Uhlobo rationality yesayensi: definition. revolution yesayensi

Noma yimuphi uhlobo rationality yesayensi kusikisela ukuba khona isimiso imithetho, izimiso, sicaciselwe umphakathi ikakhulukazi futhi ezibhekwa okwanele. Le mithetho kudingeka okufinyelela imigomo ehambisana kusukela iphuzu Ngenxa umphakathi. Ukunakwa enkulu ikhokhelwa kubo nefilosofi, lapho ukhuluma ngani izinhlobo zakudala, nonclassical nangemuva nonclassical, ngalinye elikwazi libhekene umbono yaso ehlukile zomhlaba.

Imfundiso ngokuvamile

Lo mbono wokuthi a rationality yesayensi classical ezifana, nonclassical, post-nonclassical, ivumela ukuba baqonde ngemininingwane ukuthi kungani izwe yesayensi namuhla ukuthi kuyini. Eqinisweni, it is a reflection. ukuhlolisisa ngokucophelela kunikeza ulwazi olwanele sokuthuthukiswa ukuqonda kwethu emhlabeni.

Introspection izimiso zefilosofi okuyizinto ngesisekelo imfundiso, wenzé isayensi isisekelo esinengqondo, ezinengqondo, nge methodological nefilosofi. Yokuzindla e izimo namuhla yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle ugwema kwakuhilela ukwamukela izindinganiso okungukuthi sici Amathrendi ukuthuthukiswa kule minyaka eyishumi eyedlule, lapho isiko evelele isibe postmodern.

ulwazi okunengqondo

Kuyinto isici kakhulu kwenkathi 17-19 kwamakhulu eminyaka lapho nefilosofi, indlela okufakiwe kuze kube uhlobo zasendulo rationality ngokwesayensi. Phakathi nale nkathi, leli qiniso eliyisisekelo kwaba umbono wokuthi ingqondo uyakwazi ukuhlola umhlaba, ogcina ezizungezile futhi kuba ngokubhekisisa ithola ulwazi nokuhlaziya. umphakathi Ulwazi oludingekayo ukwenza imibono inhloso mayelana nezwe esiphila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ososayensi baye bachaza izenzakalo okuphawulwe nabo kwindlela ngabe zikhona. Ngokusekelwe emibonweni yolwazi okunengqondo wahlakulela kakhulu inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela Rene Dekart, ngubani kubhekwa umsunguli imibono yesimanje mayelana Isikhala ezungezile.

rationality Classical waba isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa indlela njengoba isayensi. Ngokukhethekile sakhokhwa nakho ukuxhumana futhi isisekelo theory. Imfundiso kuwukuqhathaniswa nje ethathwe emithonjeni ezahlukene isipiliyoni esiwusizo.

Imibono nezindlela

Ngo uhlobo zasendulo yesayensi rationality isayensi ithuthukiswe ngesisekelo the Axiom: amaqiniso - kuphela ngesisekelo kweqiniso imfundiso. Kakhulu indlela okuqhubekayo okuhloswe okubeka ukwahlukanisa, lapho ukuthuthukiswa amaqiniso ngemibuzo bengabodwa komunye nomunye.

umehluko omkhulu kwakufanele nomthelela ku izifundiswa, nokukhawulela ensimini izenzo zabo. Ithonya bafakela ekucabangeni. Izindlela, amasu, kanye nezixazululo lobuchwepheshe ejwayelekile ka nobe esifundvweni lesitsite, ngo kohlaka indlela enjalo yokuhlaziya isimo akuyona isetshenziswa omunye. Phela, waphumelela nomunye, futhi izinhlobo rationality yesayensi nenguquko ngokwesayensi. Esikhathini sethu, yilelo nalelo libe nesigaba yesayensi sokucasuka kumiswa zithuthukisa olulodwa ukuze afinyelele imigomo ehlukile.

rationality Classical: mlando ezibaluleke kakhulu

Njengesisekelo lendlela kvantitatizm elingalodwa kwehlwaywe kwanoma iyiphi mkhuba futhi kuhilela yokulinganisa lubonakaliswa zezinombolo. Rene Dekart wathi: "The Movement nobude endleleni kwanele ukudala i yonke yonke."

umehluko ukuthi akwaziwa ngempela ukuthi lubonakale Tindlelanchubo yesayensi, ebonwe Ephakathi futhi bamlandele inkathi. Isayensi ezikhathini zanamuhla ayisasekelwa umbono organisticheskoe zomhlaba, lapho abantu babecabanga, uma izwe - kuba umzimba. Uma ngaphambili kwakubonakala sengathi yonke into ekhona ngawodwana, imizamo abacwaningi yashintsha izinhlobo ezintsha rationality yesayensi nokuqonda enkulu yomhlaba yayisempini mechanistic. Ithonya esiqine phezu kwalo wayephethe (ngaphandle Descartes), Spinoza futhi Leibniz.

