Kuyo yonke kwekhulu le-19, imibuzo ngesethulo lomthethosisekelo ukuqedwa ka serfdom kwakungamadodana efaneleke kakhulu. umbusi ngamunye kwadingeka umbono wakhe phezu kwabo, kodwa zonke ukwabelana ukuqashelwa ukuthi umbuzo ongumlimi iyona esiphuthumayo kakhulu. Isinqumo ku abalimi sibophekile - omunye eziningi izixazululo amaphrojekthi.
Emongweni zomlando
Ukubusa yesihlalo sobukhosi sika-Nicholas mina kwaphawulwa ukuvukela kwezinceku Decembrists. Ubufakazi babo ngesikhathi uphenyo wabonisa ukuthi, kanye nenani izimfuno zezombusazwe kwamalungu ukunyakaza kunazo wabiza ukuqedwa serfdom. Ngesikhathi esifanayo sanikezwa agumenti ezinhle futhi umuzwa kwezomnotho kanye civil, nangokomoya izizathu isidingo ukwenza abalimi khulula ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. ngqó, impendulo ingu umsebenzi simo wazimisela omunye u-Alexander Omkhulu. Nokho, ngenxa yezingxabano zombango zezombusazwe, inqubomgomo esebenzayo angaphandle nokungeneliseki phezu ingxenye abanikazi bamazwe ezinkulu siqu inkululeko abalimi wathola kuphela emazweni aseBaltic. Isinqumo ku abalimi bebophekile ingenye abaningi phakathi nokubusa UNicholas. Letha izindaba ngoba ingxoxo yomphakathi, akazange alale lapho, futhi lasetshenziswa ngamakomiti imfihlo. Iminyaka 30 Kwakukhona eziyishumi, kodwa izinqumo zabo mayelana izindaba eziyimfihlo.
phezu ongumlimi umbuzo Amakomidi
Nicholas I olandelanayo ngaphezulu, kodwa njengoba wazi, ngisho Ababesadla ngoludala kukhona endleleni kabusha, lapho kuyadingeka ukuze balondoloze isimiso esasikhona. I ongumlimi wokuqala wekomidi imfihlo yasungulwa kakade 1826, sahlanganisa izibalo ezifana owaziwa Alexander inkathi njengoba MM Speransky futhi VP Kochubey. iminyaka 6 umsebenzi wakhe waba isisekelo ezicatshangelwayo zezinkolelo-amakomiti esizayo, kodwa akukho okushintshile esimweni serfdom. Okulandelayo kukomidi ngo-1835 bahlakulele project Ukukhululwa kohlelo, eqinisweni aze abe abaphucwa egcwele abantukazana. Lokho State abakwazanga ukuya, ngoba abantukazana kwaba abakhokhi bentela main. Umphumela we-ezenziwa yikomidi olandelayo baba isimemezelo ubophekile abalimi (1842). Landela ejensi imfihlo ngezinto eyimfihlo egcekeni, phezu kungenzeka ukuthola umhlaba serfs nabanye.
isimemezelo Izici
Okokuqala, kufanele ngokushesha kuqashelwe ukuthi isimemezelo ku abalimi sibophekile uma ungawabophi nokuqaliswa kwalo kanye nokuncoma. Okutjho bona angabuyekeza nabo kwenza kwaba lula, nendlela yokuthatha isinyathelo abaninimhlaba - kuyinto uma bebona kunesidingo. Ngenxa serfs abayizigidi eziyishumi idluliselwe osikweleta, kodwa khulula kusukela kwabaneminyaka engamashumi amabili nanhlanu kuya abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili nesikhombisa. Lokhu kubizwa in kwansuku ekuphileni kwansuku zonke "iconsi in the ibhakede." Okwesibili, esinqumweni ku abalimi bebophekile wazama acabangele izithakazelo wonke umuntu othintekayo. Abalimi bethole inkululeko banikela ngayo civil, isimo wathola bentela evamile nabanikazi bemihlaba babe abanikazi bezwe. Okwesithathu, lesi sinqumo, ngokwezinga elithile kuqhathaniswa esinqumweni adumile "phezu kubalimi khulula", onikeza ezweni abakhululiwe ukuba abalimi ngomhlatjelo. Izwe lalingaphansi ukulungiswa ngokuqinile ihlale iyimpahla yomthengi kulendawo.
