Hadron Collider: Qala. I elikhulu Hadron Collider kungani? Uphi?

Umlando namafutha, okuyinto siyazi namhlanje njengoba elikhulu Hadron Collider iqala ngaphezulu kusukela ngo-2007. Ekuqaleni kwaqala kwezikhathi namafutha we cyclotron. Idivayisi idivaysi encane esifanelana kalula phezu kwetafula. Khona-ke indaba accelerators isungule kancane. Kwakubonakala synchrotron futhi synchrotron.

Emlandweni mhlawumbe bezijabulisa kakhulu kwaba yinkathi kusukela ngo-1956 kuya eminyakeni 1957. Ngaleso sikhathi, isayensi Soviet, ikakhulukazi i-physics, akazange zisale ngemuva njengoba abazalwane bakwamanye amazwe. Ukusebenzisa iminyaka zanqwabelana isipiliyoni, physics Soviet okuthiwa uVladimir Veksler esenze intuthuko kwezesayensi. Bangabaholi synchrotron enamandla kakhulu ngesikhathi edalwa. umthamo wayo ukusebenza kwaba GeV 10 (10 bhiliyoni electron volts). Ngemva kwalokho isidalile izibonelo ezibucayi accelerators: Esibanzi Electron-Positron Collider, i namafutha Swiss, eJalimane, e-United States. Bonke babe umgomo olulodwa - isifundo izinhlayiya eyisisekelo quark.

I elikhulu Hadron Collider sidalwe endaweni sibonga ngowokuqala imizamo physics Italy. Futhi igama lakhe kwakunguJohane Carlo Rubbia, owazuza uMklomelo kaNobel. Phakathi umsebenzi wayo Rubbia wasebenza njengoba onguMqondisi-European Organisation for Nuclear Research. Kwanqunywa ukwakha futhi ugijime LHC ivuliwe-site ucwaningo centre.

Lapho Hadron Collider?

Collider ibekwe nomngcele ophakathi Switzerland neFrance. Ubude selilonke salo amakhilomitha 27, futhi ngakho-ke libizwa ezinkulu. namafutha indandatho iphindela amamitha 50 kuya 175. Imagnethi 1232 isethwe Collider. Basuke superconducting, okusho umuntu ingakha ensimini esiphezulu ukusheshisa, ngoba izindleko zamandla odonsa ezinjalo cishe lingekho. Ingqikithi yesisindo sezinto uzibuthe ngamunye amathani 3.5 ngesikhathi ubude 14.3 amamitha.

Njenganoma yimuphi into ngokomzimba, Esibanzi Hadron Collider uphehla ukushisa. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuba njalo cool. Ngenxa yale njongo, izinga lokushisa inakekelwa at 1.7 K usebenzisa amalitha ayizigidi ezingu-12 liquid nitrogen. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-helium okusamanzi (700000 amalitha) isetshenziselwa Ukuphola, futhi okubaluleke - ingcindezi isetshenziswa ukuthi lingaphansi ngokuphindwe kayishumi ingcindezi evamile ozungeze umhlaba wethu.

Temperature 1.7 K centigrade kuyinto -271 degrees. lokushisa ezinjalo cishe eduze zero ngokuphelele. zero Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke ubizwa ngokuthi ephansi okunokwenzeka umkhawulo, okungenzeka uhlale emzimbeni womuntu.

Ingxenye kwangaphakathi umhubhe akuyona kancane ezithakazelisayo. Kukhona niobium-titanium superconducting ikhebula ephathelene nezinto ezingenzeka. Ubude wabo 7600 amakhilomitha. Ingqikithi yesisindo kuyinto 1,200 amathani amakhebuli. Ingaphakathi ikhebula - a plexus izintambo 6300 nge ibanga ingqikithi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1,5 amakhilomitha. Lokhu ubude ilingana 10 amayunithi yezinkanyezi. Ngokwesibonelo, ibanga ukusuka emhlabeni ukuya elangeni 10 amayunithi ezinjalo.