Ngaleso sikhathi izwe owayebonakala abantu abafana lo mshini, okungukuthi, wonke umkhathi uhlobo lokubuka oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. It kulandela ukuthi umphakathi, isimo ongabonisa ngokwayo uma ukuhlela isilingo. Le ndoda, esikhundleni salokho, kufanele ukuzwa imvelo, ukwakha imithetho elawula isikhala. Ngakho endaweni kuqala izifundo zesayensi umphumela izuzwe ukuhlola avunyelwe sibala umkhuba wesayensi ngamakhasimende. Lolu hlobo rationality yesayensi nenguquko yesayensi ephathelene ne-kwalophiko, iningi ngokucace kuveziwe embikweni okhuthaza postulate of Bacon wathi: "Ulwazi amandla."

Isayensi: thina ningemi

Uhlobo rationality yesayensi, esikhundleni classical, obizwa ngokwejwayelekileyo ngokuthi nonclassical. Inguquko senziwa izinto eziningi. Ishintsha umbono we ongokomoya, ivela isiko European, ukuqondisisa umhlaba emhlabeni crisis. Lena ejwayelekile yenkathi engxenyeni kwekhulu le-19 Indawo yesibili okukhulunywa kuyo ekuqaleni kwekhulu esilandelayo. rationalism Classical kwaba alanele ukwanelisa isifiso somuntu sokuba nolwazi.

A ukuqonda entsha azenzekanga ngokushesha, kodwa kancane kancane ke ingena phakathi zonke izinhlaka zikahulumeni. Njengezinye izinhlobo komlando rationality yesayensi, nonclassical kwaba umkhiqizo ngesikhathi sakhe. Komuntu, efuna ukuthola ulwazi kakhulu mayelana nezwe, kwenzakala ziqedwe efile: kwacaca ukuthi izimo zenhlalo kungaba nethonya elinamandla kakhulu ubuqiniso kanye nokwenzeka cognition yayo. It yaba isisekelo sokuthuthukiswa revolution quantum-relativistic. Amagama abalulekile kakhulu uhlobo nonclassical ka rationality yesayensi: Heisenberg, Bohr, Einstein.

Eyokuqala ezimbili zase zihileleke quantum Mechanics, eyesithathu kwakungu umbhali kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela wokuhlobana kwezinto. Lapho isayensi uye wathuthela quantum, ithiyori relativistic, ijubane etholakalayo kulolu cwaningo, anda. Ososayensi baye baba izinhlayiya aphansi atholakale. Ngakho saqala ngokuhambela izindawo amasu ukucabanga.

Izici theory

uhlobo Nonclassical ka rationality yesayensi ihlukile incazelo classical into. Uma phambi zonke kubhekwe ngokwakho, indlela entsha ubophekile ukuba silungise izimo lapho lesi senzakalo saphawula futhi ukunquma izinga labo nokuxhumana ososayensi nesithakazelo lokuphikisa.

Isizathu le ndlela babe izici ezithile izinhlayiya aphansi. Kwavela ukuthi into kungaba ngendlela ehlukile, futhi zokuxhumana yake yabonakala ukukhethwa amathuluzi ukuyohlolwa. Isibonelo esingokoqobo - kuyinto electron, okungase ubonise ngokwaso njengoba igagasi noma nezinhlayiya. It wakwazi ukubonisa ukuthi into akanalo nje izakhiwo eyinqaba kuye, kodwa futhi ukubonakala kuphela lapho kuhlangene isifundo esithile.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ulwazi ngako ososayensi washintsha. Uma ngaphambili kukholakala ukuthi kube sengathi kungagcini nezwe futhi akhiwe kude kuwo, indlela entsha ukuvumele ukuhlonza ezifana nokuthatha isifundo njengamaphuzu ingxenye yezwe, ungaphakathi oyiyo. Ngenxa yalokho, isimo akusho nje ukuphendula imibuzo washayelwa ngumuntu kudivayisi yakho, ukuthi okuningi kuncike endleleni umbuzo ubekwe. Lokhu, kunqunywa ulwazi. Ngakho, indlela non-classical yolwazi ukuvumele ukuba zisungule imiqondo emisha kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela, Empeleni, iqiniso. It uyekile kube lusizo kuze kube sezingeni ontologism oqondile lapho ulwazi kanye ngokoqobo abe, ukuxhumana okucacile oqondile.

