Inkinga yaseKorea 1950-1953 gg.: Izizathu, umlando. Iyini inkinga yezingxabano zaseKorea?

Kuze kube manje, azikho izingxabano ezinkulu zempi ezweni elingekho "de facto" esiphelile, esishiye esigabeni "esibanda". Isigaba semikhawulo ngaphandle kokuthi impi yezempi phakathi kwe-USSR neJapane, isivumelwano soxolo esingazange sisayinwe, kanye nokulwa kweKorea. Yebo, ngo-1953, izinhlangothi zombili zombili zasayina "i-truce", kodwa bobabili abaseKorea baphathwa kabi. Empeleni, la mazwe amabili asekhona empini.

Ngokuvamile bakholelwa ukuthi ukungenelela kwe-USSR ne-US kwakuyimbangela eyinhloko yempi, kodwa lokhu kwakungalungile, ngoba isimo sangaphakathi esifundazweni sasingaqiniseki kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Iqiniso liwukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, okwabanjwa kungekudala, empeleni kunqume izwe libe yingxenye, futhi konke kwakubi kakhulu kunesimo seWest neMpumalanga Jalimane.

Yayiyini amaKorea amabili ngaphambi kokuqala kwengxabano?

Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi abakwaNyakatho ngokuzumayo nabangenasiphelo bahlasela abantu baseNingizimu Afrika, nakuba lokhu kungenjalo. ENingizimu Korea, ngaleso sikhathi, uMongameli u-Lee Seung-indoda wabusa. Wahlala isikhathi eside e-USA, wakhuluma isiNgisi esihle kakhulu, nakuba ulimi lwaseKorea lwalukhuni kuye, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokungaqondakali, wayengeyona neze insizakalo yamaMelika futhi ngisho nokudelelwa yi-White House. Ngenxa yalokhu kwakukhona zonke izizathu: ULi Son ngokubheka ngokungathí sina wayezibheka ngokuthi "mesiya" wabantu baseKorea bonke, wayezimisele ukulwa nempi futhi wayelokhu ecela ukutholakala kwezikhali ezihlaselayo. AbaseMelika abazange basheshe bamsize, ngoba babengafuni ukungena empini engavumelani yaseKorea, ngaleso sikhathi engazange inikeze lutho oluwusizo.

"UMesiya" futhi akazange asebenzise ukusekelwa kwabantu. Amaqembu ase-leftist kuhulumeni ayeqinile kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1948, lonke ibutho lempi lahlubuka, futhi isiqhingi saseJeju isikhathi eside "sashumayela" izinkolelo zamaKhomanisi. Lokhu kubiza izakhamuzi zakithi: ngenxa yokuqeda ukuvukela, cishe eyodwa kwabayishumi yafa. Njengoba kungase kubonakale sengathi kwenzeke, konke lokhu kwenzeka cishe ngaphandle kokwazi iMoscow noma iWashington, nakuba bekholelwa ngokungaqondile ukuthi "amakhompi ahlaselwe" noma "ama-imperialists" ayecala. Eqinisweni, konke okwenzekile kwakuyingxenye yangaphakathi yamaKorea ngokwabo.

Ukuwohloka kwesimo

Kuwo wonke umnyaka we-1949, isimo semingcele yamaKorea amabili sasifana naso emaphethelweni weMpi Yezwe Lokuqala, njengoba kwenzeka izigameko zokucasula nokuphikisana nsuku zonke. Ngokuphambene nemibono ethandwayo yaba "ochwepheshe", ngokuvamile inendima yabahlukumezi yayingabaseNingizimu. Futhi yingakho ngisho izazi-mlando zasentshonalanga zivuma ukuthi ngoJuni 25, 1950, impikiswano yaseKorea kulindeleke ukuthi ibe isigaba esishisayo.

Mayelana nobuholi beNyakatho, kufanele futhi sisho amagama ambalwa. Sonke sikhumbula "umsizi omkhulu," okungukuthi, uKim Il Sung. Kodwa ngezikhathi esizichazile, indima yakhe yayingeyona enkulu kakhulu. Ngokuvamile, lesi simo sikhumbuza i-Soviet Union yama-1920: U-Lenin wayengumuntu obalulekile, kodwa uBukharin, uTrotsky kanye nezinye izibalo nazo zaba nesisindo esikhulu esiteji sezombangazwe. Ukuqhathanisa, okuyiqiniso, okubi, kepha ukuqonda okujwayelekile okwenzeka eNyakatho Korea, kunika. Ngakho-ke, umlando wezingxabano zaseKorea ... Kungani i-Union inqume ukuthatha ingxenye esebenzayo kuyo?

