Kuyini esimnyama? kungakhathaliseki esimnyama ukhona?

Umbuzo ka ngemvelaphi yezulu nomhlaba, umlando wayo wokuqhuma bese Ikusasa labantu zikhathazeke kusukela kudala. Sekungamakhulu amaningi eminyaka, kwaphakama ithiyori banqatshelwe, ukunikela isithombe emhlabeni, esekelwe idatha aziwayo. ukushaqeka Obuphelele emhlabeni yesayensi baba theory ka-Einstein ye kwezinto. Useke negalelo elikhulu ekuqondeni izinqubo athonya yonke. Nokho, inkolelo-mbono wokuhlobana kwezinto Awukwazi ukumangalela ukuba iqiniso eliphelele, okuyinto Akudingi izengezo kwadingeka. ubuchwepheshe Ukuthuthukisa baye bavumela zenza izazi zezinkanyezi zikwazi ukwenza okutholakele engacabangeki ngaphambilini, okuyinto edingekayo nohlaka olusha theory noma ukunwetshwa abalulekile amalungiselelo akhona. Omunye kulezi zinkanyezi kwaba-matter emnyama. Kodwa izinto zokuqala kuqala.

Kuvulwe amacala amabili ezinsukwini ezidlule

Ngoba ukuqonda igama elithi "esimnyama" emuva ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka eledlule. Nakuba ukuqonda wabusa wendawo yonke isakhiwo umile. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, imfundiso jikelele wokuhlobana kwezinto (GTR) Kusolwa ukuthi ngesinye amandla Luhambo kuzoholela "ivimbela" isikhala letisesitfombeni ikhoyili olulodwa, kuyoba khona okuthiwa ukuwohloka okudonsa izinto. Phakathi isikhala izinto, akukho amabutho okunyanyekayo. sisakhangana inxephezelwa amabutho centrifugal ukudala ukunyakaza unomphela izinkanyezi, amaplanethi nezinye izindikimba. Ngakho-ke asekelwe yakhoibrium uhlelo.

Ukuze uvimbele kuwa yonke theory, Einstein kwethulwa njalo Cosmological - Inani okuholela uhlelo a oyifunayo isimo engaguquki, kodwa empeleni yasungulwa kokuba ngaphandle kwesizathu.

Umkhathi ekwandiseni

Computing kanye nokuvulwa Friedmann futhi Hubble baye babonisa asikho isidingo ukuba aphule zibalo usinamathelise wokuhlobana kwezinto jikelele usebenzisa njalo entsha. Kuye kungase kutholakale, futhi namuhla leli qiniso cishe akekho ungaqiniseki ukuthi umkhathi uyanda, kwaba kanye isiqalo stationarity yokukhuluma akakwazi ukuhamba. ukuqhubeka Cosmology kwaholela imfundiso yokuziphendukela Big Bang. Ubufakazi eyinhloko imibono emisha - ukwanda waphawula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ibanga phakathi imithala. Kuyinto nesilinganiso ngesilinganiso ukususwa kusuka nomunye izinhlelo isikhala eduze futhi kwaholela ekwakhekeni umbono wokuthi kukhona esimnyama namandla amnyama.

Idatha awuhambisani nemfundiso

NoFrits Tsvikki ngo-1931, futhi kamuva u-Jan Oort ngo-1932 futhi ngo-1960 wahlanganyela ngokubala isisindo ketshezi yinhlanganisela akude zemithala nobudlelwane bayo ne ijubane ibanga wabo komunye nomunye. Ngezikhathi ezithile, ososayensi baye bafinyelela esiphethweni esifanayo: lokhu Isamba izidakamizwa ngokwanele ukuba ubunzima eyenziwe kubo lalingaba ndawonye imithala ezihambayo at enjalo ngesivinini. Zwicky futhi Oort hypothesized ukuthi kukhona mass ezifihliwe esimnyama sendawo yonke, ayikuvumeli izinto ahlakaze bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene.

Nokho, umbono uye baqashelwa emhlabeni yesayensi kuphela ngeminyaka yoma, emva isimemezelo imiphumela Ruby Ukholo. It eyakhelwe Ukujikeleza Curves ebonakalisa ukwencika velocity we ketshezi Umthala ibanga ohlukanisa lapho phakathi ohlelweni. Ngokuphambene nokucabanga theory kwaba ukuthi ijubane izinkanyezi njengoba ibanga akusho inciphe kusukela naphakathi kulo mthala futhi ukhule. Ukuchaza lokhu kuziphatha ayengakwenza izinkanyiso khona halo imithala, okuyinto igcwalisa esimnyama kuphela. Astronomy Ngakho ebhekene ingxenye nhlobo ngokuphelele yonke.