ukuthuthukiswa uyaqhubeka

Namuhla isayensi iqhubekela phambili ngokukhulu ukushesha. revolution Scientific, ukuthuthukiswa wefilosofi, ngcono lobuchwepheshe kanye ezesayensi, amafilosofi entsha omcasule kwathatha entsha. Manje sekuwumkhuba esiphuthumayo uhlobo post-nonclassical ka rationality ngokwesayensi. Ososayensi bathi le - yesine revolution global kwezesayensi. Nokho, abanye baphikisa ngokuthi uhlobo olusha rationality namanje osanda kuzalelwa, futhi inani lalichumile phambili.

ulwazi lwesayensi washintsha eminyakeni yamuva bukhulu kakhulu, yavusa, kuhlanganise nezici social yentuthuko. Kusho ukwamukela, esitolo ulwazi, ayenziwa, lapho imisebenzi yesayensi ngempela washintsha. Ukunakwa okukhulu kunakho konke ososayensi osukwini lwethu ekhangwa cwaningo, ezihilela eyala eziningi, kanye ngco netindzaba letitsite nezokusigcoba. Lapho isayensi classical esikhungweni ukunakwa kwaba isinqamu, wodwa nesayensi. Kodwa kulezi zinsuku izinhlelo kunazo ngenkuthalo asathuthuka ukuxazulula izinkinga ezinzima ngamasimu amaningi yolwazi. Lokhu kudala ochwepheshe sphere ezahlukene umsebenzi iqembu. Le ndlela kwenza isithombe ngokoqobo, ezakhiwe ososayensi ezihlobene nomunye, okuyinto ndawonye kunikeza isithombe okuphelele xaxa futhi kunembile zomhlaba. Imibono ukuhambisa kusuka isayensi isayensi, imingcele kahle, division eqinile nakho ngeke kusize kunezimpande esikhathini esidlule. Pretty elinamandla zisetshenziswa ucwaningo.

Kusebenza kanjani lokhu

Ochwepheshe ezivela ezimpikweni ezahlukene ukujoyina amabutho ukuhlola ezihlukahlukene imihlola. Ngokuvamile, ezifana nokubambisana ziqoqwa ukuze uhlole ikhono ngokuzimela ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo evulekile. Kwenzeka isimanga ukuthi ivela ohlelweni - kuba impela nzima yesayensi into. Kwenzeka isimanga ukuthi ivela ohlelweni - kuba impela nzima yesayensi into.

Evolution - kuyinto ushintsho ohlelweni omunye komunye self umqondo. izici zayo - izakhi ngaphakathi imithetho inhlangano, ukuzithiba. Kumiswa ezingeni elisha ngo edlulisa iphuzu bifurcation, okungukuthi, ngesikhathi lapho uhlelo iba engazinzile. Ngisho umthelela ngephutha kuphakamisa kumiswa isakhiwo esisha. Lesi senzakalo omula lokuthuthukiswa kwamasu, kodwa amandla senzo uyibuyisele emuva isimo isizinda. Kwezinye izimo, leli thonya ayikuvumeli ukuba noma yini entsha.

Indawo: kokulawula ushintsho

Ukuthuthukisa isimo elawulwa, kuba nomphumela ezidingekayo ngesikhathi ukudlula amaphuzu bifurcation. Ososayensi bathi ezimweni ezinjalo, "imijovo amandla". Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba uqale kabusha uhlelo, kanjalo bakha isakhiwo kusezingeni ezengeziwe.

Systems angakhula kwayona, ngokuvamile ukukhombisa Synergy ecacile. Okwenzeka kuzo yilezi izinqubo engelapheki. Kulokhu, nomthelela wezenzo zabantu - lokhu akulona ithonya zangaphandle, futhi ingxenye uhlelo. Umuntu angakwazi ukuthonya ke, ukushintsha kwezimo field. Kuyothi lapho ihlala iqhaza ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo, akusiyo nje basebenzisane izinto ngabanye, kodwa kuthinta umugqa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ukukhetha ayinakho indlela emuva. Ezimweni eziningi, akunakwenzeka ukubikezela wonke ngemiphumela yesinqumo.

