni lomasipala. Kuvumela iziphathimandla zendawo ukubikezela ukuthuthukiswa isifunda ezithile. Lolu hlelo limelela cishe zonke izindawo ezibalulekile, ezifana utshalomali, impahla, olwandle, tekwatisa, zomthetho kanye nabanye. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwalezi ubuchwepheshe ithuba abe yisiboniso ezokuphepha kuzo zonke sabantu. Okwamanje Regional Geographic Information System esetshenziswa ngempela ngempumelelo ngokugqugquzela ukutshalwa kwezimali nokukhula okusheshayo umnotho zakule ndawo.

Ngamunye amaqembu ngenhla has a subtypes ezithile:

• I-GIS global kuhlanganisa uhlelo kazwelonke subcontinental, ngokuvamile isimo isimo.
• Ngesikhathi lesifunda - zendawo, sub-yesifunda, zendawo.

Idatha idatha zezokwazisa zingatholakala ezigabeni olukhethekile inethiwekhi, ngokuthi geoportals. Basuke usunikezelwe yomphakathi ukuze ibuyekezwe ngaphandle kwemingcele.

Umgomo we operation

Geographic zezokwazisa ukusebenza isimiso ezilandelwayo nokuthuthukisa algorithm. It ivumela ukunyakaza into ibonakala ebalazweni GIS, kuhlanganise ukunyakaza idivayisi yeselula ngaphakathi ohlelweni wendawo. Ukuyichazela kuleli qophelo umdwebo ndawo, odinga ukukwazi izixhumanisi okungenani ezimbili - X Y. Lapho ezinyakazayo bento kumephu ukuze kunqunywe ukulandelana izixhumanisi (XK futhi YK). ukusebenza yabo kumelwe kuvumelane izikhathi ezahlukene zendawo GIS uhlelo. Yilesi isisekelo sokunquma indawo into.

Lokhu ukulandelana izixhumanisi ingabuye itholakale kusukela ejwayelekile NMEA-ifayela GPS-umamukeli, enze ukunyakaza real emhlabathini. Ngakho, esekelwe algorithm kubhekwe lapha ukusetshenziswa kwedatha NMEA-ifayela nge izixhumanisi trajectory of the into ensimini ethile. Idatha kudingekile ingatholakala ngenxa sekulingisa inqubo ukunyakaza ngesisekelo ikhompyutha sekusetshenziswa.

GIS algorithm

Geographic zezokwazisa zakhelwe idatha yoqobo, okuyinto zithathwa ukuthuthukisa i-algorithm. Ngokuvamile, iqoqo izixhumanisi (XK futhi YK), elihambisana trajectory into ngesimo NMEA-ifayela futhi digital GIS ibalazwe endaweni ezindaweni ezikhethiwe. Inselele obhekene nayo iwukuba ukuthuthukisa algorithm ubonisa motion into iphuzu. Ngokuhamba lo msebenzi algorithm ezintathu abangu ihlaziye, asenkulumweni msebenzi.

• Eyokuqala GIS algorithm - ke NMEA-ifayela analysis idatha ukuze kukhishwe therefrom le Ukudidiyela ukulandelana (XK futhi YK),
• I-algorithm yesibili isetshenziselwa ukubala engela into ithrekhi, ipharamitha count wenziwa kusukela empumalanga isiqondiso.
• I-algorithm yesithathu - ukunquma ngesilinganiso isihlobo into eziyinhloko.

algorithm generalized: umqondo jikelele

A algorithm generalized for ukukwazi ukuhamba into iphuzu kumephu GIS kuhlanganisa ezintathu algorithm kushiwo ngaphambili:

• idatha NMEA ukuhlaziywa;
• ekubaleni ithrekhi engela into;
• sokunquma inkambo isihlobo into emazweni asembulungeni yonke.

Geographic zezokwazisa nge algorithm generalized ne eyisisekelo control element - timer (Isikhathi). inkinga ejwayelekile ke ukuthi ivumela uhlelo ukukhiqiza izenzakalo njalo ngezikhathi ezithile. Ukusebenzisa into enjalo kungenziwa isethwe isikhathi okudingekayo ukwenza iqoqo nezinqubo noma imisebenzi. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuphindaphindiwe ukwenza isikhawu isikhathi cishe ngomzuzwana owodwa, kubalulekile ukusetha izindawo ezilandelayo Isikhathi:

• Timer.Interval = 1000;
• Timer.Enabled = Yiqiniso.

Ngenxa yalokho, njalo ngesekhondi uzoqala inqubo kokufunda izixhumanisi-X, Y into the NMEA-ifayela, ukuze leli phuzu nge izixhumanisi etholakale uboniswa ebalazweni GIS.

Umgomo we operation timer

Ukusetshenziswa geoinformation izinhlelo simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

1. Ebalazweni digital ezintathu iphuzu wawubona (uphawu - 1, 2, 3) lapho luhambisane trajectory of the into at ezahlukene isikhathi amaphuzu tk2, tk1, tk. Bona uqinisekile axhunyiwe ngu umugqa okuqinile.
2. Ukuvula kanye nokuvala timer, ukunyakaza ukubonisa ukulawula into emephini, ngokusebenzisa, umsebenzisi ngazo izinkinobho. ukubaluleka yabo futhi inhlanganisela ethile kungenziwa wafunda ngaphansi kohlelo.