Izakhiwo kanye nokusungulwa

Lolu hlobo esimnyama ngokuthi ngoba ingabonakali yinoma yimuphi izindlela ezikhona. khona kwakhe obonwa ubufakazi bezimo: i-matter emnyama kudala ensimini okudonsa akuyona ngokuphelele enqaba amagagasi kagesi.

Umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu ukuthi Kuvezwe phambi ososayensi, kwaba ukuthola impendulo yombuzo kuyini kule ndaba. Astrophysics wazama "ukugcwalisa" wakhe komkhuba baryon izidakamizwa (ndaba baryonic siqukethe wafunda ucishe proton, neutron nama-electron). Esikhathini halos amnyama zemithala kuhlanganisiwe ongaphakeme emissivity izinkanyezi compact ezifana dwarfs nsundu futhi ezinkulu, ngesisindo eduze iplanethi i-Jupiter. Nokho, lezi ezizathwini musa ukumelana kokuhlolisisa. ndaba Baryonic, ijwayelekile futhi owaziwa, ngakho-ke, awukwazi ukudlala indima ebalulekile mass ezifihliwe zemithala.

Namuhla, ukufuna yezingxenye engaziwa ehilelekile physics. nophenyo esisebenzayo esisekelwe kokuhlangenwe yesayensi theory Susy microcosm, lapho i-kuyizinhlayiyana ngayinye eyaziwa ukhona Susy umusi. Lokho bona abakha-matter emnyama. Nokho, ubufakazi bokuba khona izinhlayiya ezinjalo ayitholakalanga kuze, mhlawumbe, endabeni esikhathini esizayo esiseduze.

amandla amnyama

Ukutholakala uhlobo olusha ndaba aziphelelanga lapho lezimanga ukuthi walungisa ososayensi yonke. Ngo-1998, akhona ethulwa elinye ithuba qhathanisa zalezi zinkolelo-mbono ukukhulunywa namaqiniso. Kulo nyaka kwaphawulwa ukuqhuma ka-supernova endaweni Umthala kude nathi. Izazi zezinkanyezi ziye kulinganiswa ibanga kuso futhi wamangala kakhulu ngemininingwane etholwe: inkanyezi kwagqamuka okuningi okunye kunalokho kwakufanele ngokuvumelana theory ekhona. Kwatholakala ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izinga lokwanda liyakhula: manje kakhulu zibe zingenayo kwaba iminyaka engu-14 billion edlule, lapho mhlawumbe kwezwakala ukuqhuma elikhulu.

Njengoba aziwa, ukusheshisa ukunyakaza komzimba, kubalulekile ukuba adlulisele amandla. Force esibangela yonke ukuze sandise ngokushesha, yabe seyaziwa ngokuthi amandla amnyama. Lesi akusona isici esingabalulekile kangako okuyimfihlakalo yonke kuka-matter emnyama. Esikwaziyo ukuthi elinesimo ukusatshalaliswa iyunifomu kuyo yonke indawo, kodwa umphumela wawo ibhaliswe kuphela enkulu amabanga cosmic.

Nalapha futhi, njalo Cosmological

amandla Dark ikunikinele imfundiso yokuziphendukela okukhulu. Ingxenye wezesayensi sokungabaza mayelana kungenzeka into enjalo, futhi samenza kusheshiswe ukunwetshwa. Ezinye akhona ozama ukuvuseleleka njalo ukhohliwe Einstein Cosmological, okuyinto futhi kusukela isigaba iphutha elikhulu yesayensi ungaya e eziningi imicabango ukusebenza. khona kwakhe ezibalweni edonsa antigravity, okuholela ukusheshisa lokhu kwanda. Nokho, abanye imiphumela nokuba khona njalo Cosmological awuhambisani ngedatha obubonakalayo.

Namuhla, esimnyama namandla amnyama ezakha kakhulu into ekuyo yonke indawo - indida ngoba ososayensi. Impendulo isobala yombuzo yobuntu bazo khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungenzeka ukuthi kuhlale imfihlakalo lesivimbela isikhala. esimnyama namandla kungaba zandulela yokuvela kwezinto ezintsha ezingase yashintsha umqondo kwethu okuphathelene nokwakheka kwendawo yonke.