Umlando kanye Science

Mangisho, ngoba izazi, ikakhulukazi lapho esebenzelana nama-natural sciences, wayengekho ubuhlobo sobala ngokomlando ivela izinhlelo. Okokuqala-ke kwadingeka zivume, izazi zezinto eziphilayo, izazi zezinkanyezi nalabo abenza eyala ahlobene ne iplanethi. It is lapha aqalwa kwakheka isithombe engokoqobo lapho umcondvo lobalulekile we ivela wathatha into. Hhayi kudala lezi sciences wajoyina physics.

Zomlando cwaningo ukuthuthukiswa physics izinto zaba ingxenye ukumelwa engokoqobo ngokusebenzisa Cosmology. Wadlala indima kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela Big Bang, nezinye izinto ezihlobene nombono ukwakha Metagalaxy. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungaba nethonya elinamandla physics yesimanje enikeziwe imisebenzi Prigogine enikelwe izinqubo thermodynamic nonequilibrium, kanye theory Synergy. Imibono enjalo avunyelwe ukudala umbono ephelele emhlabeni, ikhumbula umlando ukuthuthukiswa yayo. Maphakathi isethulo yesayensi namuhla imibono ka evolutionism global. Kwakumelwe isihluthulelo uhlobo post-nonclassical ka rationality ngokwesayensi.

icala Special

Zidinga ukwelashwa izinhlelo ezikhethekile ezifana ngokomlando asathuthuka ihlobene eduze nohlobo emhlabeni. Wabo kwasekuqaleni - izakhiwo, okuhlanganisa abantu. Ososayensi ngokuthi "abantu-ubukhulu". izibonelo ejwayelekile - emvelweni, wezokwelapha, izinto eziphilayo, kuhlanganise uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, ukufunda imvelo embulungeni yonke. Futhi zihlanganisa i-biotechnology, ubuchwepheshe bokushintsha izakhi zofuzo, kanye nezinhlelo ahlalisane imishini kanye nabantu, kuhlanganise AI (intelligence yokufakelwa) kanye IT izinhlelo.

Lolu cwaningo lwalezi nhlelo kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba babe nezindinganiso neyobuntu, ngoba ngandlela-thile kukhona ukuxhumana isayensi okumsulwa nemibono zobuntu. Ukulinganiselwa kubangelwa izici impucuko, ukuqeda ucwaningo khulula. Inani kokusebenzisana - uvinjelwe khona, futhi lokhu isidingo sokwazi zonke ososayensi abakhethe isiqondiso sokuthatha isinyathelo. Isizathu siwukuthi kwezinye izinhlelo zokwenziwayo angaba e nemiphumela yayo inhlekelele.

Ukukhuluma lezinto womuntu-ubukhulu, ososayensi kufanele inake amagugu jikelele futhi izici, futhi njengoba lezi preconditions bahlanganise ukuchaza izenzakalo uyalandelwa. Abacwaningi njalo abanezinkinga eziphathelene nezimiso zokuziphatha. Akukhona njalo imingcele isobala ukuphazamiseka kuvunyelwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, njalo isayensi ine zokuziphatha yangaphakathi ukuthi kuvusa ufune ukuzama ukufeza umgomo oyifunayo. Kuyaqhubeka ukuthungathwa ulwazi olusha udinga imigexo ngokuhlanganiswa izimiso zobuntu futhi amanani jikelele. Ulwazi iba ingxenye ku kokuphila komphakathi iklanyelwe ukukusiza uqonde imithetho, izinhloso, nobuntu umphakathi esigabeni samanje yentuthuko.

Efingqa

Ukukhuluma mayelana nezinhlobo rationality yesayensi, zihlukaniswe amaqembu amathathu: classical, nonclassical nangemuva nonclassical. Okwamanje, siphila uhlobo lwesithathu, okuyisici ehlukile - ekutadisheni umhlaba jikelele, ikhumbula ubuhlobo. Kodwa ngesikhathi lapho isayensi yasungulwa, futhi ngokuphelele kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-19, ubuswa zakudala. Yena salandelwa non-classic, zavela ngesisekelo imibono ka-Einstein, Bohr futhi Heisenberg.