Kungani i-USSR ingenele empini?

Ezingxenyeni zamaKhomanisi aseNyakatho, Pak Hong Yong, uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle kanti empeleni, umuntu wesibili kulelizwe kanye neCommunist Party, wasebenza njengo "messiah". Ngendlela, yakhiwa ngokushesha ngemuva kokukhululeka emsebenzini waseJapane, futhi uKim Il Sung owayehlala e-USSR. Kodwa-ke, uPake ngokwakhe eminyakeni engama-30 wayenesikhathi sokuhlala e-Union futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, wayenabangane abanethonya lapho. Leli qiniso futhi liyisizathu esikhulu sokubandakanyeka kwezwe lethu empini.

I-Pak ifunga ukuqinisekisa ubuholi be-USSR ukuthi uma kwenzeka kuhlasela, okungenani 200,000 "AmaKhomanisi aseNingizimu Korea" azosheshe aqhubekele ekuhlaseleni okuyisimangazelo ... futhi umbuso weziphephelo zobugebengu uzowa ngokushesha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi kwakungekho indawo yokuhlala eSoviet Union kulezi zindawo, ngakho-ke zonke izinqumo zenziwa ngesisekelo samazwi kanye nemibono ka Pak. Lesi esinye sezizathu ezibaluleke kakhulu ukuthi kungani umlando wezingxabano zaseKorea ungaxhunywanga ngokungahambi kahle nomlando wezwe lethu.

Kuze kube yilapho iWashington, iBeijing neMoscow bekhetha ukungaziphazamisi ngaso sonke isikhathi, nakuba uComrade Kim Il Sung ahlasele iBeijing neMoscow ngezicelo zokumsiza endleleni eya eSoul. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngo-September 24, 1949, uMnyango Wezokuvikela wahlola uhlelo oluhlongozwayo ngokuthi "alugculisi", lapho amasosha asekela ngokuphelele i-Plenum yeKomiti Ephakathi YeCPSU. Kulo dokhumenti, kwathiwa emibhalweni evulekile ukuthi "akufanelekile ukubala ngokuncintisana okusheshayo, futhi ngisho nokuqeda ukuphikiswa kwesitha ngeke kukwazi ukuvimbela izinkinga ezinkulu zezomnotho nezombusazwe." I-China yasabela ngokubhekiselele nakakhulu ngokuqondile. Kodwa ngo-1950 imvume edingekayo yamukelwa yiPakom. Ngakho impikiswano yaseKorea yaqala ...

Yini eyenza iMoscow iguqule isinqumo sayo?

Kungenzeka ukuthi isinqumo esihle sathonywe ngandlela-thile ngokuvela kwe-PRC njengombuso omusha, ozimele. AmaShayina angasiza abomakhelwane baseKorea, kodwa babe nezinkinga zabo, impi yombango yayisanda kumiswa ezweni. Ngakho-ke kulesi simo kwakulula ukukholisa i-USSR ukuthi i- "blitzkrieg" izophumelela ngokuphelele.

Manje wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi i-United States ngezindlela eziningi nayo yavusa ingxabano yaseKorea. Izizathu zalokhu siyaziqonda, kodwa ngalezo zinsuku kwakungeyona into ecacile. Bonke abaseKorea babeyazi ukuthi abaseMelika bangathandi neze iNdodana yomuntu. Wayejwayelene kahle namaRiphabliki athile ePhalamende, kodwa amaDemocrats, asebevele edlala "i-violin yokuqala", ebizwa ngokusobala ngokuthi iNdodana ye-Son "i-old marasmatic".

Ngelinye igama, le ndoda yayinguhlobo lwe "suitcase ngaphandle kwesibambiso" samaMelika, okuyinto engathandeki kakhulu ukuhudula, kodwa futhi akufanelekile ukuphonsa. I-Kuomintang yanqotshwa eChina, futhi: i-United States ayenzanga okuningi ukusekela ngokucacile ama-radicals eTaiwan, futhi ayedinga kakhulu kunanoma yikuphi "ama-marasmatic". Ngakho isiphetho sasilula: ngeke siphazamise impikiswano yaseKorea. Izizathu zokubamba iqhaza kwabo ngokuzikhandla kuzo zazingekho (ngokucabangela).