Okuqukethwe esinqumweni
Isinqumo ku abalimi bebophekile avunyelwe kulendawo ukuvumela abantu abavamile ukuba inkululeko ngokumane asayine isitatimende sokuthi zangaphambi inkontileka nabo. Lathi inani izwe idluliselwe ukusetshenziswa abalimi, kanye nenani izinsuku serfdom kanye nenani imisebenzi elindeleke ukuthi kufanele lo serf umnikazi owayeyinhloko ezweni, ie zomninindawo ukusetshenziswa. Lesi sivumelwano liyakushunyayelwa kugunyazwe uhulumeni kanye awushintshanga kwalokho. Ngakho, umninindlu asidingi abalimi esengeziwe le yokuqasha umhlaba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isimemezelo sibophekile abalimi kwesokunxele kwesokudla patrimonial yabakhulu lenkantolo kanye yonke imisebenzi amaphoyisa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi amandla nasemizaneni, ngendlela efanayo njengasekuqaleni, kungokwalabo uJehova.
imiphumela isimemezelo
Naphezu okulindele kahulumeni, ukushicilelwa esinqumweni ku abalimi bebophekile aba nethonya kancane kakhulu. Nakuba kulendawo futhi agodliwe izwe ukuba anike wecala alenzele isihlawulelo, futhi agcinwayo amandla emzaneni, kodwa ababange besakwazi ukunyusa noma ukunciphisa le Holdings imisebenzi ongumlimi. Ngakho-ke, iningi lawo ekujaheni ukusizakala ilungelo ukudlulisela isimo serfs ubophekile. Life ubophezelekile abalimi awushintshanga kakhulu, kodwa nangobudlova yezikhulu yayiya kusho asele wentuthuko. Inani elincane ekhululwe ngaphansi kwalesi simemezelo ukhuluma nomthelela sakugcina ngokuba khona serfdom. Strictly ukukhuluma, uNicholas waqaphela ukuthi inkinga ekhona, kodwa kwakuyiphupho ukuthi kuyingozi kakhulu uthinte, futhi kumelwe senze ngokucophelela.
Ukuxazulula le nkinga ye serfdom
Ukwamukelwa kwalesi simemezelo ku abalimi bebophekile kwaba yokunivumela ezincane ethonyeni yomphakathi kanye nemisebenzi esiphuthumayo ukuthuthukiswa Russia. NeMpi YaseCrimea, okuyinto Russia elahlekile, yabonisa isidingo sokuguquka. Egoqekayo isimo wamavukelambuso Athinteka abavelele emphakathini, ngubani kanzima, kodwa wagcina evumile noHulumeni ukuthi abalimi okudingeka ukwenze khulula. Ngesikhathi esifanayo ngesisekelo izinguquko yayiwukuba abalimi ezivela ezweni ngempela, kodwa ngoba isihlengo. Ubukhulu iziza nokuhlengwa amanani nhlobonhlobo kuye izifunda of Russia, abalimi musa njalo uthole umhlaba ngokwanele, kodwa namanje ngithuthuke lwenziwe. credit Special iya u-Alexander II, owakwazi ukuletha kwaqala ukuqeda esimweni jikelele sokugxekwa kokubili kwesokunxele bese kwesokudla-wing amabutho. Ngaphezu ukuqedwa serfdom kubo nezinye kwekuhlela kabusha ezibalulekile Kwakuseshwa, waba negalelo elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni ubudlelwane zama-Capitalist. Kulo mfanekiso, wangena njengendlela "umkhululi".