Uma sikhuluma indawo yayo ezindawo, kungashiwo ukuthi izindandatho Collider ezitholakala phakathi kwama imizi Saint-Genis futhi Forno uVoltaire elise ohlangothini French, kanye Marin futhi Vessurat - ngohlangothi Swiss. indandatho Small, ngokuthi PS, kwelula ngasemngceleni we ubukhulu.

I raison d'être

Ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo, "Iyini LHC", udinga ukukhanyisa ukuze ososayensi. Ososayensi abaningi bathi lo mshini esikhulu naso sonke isikhathi ukhona yesayensi, nokuthi isayensi ngaphandle kwalo, okuyinto yaziwa kithi namuhla, nje akwenzi mqondo. Ukuba khona futhi kwethulwa Esibanzi Hadron Collider ezithakazelisa ngalolo bashayisana izinhlayiya ku LHC kuyinto ukuqhuma. Zonke izinhlayiya emihle ahlakaze bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene. Ukuze wakhe owakho izinhlayiya entsha, okungase ukuchaza khona kanye nencazelo eziningi.

Into yokuqala ukuthi ososayensi baye bazama ukuthola lalezi zinhlobo iphahlazeka - it is kwakuthiwa babebikezele physics uPetru Higgs kuyizinhlayiyana aphansi ngokuthi lo "Higgs Boson". Lokhu kuyizinhlayiyana emangalisa unaleli gciwane kolwazi, ezibhekwa. Nokho-ke ibizwa ngokuthi "kuyizinhlayiyana kaNkulunkulu." Ukuyivula uzodlulela ososayensi ukuqonda umkhathi. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngo-2012, July 4 Hadron Collider (uyisebenzise kancane kuphumelele) ukusiza ukuthola nezinhlayiya efanayo. Kuze kube manje, ososayensi bazama silitadishe ngokuningiliziwe.

Koze kube nini ...

Yiqiniso, umbuto bese uyavuka, kungani ososayensi eside kangaka ukufunda lalezi zinhlobo. Uma une idivayisi, kokuyisebenzisa, futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukudubula idatha ezengeziwe. Iqiniso lokuthi umsebenzi we LHC - ke kuyinjabulo ezibizayo. Omunye kwethulwa kubiza isizumbulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ngonyaka energy ukusetshenziswa ilingana ezigidini ezingu-800. KW / h. Lokhu ubungako bamandla waqothula idolobha elinabantu lezingalo eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-100. Indoda, ngesikhathi amazinga isilinganiso. Lokhu akuhlanganisi izindleko yesondlo. Esinye isizathu - ukuthi ukuqhuma LHC ukuthi kwenzeka uma pitting le-proton nakanjani ukukhiqiza yenqwaba idatha: ulwazi olufundwa ngekhompyutha ukuze ukucutshungulwa kuthatha isikhathi esiningi. Ngisho naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amandla kumakhompyutha ukuthola ulwazi, ngisho ezinkulu ngezindinganiso lanamuhla.

Esinye isizathu - ke akukanciphi abadumile -matter emnyama. Ososayensi abasebenza nge Collider kulesi siqondiso, uqiniseke ukuthi uhla ebonakalayo wendawo yonke% 4 kuphela. Kusolwa ukuthi lonke - kuyindaba amnyama namandla amnyama. Ucwaningo ngizama ukubakhumbuza ukuthi lo mbono ilungile.

Hadron Collider: noma siphikisana nakho

Beka phambili imfundiso yokuziphendukela esimnyama wangabaza ukuphepha khona LHC. Lokhu kunganeliseki kwavela ngemva mbuzo: "Hadron Collider: noma siphikisana nakho? ' Wayelethwa ayinandaba ososayensi abaningi. Zonke izingqondo ezinkulu zomhlaba zihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezimbili. "Abaphikisi" baye phambili ocatshangelwayo ezithakazelisayo ukuthi uma lolodaba ukhona, khona-ke kumelwe abe kuyizinhlayiyana yayo okuphambene. Futhi ukushayisana izinhlayiya e namafutha livela ingxenye mnyama. Kube ingozi ukuthi ebumnyameni ingxenye futhi ingxenye ukuthi sibona ubuso. Khona-ke kungaholela kokufa yonke. Nokho, ngemva kokuqala LHC kuqala lo mbono bekulokhu ngokwengxenye eziphukile.