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iKorea yayisuswe ngokusemthethweni ohlwini lwamanye amazwe aseMelika ayebophezele ekuvikeleni lapho kwenzeka ukuhlukunyezwa okungenalindelekile komuntu wesithathu. Okokugcina, ebalazweni lomhlaba lalezo zikhathi kwakukhona amaphuzu anele lapho iKommi ingabamba khona. West Berlin, Greece, Turkey nase-Iran - ngokwemibono ye-CIA, zonke lezi zindawo zingabangela imiphumela eyingozi kakhulu emithandweni yase-US yemvelo.

Yini eyenza iWashington ingenele

Ngeshwa, abahlaziyi baseSoviet babephutha ngokungathí sina, bengacabangi, ngenkathi ingxabano yaseKorea yenzeka nini. U-Truman wayengumongameli, futhi wayekhathazekile kakhulu "ngongongqoshe wezokuxhumana", futhi wabona noma yikuphi ukuphumelela kwe-USSR njengenhlamba yakhe. Wayekholelwa emfundisweni yokuvimbela, futhi nasezintweni azizange afake i-UN ebuthakathaka neyombumbulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo sengqondo sase-United States sasifana nalokhu: osombusazwe kufanele babe nzima ukuba bangabizwa ngokuthi yizilogi futhi bangalutholi ukusekela abakhethiweyo.

Omunye angacacisa isikhathi eside ngokuthi ngabe abakwa-northerners bazokwazi yini ukusekela i-USSR uma bebazi ukungabi nokusekelwa kwangempela kwe "AmaKhomanisi aseSouth", kanye nokungenelela ngqo kweMelika. Empeleni, izinto kungenzeka ukuthi zenzeke ngendlela efanayo, kodwa ngokuphambene nalokho: uLona iNdodana yoMuntu "angaqeda" i-CIA, i-Yankees izothumela abacebisi bayo namasosha, ngenxa yokuthi iNdunankulu izobe iphazamise ... Kodwa umlando awubekezeleli isimo sengqondo. Okwenzekile kwenzeka.

Ngakho-ke, ingxabano yaseKorea ivela kanjani (1950-1953)? Izizathu zilula: kuneziKorea ezimbili , eNyakatho naseNingizimu. Wonke umuntu ulawulwa yindoda ethatha umsebenzi wakhe wokuhlanganisa umhlaba. Wonke umuntu unabo "abanikazi" bakhe: i-USSR ne-USA, abangaba yiziphi izizathu, abangafuni ukuphazamisa. I-China izojabula ukungenelela ukwandisa izinto zayo, kodwa kusengabikho amandla, futhi ibutho alikwazi ukulwa nakho okujwayelekile. Lokhu kuyinhloko yezingxabano zaseKorea ... Abaphathi baseKorea benza konke okusemandleni ukuze bathole usizo. Bayayithola, ngenxa yalokho impi iqala khona. Wonke umuntu ulandela izithakazelo zakhe.

Konke kwaqala kanjani?

Ngumuphi umnyaka okwenzekile ukungqubuzana kweKorea? Ngo-June 25, 1950, amasosha aseJuche awela umngcele wangena empini lapho egijima. Ukuphikiswa ebuthweni obonakele nabuthakathaka baseNingizimu Afrika cishe abazange babone. Ezinsukwini ezintathu kamuva uSeoul wathathwa, futhi ngesikhathi abasenyakatho behamba emigwaqweni yaso, ukuxhumana kweSouth okunqobayo kwasakazwa emsakazweni: "amakhomishana" ayesebenza, amabutho ayeya ePyongyang.

Ngemuva kokuqothulwa kwenhloko-dolobha, abasenyakatho baqala ukulinda ukuhlubuka kukaPak. Kodwa wayengekho, ngakho-ke kwadingeka alwe ngokujulile, namabutho ase-UN, aseMelika nabangane bawo. Incwadi ye-UN yasheshe yavuma lo mbhalo "Ekumisweni kwe-oda nokuxoshwa kommeli", lo mlawuli wamisa uGeneral D. MacArthur. Ummeli we-USSR ngaleso sikhathi wathinta imihlangano ye-UN ngenxa yobuningi bezithunywa zaseTaiwan lapho, ngakho konke kwabalwa ngokufanele: akekho owayengayifaka i-veto. Yile ndlela ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi komphakathi kuye kwakhula kwaba yizingxabano zomhlaba wonke (okwamanje kuvamile namuhla).

