Isibopho metallic

Ngo ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kunenze nisondelane electron ukuminyana, ekuqaleni kwakungekaNkulunkulu athomu ezahlukene, basuke isabalaliswe esikhaleni. uxhumana Ngaphansi kakhulu ne zangaphandle core-level electron. Lokho badlala indima enkulu ekwakhekeni izibopho zamakhemikhali. Amaelectrons ukuthi abantu abahilelekile kule nqubo abizwa ngokuthi Valence. Kepha wayenencekukazi isibopho chemical - Valence. Ngesikhathi p- futhi s-izingxenye kukhona zangaphandle Valence electron d-izakhi - wokugcina (zangaphandle) penultimate s- futhi d-electron. Kukhona zama-athomu, noma okuncane. Lezi zingozi zihlanganisa ama labo olwelwesini equkethe inombolo enkulu yamakhasi e-electron (ezimbili nesishiyagalombili). Leli zinga kubhekwa ephelele. amazinga Iphele zinezikhathi amandla aphezulu. Basuke izimpawu athomu amagesi ezihloniphekayo, ngokuqondene okuyinto ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile isimo sabo yigesi monatomic inert.

Ukuze uthole ezinye izakhi-athomu nobuntu amazinga sidle. Ngokuhamba yokusabela chemical kwenzeka emazingeni kokuphothulwa amagugu zangaphandle. Lezi ukufinyelelwa noma umthelela, noma ukwengeza ama-electron. amazinga Ukugcwaliswa zinganikezwa futhi obumba ngazimbili. Lezi zindlela nesandla ekwakhekeni izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuxhumana: ionic futhi covalent. Ngo ukwakheka kwe-molecule, kanjalo, la ma-athomu ozama ukuthola esitebeleni electron igobolondo (yangaphandle) noma vosmielektronnuyu noma ezimbili-electron. Le ndlela kuyinto ngesisekelo imfundiso yokuziphendukela kumiswa izibopho zamakhemikhali. kumiswa ngokugcwalisa Valence ka olwelwesini e-athomu abafanele kuhambisana kukhululwa amanani abalulekile amandla. Ukwakheka kunenze nisondelane zamakhemikhali, ngamanye amazwi, njalo wabe exothermically, ngenxa yokuthi amangqamuzana avele (izinhlayiya elisha), okuyinto abe ukuzinza okukhulu ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile.

Njengoba omunye izinkomba ebaluleke kakhulu ukuthi sithole uhlobo zokuxhumana, izenzo electronegativity. Kuyinto ikhono athomu ukuheha electron nezinye ama-athomu. Electronegativity ushintsho kwenzeka kancane kancane. Ngakho, ngesikhathi i-value system lokhu Inkomba inyuka kusuka kwesokunxele kuya kwesokudla. Ukunciphisa nezindinganiso ezifanayo kwenzeka emaqenjini phansi. Ngu covalent compounds zihlanganisa ukwakhiwa ngokwakha abophe (inani) electron ngazimbili.

kukhona metallic chemical izibopho e uketshezi, niqinile izinsimbi. Ngokwe-isikhundla ohlelweni gqwa, yizakhi ama-athomu umbuzo ube inani elincane electron Valence (eyodwa kuya kwemithathu). Ngaphezu kwalokho, Baphawula namandla ongaphakeme "electron lamabutho" (ionization). Ngakho-ke, ubuhlobo metallic - kuba uxhumano ababuthakathaka. I electron athomu aphethwe wavuma, yehla ngempela kalula, kuyilapho zinethuba ukuhamba crystal. Isibopho metallic kuhilela ama-athomu ukutholakala. Ingxenye electron Valence endowed sinekhono ukunyakaza khulula ngaphakathi ngehele crystal, zakha "i-electron igesi". Ngosizo isibopho metallic Kumiswa. Kukhona-ke ngenxa "komphakathi" Valence electron of ama-athomu. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ubuhlobo metal has izici zayo siqu. Ngakho, ukwakha ama-electron yayo ayakwazi ukuthuthela kulo lonke isici ivolumu. Kule ndaba, insimbi ukuthola inombolo yezici isici. Ikakhulukazi, le nkulumo ihlanganisa ayebuthaka, conductivity ezinhle kagesi, conductivity ezishisayo, ductility, malleability, nabanye. izakhi Metal ekuxhumaneni ihlinzeka nokuqinisela kuqhathaniswa eliphezulu.