Okulandelayo ku ukubaluleka kuza ukuqhuma yonke, noma kunalokho - ukuzalwa. Kukholakala ukuthi le ngozi kungabonakala nasemkhakheni indlela yonke aziphatha kahle imizuzwana yokuqala khona. Indlela ebheka emva umsuka Big Bang. Kukholakala ukuthi kuyizinhlayiyana ukushayisana inqubo kuyafana lowo kwaba ekuqaleni ekuzalweni yonke.

Okungenani omunye umqondo fabulous lapho ososayensi ihlolwe - kungcono onobuhle ezingavamile. Kubonakala Amazing, kodwa kukhona theory okusikisela ukuthi zikhona ezinye izinhlangothi futhi universes njengathi abantu. Futhi Isimanga siwukuthi, namafutha futhi bayakwazi ukusiza.

Uma sikubeka kalula, injongo ukhona namafutha ukuba baqonde ukuthi umkhathi, kanjani yadalwa, ukufakazela noma siphikise iyiphi ithiyori ekhona izinhlayiya kanye izenzakalo ezihlobene. Yiqiniso, kungase kuthathe iminyaka, kodwa ekuqaleni ngalinye, izinto ezintsha ukuthi wagumbuqela emhlabeni yesayensi.

Amaqiniso mayelana namafutha

Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi namafutha ngesivinini izinhlayiya kuze kufinyelele 99% ngejubane lokukhanya, kodwa ababaningi abantu abazi ukuthi iphesenti ilingana 99,9999991% we ngejubane lokukhanya. Lesi sibalo ezimangalisayo kwenza umqondo ngenxa design ephelele futhi uzibuthe onamandla ukusheshisa. Kufanele wazi futhi amanye amaphuzu kancane eyaziwa.

Izinombolo akhiqizwa ukushayisana izinhlayiya ngesikhathi ukusheshisa

Isibalo proton e kweqembu	kuya ku-100 Bln. (1011)
inani ezithelo	ukuze 2.808
Isibalo odlulayo proton ngemishayo ezonini umtshina	ezingu 31. esishintshashintshayo yesibili 4
Isibalo kuyizinhlayiyana ukushayisana ezimpambanweni zomgwaqo	kuya ku-20
Ivolumu ngayinye idatha ukushayisana	mayelana 1.5 MB
Ubuningi izinhlayiya Higgs	1 alunywe njalo ngemizuzwana 2.5 (at umfutho egcwele ugongolo nangokuhambisana ezizathwini ngaletheksthi izakhiwo izinhlayiya Higgs)

Balinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-100. Imifudlana idatha zivela ngamunye imitshina ezimbili eziyinhloko kungaba indaba imizuzwana ukuqedela kuka 100,000 CD. Ngenyanga eyodwa nje inombolo lamadiski Usufike ukuphakama yokuthi nalapho belala kwisitaki, kuyoba okwanele ukuze inyanga. Ngakho-ke banquma ukungayisebenzisi nhlobo i ukuqoqa wonke idatha zivela imitshina, kodwa yilabo kuphela abenza abavunyelwe ukusebenzisa uhlelo iqoqo idatha, okuyinto empeleni uba lemifanekiso for idatha. Kwanqunywa ukuba abhale izenzakalo 100 kuphela ezenzeka ngesikhathi ngenxa yokuqhuma kwebhomu. Eqoshiwe lezi zenzakalo kuyoba ukulondoloza isikhungo idatha kohlelo LHC, esemgwaqweni at European Laboratory ngoba Particle Physics, ophinda abe indawo yokuma namafutha. Kuzorekhodwa izenzakalo ukuthi aye alotshwa, futhi labo bamele abantu abasemkhakheni wezesayensi ngabomvu.