Ngokuqondene nePha, ngubani owadala lo mshini futhi wawuphuza, ngemva kokuthi "ukuphikisana" okwehlulekile yena nesigaba sakhe balahlekelwa yithonya lonke, futhi kwaphela kwaqedwa. Ngokusemthethweni, isinqumo esinikezwe ukudubula "u-espionage ngokumelene ne-United States," kodwa eqinisweni wamisa uKim Il Sung kanye nobuholi be-USSR, ebahudulela empini engadingekile. Ingxabano yaseKorea, usuku oluyaziwa ngalo lonke izwe, kungenye isikhumbuzo sokuthi ukuphazanyiswa ezindabeni zangaphakathi zamazwe aphakeme akuvumelekile, ikakhulukazi uma izintshisekelo zabanye abantu bezishushiswa.

Impumelelo nokuhluleka

Ukuzivikelwa okwakwaziwa ngomjikelezo weBusan: AbaseMelika nabasemazweni angaphandle baxoshwa ngaphansi kwezingxabano zasePyongyang futhi baqiniswa emigqeni ehlomele kahle. Ukuqeqeshwa kwabasenyakatho kwakumnandi, baseMelika, abawakhumbula ngokugcwele amakhono e-T-34, ababehlomile, abafuni ukulwa nawo, beyeka isikhundla esiphezulu.

Kodwa uGener Walker, ngosizo lwezinyathelo ezinzima (yena ngokwakhe wagijimela emathangeni, ebonisa ukusetshenziswa kokulwa kwe "bazookas") wakwazi ukulungisa isimo, futhi abakwaNyakatho babevele bengakakulungeli impi ende. Umgogodla wangaphambili wawudla yonke imithombo, amathangi ayaphela, futhi kwavela izinkinga ezinkulu ngokuhlinzeka ngamasosha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufanelekile ukukhokhela abagibeli bamaMelika: babe nezimoto ezinhle kakhulu, ngakho-ke umbuzo wokuphakama emoyeni awuzange ume.

Ekugcineni, hhayi isazi esivelele kakhulu kodwa esaziwayo, uGeneral D. MacArthur wakwazi ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lokufika ku-Incheon. Le ngxenyeni esentshonalanga yehlonhlo yaseKorea. Empeleni, ukuhweba kwakungokwemvelo kakhulu, kepha uMacArthur, ngenxa yokukhathazeka kwakhe, wafakaza ekufezeni uhlelo lwakhe. Wayenalolo "lwazi" olwakwenza ngezinye izikhathi.

NgoSeptemba 15, abaseMelika bakwazi ukubuyela emuva nangemva kokulwa okubuhlungu bakwazi ukubuyisela iSeoul emasontweni amabili. Lokhu kwaphawula ukuqala kwesigaba sesibili sempi. Ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba, abasenyakatho base beyeka ngokuphelele insimu yabaseNingizimu. Labo banquma ukungaphuthelwa ithuba labo: ngo-Okthoba 15, base beqalile ingxenye yesigca sezitha, ibutho lalo liphelile.

AmaShayina aqala ukudlala

Kodwa ukubekezela kweChina kwaqhamuka: abaseMelika kanye "namagceke" abo bawela i-38th parallel, futhi lokhu kwakuyisongo esiqondile ebukhosini baseShayina. Ukunikeza ukufinyelela ngqo kumingcele yabo yase-US? Kwakungenakwenzeka ukucabanga. Amasosha amancane aseShayina kaGeneral Peng Dehuai ajoyina empini.

Baxwayisa ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi babambe iqhaza, kodwa uMacArthur akazange asabele kumanothi okumbhikisana. Ngaleso sikhathi, wazinaka ngokukhululekile imiyalo yobuholi, njengoba wayezibheka njengesihlobo "sesiphathimandla". Ngakho-ke, iTaiwan yaphoqeleka ukuba yamukele ngokusho komthetho wezinhlangano zamakhanda ombuso. Ekugcineni, wachaza ngokuphindaphindiwe ukuthi uzohlela "ukubulawa okukhulu" kwabaseChina uma "bezama ukuphazamisa". Ukuthukwa okunjalo ku-PRC akukwazanga ukwehlisa. Ngakho ingxabano yaseKorea yenzeka nini ehilela amaShayina?

Ngo-Okthoba 19, 1950, "izinhlangano zokuzithandela" zangena eKorea. Njengoba i-MacArthur engalindele lutho olulodwa, ngo-Okthoba 25 bakhulula ngokuphelele insimu yabasenyakatho futhi baqeda ukumelana kwamaqembu e-UN nabaseMelika. Ngakho kwaqala isigaba sesithathu sokusebenza kwempi. Ezingxenyeni ezithile zangaphambili, amasosha e-UN abalekele, futhi kwezinye izindawo waze wavikela izikhundla zawo, ehamba ngokuhlelekile. NgoJanuwari 4, 1951, iSeoul yaphinde yahlala. Inkinga yaseKorea ka-1950-1953 yaqhubeka ikhula.