NMEA-ifayela

Thina chaza kafushane isakhiwo se-GIS NMEA-fayela. Lo mbhalo okulotshwe ASCII format. Eqinisweni, it is a protocol ukushintshisana ngolwazi phakathi GPS-umamukeli namanye amadivayisi ezifana PC noma i-PDA. Ngamunye umyalezo NMEA iqala ngamadijithi $ uphawu, kulandelwa idivayisi ukuhlonza ezimbili umlingisi (i-GPS-umamukeli - GP) futhi iphela ukulandelana \ r \ n - ukuthutha ukubuya uhlamvu umugqa omusha. Ukunemba idatha isaziso incike uhlobo umyalezo. Lonke ulwazi kuqukethwe umugqa owodwa, amasimu ahlukaniswe ikhefana.

Ukuze uzwisise ukuthi ngokwezwe zolwazi, kwanele ukufunda uhlobo esetshenziswa kabanzi umyalezo $ GPRMC, equkethe ubuncane, kodwa isethi eziyisisekelo idatha: indawo into sika, ijubane layo uma igijima nesikhathi.
Cabangela isibonelo esikhethekile lapho ukwaziswa okubhalwe kuwo:

• usuku sokunquma izixhumanisi into - Januwari 7, 2015 g.
• UTC UTC Positioning - 10h 54m 52s;
• uhlela into - 55 ° 22,4271 'N futhi 36 ° 44,1610 'E

Sikugcizelele ukuthi izixhumanisi into kukhona ngokwamazinga kanye imizuzu, okuyinto sibalo mithandazo badela ezindaweni ezine idesimali (noma amaphuzu njengoba ingxenye idesimali yenombolo yangempela ngefomethi USA). Ngokuzayo uzodinga ukuthi ifayela NMEA-latitude indawo into usesimweni emva ukhefana lwesithathu nobude - emva yesihlanu. Ekupheleni umyalezo idluliselwa checksum emva uphawu '*' ngesimo Izinombolo ezimbili libe i-hexadecimal - 6c.

Geographic Information System: Isibonelo algorithm

Cabanga algorithm ukuhlaziywa NMEA-ifayela ukuze ukubuyisa iqoqo izixhumanisi (X YK), elihambisana indlela ukunyakaza into. Wenziwe izinyathelo ezithile zilandelana.

Ukunqunywa izixhumanisi into Y

NMEA ukuhlaziywa idatha algorithm

Isinyathelo 1. Funda GPRMC intambo ye NMEA-fayela.

Isinyathelo 2: Thola lwesithathu idesimali iphuzu isikhundla e-string (q).

Isinyathelo 3: Thola isikhundla yiphuzu lesine e-string (r).

Isinyathelo 4. Thola, ukuqalisa q isikhundla, ephuzwini zamadesimali uhlamvu (t).

Isinyathelo 5. Ukuze uthathe ngohlamvu olulodwa kusukela string ungaphakathi isikhundla (r + 1).

Isinyathelo 6: Uma lokhu uhlamvu W ke NorthernHemisphere variable isethelwe 1, kungenjalo -1.

Isinyathelo 7. extract (r + 2) imigqa izinhlamvu kusukela isikhundla (t-2).

Isinyathelo 8. extract (tq-3) imigqa izinhlamvu kusukela isikhundla (q +1).

Isinyathelo 9. Convert Iyunithi inombolo engokoqobo futhi Y Ukudidiyela into ngekhompyutha-radians.

Ukunqunywa izixhumanisi into X

Isinyathelo 10. Thola isikhundla iphuzu yesihlanu ohlwini (n).

Isinyathelo 11. Thola isikhundla ephuzwini lesithupha emgqeni (m).

Isinyathelo 12: Thola, kusukela endaweni n, ephuzwini zamadesimali uhlamvu (p).

Isinyathelo 13. Susa uhlamvu omunye string sise isikhundla (m + 1).

Isinyathelo 14. Uma ngabe le uhlamvu 'E', ngakho-ke EasternHemisphere variable isethelwe 1, kungenjalo -1.

Isinyathelo 15. Susa (m-p + 2) imigqa izinhlamvu kusukela isikhundla (p-2).

Isinyathelo 16 Susa (p-n + 2) umugqa izinhlamvu kusukela isikhundla (n + 1).

Isinyathelo 17. Convert Iyunithi inombolo engokoqobo futhi Yekhompyutha X Ukudidiyela into ngama-radians.

Isinyathelo 18. Uma NMEA-lwefayela uchubeke ufundze uyofika ekugcineni, bese ushiya 1, ngenye go uzoshiya 19.

Isinyathelo 19 Qeda algorithm.

Ngo isinyathelo 6, no-16-algorithm isebenzisa eziguquguqukayo futhi NorthernHemisphere EasternHemisphere esephepheni zezinombolo izindawo into emhlabeni. Esikhathini enyakatho (eningizimu) Nenkabazwe NorthernHemisphere variable kuthatha ukubaluleka 1 (-1), ngokulandelana, efanayo engena empumalanga (entshonalanga) Nenkabazwe EasternHemisphere - 1 (-1).

Isicelo GIS

Ukusetshenziswa kwendawo zezokwazisa isakazeke ezindaweni eziningi:

• Geology futhi ekudwetshweni kwamabalazwe;
• ukuhweba kanye nezinsizakalo;
• yokusungula;
• ezomnotho kanye nokuphathwa;
• ukuzivikela;
• yobunjiniyela;
• imfundo kanye nabanye.