aftertreatment

Ngemva ukurekhoda amakhilobhayithi engamakhulu idatha alunge. Ngenxa yale njongo, amakhompyutha abayizithulu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili elise CERN. Inhloso yalezi amakhompyutha kuyinto ukucutshungulwa idatha engahluziwe kumiswa base yabo, okuyinto kuyoba wusizo analysis olunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusakaza idatha elakhiwe siqondiswe inethiwekhi yekhompyutha GRID. Le nethiwekhi inthanethi uxhuma izinkulungwane kumakhompyutha zitholakala ezikhungweni ezahlukene emhlabeni, uhlanganisa izikhungo ezingaphezu kwekhulu ezinkulu, okuyinto zitholakala emazwekazini amathathu. Zonke amaphuzu anjalo zixhumene ne CERN usebenzisa Imicu yotshani optical - for esiphezulu idatha izinga.

Ukukhuluma amaqiniso, kubalulekile ukusho futhi mayelana nesakhiwo izinkomba ngokomzimba. Umhubhe namafutha kuyinto ukuphambuka 1.4% kusukela indiza ovundlile. Lokhu kwakwenziwa kwasekuqaleni ukubeka iningi Umhubhe namafutha e-rock Monolithic. Kanjalo lokubekwa ezinhlangothini okuphambene ukujula zihlukile. Uma sicabanga khona isuka kuleli chibi, okuyinto etholakala eduze Geneva, ukujula elingamamitha 50. Okuphambene ingxenye has a-175 metres ukujula.

Into ezithakazelisayo wukuthi izigaba kwenyanga kuthinte namafutha. Kungase kubonakale sengathi into ezikude ingaba kude. Kodwa-ke Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi phakathi kwenyanga egcwele, uma kukhona unentshiseko komhlaba endaweni Geneva, Enyuka kakhulu ngendlela 25 amasentimitha. Lokhu kuthinta ubude Collider. Ubude kanjalo abaqhubeke by 1 milimitha, futhi amandla ugongolo sishintshwe 0.02%. Njengoba amandla control ugongolo kumele waphakamisa 0,002%, abacwaningi kumelwe acabangele lesi simanga.

Futhi ezithakazelisayo wukuthi Umhubhe Collider has ukuma i octagon kunokuba embuthanweni, abaningi. Angles kumiswa ezimfushane. Basuke ahlelwe imitshina fixed kanye uhlelo sokuthi ezilawula esasizosheshisa kuyizinhlayiyana uvumelanise.

isakhiwo

Hadron Collider, kwethulwa okuyinto lihlotshaniswa eziningi imininingwane injabulo ososayensi - kudivayisi emangalisayo. Zonke namafutha siqukethe amasongo amabili. indandatho Encane okuthiwa i-proton synchrotron noma, ukuze sebenzisa izifinyezo - IHU. indandatho elikhulu - Super Proton Synchrotron, noma ze-SPS. Ndawonye emasongweni amabili ukuvumela ingxenye ziyasakaza ukuze 99,9% ngejubane lokukhanya. Ngakho Collider ukwanda kanye namandla we-proton, okwandisa amandla abo izikhathi ezingu-16. Iphinde ivumele izinhlayiya nqwamana nomunye cishe 30 Mill. Isikhathi / s. amahora 10. imitshina ezinkulu 4 kutholakala at terabytes kakhulu 100 idatha digital ngomzuzwana. Ukuthola idatha ngenxa izici ngamunye. Ngokwesibonelo, zingezwa izinhlayiya aphansi, okuyinto abe necala negative kagesi, futhi ube nengxenye-spin. Njengoba lezi izinhlayiya akusazinzile ke ukuthola ngqo kungenzeki kubo bangase ukuthola amandla abo kuphela ukuba sasikhipha engela ezithile eksisi uvumelanise. Lesi sinyathelo ngokuthi isibangeli ezingeni lokuqala. Lesi sinyathelo kulandele ezingaphezu kuka-100 idatha amakhadi ezikhethekile, lokuhlanganiswe in ukuqaliswa kohlelo. Le ngxenye ungachazwa ukuthi phakathi kokuthola idatha lakhetsiwe kuka-100 tysyach amabhlogo idatha ngomzuzu owodwa. Khona-ke, lezi idatha asetshenziselwa ukuhlaziywa, okuyinto kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa indlela ephakeme-level.

Next Level Systems, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthola ulwazi kuzo zonke ukugeleza umtshina. umtshina Software usebenza inethiwekhi. Kukhona-ke sizosebenzisa inani elikhulu amakhompyutha ukucubungula okwalandela idatha amabhlogo, isikhathi isilinganiso phakathi amabhlogo we - 10 microseconds. Izinhlelo uzodinga ukudala uphawu izinhlayiya, elihambisana iphuzu yasekuqaleni. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka isethi idatha ezakhiwe ehlanganisa umfutho, amandla nezinye indlela esaba khona ngesikhathi isenzakalo esisodwa.

namafutha izingxenye

Zonke namafutha zingahlukaniswa zibe 5 izingxenye eziyinhloko:

1) electron-positron namafutha Collider. Ingxenye imayelana 7 tysyach odonsa nge superconducting izakhiwo. Nabo kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa isiqondiso annular umhubhe uvumelanise. Futhi zigxila ugodo kwelinye ukugeleza whose banzi Sehlile ububanzi izinwele olulodwa.

2) Compact muon Solenoid. Lokhu umtshina yakhelwe inhloso jikelele. Ngo umtshina ezinjalo zifuna imihlola entsha bese, isibonelo, ukucinga Higgs nezinhlayiya.

3) detector LHCb. Ukubaluleka kwale divayisi ukucinga quark futhi izinhlayiya wabaphikisa - antiquarks.

4) toroidal ukufakwa ATLAS. Lokhu umtshina yakhelwe nenkanuko edlulele we muons.

5) Alice. Lokhu umtshina ithumba zingashayisani ion okuhola nawokwenza proton-proton ukushayisana.

Ubunzima kokuqala LHC

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi khona ubuchwepheshe okusezingeni eliphezulu iqeda kungenzeka amaphutha practice konkhe kwehlukile. Phakathi ukubambezeleka, kanye nesikhathi ukwehluleka zenhlangano namafutha. Mangisho ukuthi lesi simo ezingalindelekile wayengekho. Idivayisi iqukethe umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama amaningi futhi kudinga ngokunemba mihle kangangokuthi ososayensi ulindele imiphumela efanayo. Ngokwesibonelo, enye yezinkinga ukuthi babhekana ososayensi ngesikhathi kwethulwa - zokuchithwa kukazibuthe, egxila yokuntwela proton ngokushesha ngaphambi kokuthi kwenzeke ingozi. Lokhu ingozi embi kwabangelwa ukubhujiswa entabeni ngenxa ekulahlekelweni superconducting uzibuthe.

kwavela Le nkinga ngo-2007. Ngenxa-ke, kwethulwa Collider selihlehliswe izikhathi eziningana, kwathi ngo-June ukwethulwa okwenzeka, cishe Collider ngonyaka Akukaqali.

Ukwethulwa lokugcina Collider kwaba yimpumelelo, zibutha terabytes eziningi idatha.

Hadron Collider, kwethulwa eyaqala ngo-April 5, 2015, isebenza ngempumelelo. Phakathi imishayo ngenyanga uyoxosha emhlabeni indandatho, kancane kancane amandla okwandisa. Izinjongo isifundo njengoba enjalo, akukho. imishayo ukushayisana amandla izokwenyuka. Inani lift kusuka 7 kuya 13 TEV TEV. Lesi sengezo sizokwenza ukubona amathuba amasha ku ukushayisana izinhlayiya.

Ngo 2013 no-2014. beyimabhombo ukuhlolwa lobuchwepheshe imihubhe, accelerators, imitshina kanye nezinye izinto zokusebenza. Umphumela waba 18 odonsa okuguquguqukayo kuthiwa superconducting umsebenzi. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi inani eliphelele wabo 1232 izingcezu. Nokho, odonsa asele kuye kwaqashelwa. Kanti futhi sibuye senza esikhundleni salesi simiso isivikelo ukupholisa phansi, wafaka ngcono. Futhi ngcono uhlelo lwaluyophola of odonsa. Lokhu kubenza bakwazi ukuhlala ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi, ngamandla esiphezulu.

Uma konke kuhamba kahle, ukwethulwa esilandelayo namafutha kuyokwenzeka kuphela emva kweminyaka emithathu. Ngalesi sikhathi ihlelelwe umsebenzi lohleliwe ukuthuthukisa, luhlolo yomsebenzi Collider.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukulungisa kubiza ngisho nesenti, ngaphandle kokucabangela izindleko. Hadron Collider, kusukela ngomhla ka-2010 inenani elilingana 7.5 bln. Euro. Lesi sibalo ubonisa ukuthi wonke umsebenzi endaweni yokuqala ohlwini lemisebenzi eqolo emlandweni wesayensi.

izindaba kwakamuva

Hadron Collider, kwethulwa okwenzeka ngemva kwekhefu, saphumelela. idatha abathandwayo zathathwa. Ngokwesibonelo, ubufakazi yethulwa ukuthi nombono wanamuhla izinhlayiya lesifanele. Lokhu kwenziwa Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba operation kahle CMS futhi LHCb imitshina. Lezi BS imitshina kwamazinyo ibambeke ngezimpondo ezimbili Meson, okuyinto ngqo ubufakazi zibonise ukwethembeka kunemibono yanamuhla.

Kuwufanele kokubuza umbuzo, kangakanani ubufakazi lo mbono. Enye indlela - lena bamba izinhlayiya entsha. Okusho ukuthi, uma ukungqubuzana kuyoba izinhlayiya entsha aphansi, okusho ukuthi imfundiso yesimanje kufanele sibuyekezwe.

Ososayensi sesigxila le kuyizinhlayiyana ngoba ongabonisa, noma okungenani ukuvula umnyango bebheke supersymmetry. Lokhu kungaba isiqalo esihle sokucwaninga futhi umsebenzi Centre for Scientific Research eGeneva.

Yini okulandelayo?

Ngemva okuzokwenzeka sesimanje olandelayo we Collider uzobe ibuye utadisha izinhlayiya. Ikakhulukazi, kuyodingeka ukuba ufunde kabanzi mayelana Higgs Boson. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi kule kwatholakala uMklomelo KaNobel, akubona bonke lwezici zalo aqondakale ngokugcwele futhi kungase kutholakale. Ngakho-ke, ososayensi babe umsebenzi ziningi futhi zaba nzima kwi ezifundwa izinhlayiya emangalisayo.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kumelwe siqhubeke sisebenze ukufakazela noma siphikise imfundiso yokuziphendukela supersymmetry. Nakuba kubonakala kancane kumnandi, kodwa unalo ilungelo lokuthatha khona. Ungacabangi ukuthi konke ukunakwa kutholwa kuphela kunyatheliswe INqabayokulinda yokuqala ukubaluleka umbhidlango ngamunye has ithimba layo ososayensi abasebenza kulo mkhakha.

Yiqiniso, lena akuyona yonke imisebenzi kudingeka zixazululwe ezazini zesayensi. Nge ngamunye itherabhayithi entsha kolwazi wathola uhlu lwemibuzo njalo kulekelelwa, nezimpendulo zabo kungenziwa wabheka phezulu kule minyaka edlule.