Impumelelo nokuhluleka

Ekupheleni kwenyanga efanayo, ukuhlaselwa kwaphinde kwahlehla. Ngesikhathi uGeneral Walker esefile, wangena esikhundleni sikaM. Ridgeway. Waqala ukusebenzisa isu le "inyama grinder": abaseMelika baqala ukuzihlanganisa eziqongweni eziphakeme futhi bamane balinde ukuba amaShayina athathe zonke ezinye izindawo. Lapho lokhu kwenzeka, i-MLRS nezindiza zaqaliswa, zishisa izikhundla zabasenyakatho.

Izimpumelelo eziningi eziningana zavumela abaseMelika ukuba baqale ukubeka isikhathi esibucayi futhi okwesibili ukubuyisela iSoul. Ngo-Ephreli 11, uDkt. MacArthur wasuswa esikhundleni sokukhishwa kwesikhulu ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwamabhomu enuzi. Watshwa nguMargway, okukhulunywe ngaye ngenhla. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi i "fuse" iphelile kanye namabutho e-UN: abazange baphinde baphinde baphinde baye ePyongyang, futhi abakwaNyakatho sebevele bakwazi ukunikeza izikhali futhi bazinze phambili. Impi ithole uhlamvu lwesimo sengqondo. Kodwa impikiswano yaseKorea ka 1950-1953. Kuqhubekile.

Ukuqedwa kwempi

Kwacaca kuwo wonke umuntu ukuthi akekho enye indlela yokuxazulula impikiswano, ngaphezu kwesivumelwano sokuthula. NgoJuni 23, i-USSR ifuna ukuphela komlilo emhlanganweni we-UN. NgoNovemba 27, 1951 sebevumelene kakade ngokusungulwa komugqa wokuhlukanisa kanye nokushintshaniswa kweziboshwa, kodwa waphinde wangenela u-Lee Seung Man, owakhuthaza ngokuqhubekayo ukuqhubeka kwempi.

Wasebenzisa ngenkuthalo ukungavumelani okuvela ezindabeni zokushintshaniswa kweziboshwa. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, bashintsha ngokuvumelana nesimiso esithi "konke kubo bonke". Kodwa lapha kwakukhona ubunzima: iqiniso liwukuthi bonke ababambe iqhaza empini (eNyakatho, eNingizimu naseChina) basebenzise ngokuqashiwe ukuqashwa, futhi amasosha ayengafuni ukulwa. Okungenani isigamu sazo zonke iziboshwa sabe senqaba ukubuyela "endaweni yokuhlala".

INdodana Man yaqeda inqubo yokuxoxisana, iyala umyalelo wokukhululwa kwawo wonke "refuseniks." Ngokuvamile, ngesikhathi esondla kakhulu nabaseMelika ukuthi i-CIA isiqale nokuhlela ukusebenza ukuze imsuse emandleni. Ngokuvamile, impikiswano yaseKorea (ngo-1950-1953), ngokufingqiwe, iyisibonelo esihle sokuthi uhulumeni wezwe uphonsa kanjani izingxoxo zokuthula ngokwabo.

Ngo-27 kuJulayi 1953, abameli be-DPRK, i-AKDN kanye ne-UN (abameleli baseNingizimu Korea benqaba ukusayina le dokhumenti) basayina isivumelwano sokuphela komlilo ngokusho ukuthi imingcele yokuhlukanisa phakathi kweNyakatho neKorea yaseKorea yasungulwa cishe nge-38th parallel, nakuzo zombili izinhlangothi ezizungezile Indawo ehlukunyezwayo enebubanzi be-4 km isakhiwe. Yile ndlela impikiswano yaseKorea eyenzeka ngayo (1950-1953), okuqukethwe okwesikhashana okubonwe emakhasini alesi sihloko.

Waba yini umphumela wesibindi empini - ezingaphezu kuka-80% wezindleko izindlu zikamasipala e enhlonhlweni Korean uyabhujiswa, welula Lezinyathelo ezingaphezu kuka-70% azo zonke ukukhiqiza. Mayelana oqobo dleko ayikaziwa, kusukela ngayinye amaqembu overestimates kakhulu isibalo izitha efile futhi ukunciphisa ngokulahlekelwa kwabo. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, kusobala ukuthi izingxabano Korea - omunye izimpi zokuchitheka kwegazi okukhulu kunakho emlandweni wamuva. Wonke amaqembu eliphikisayo uyavuma ukuthi lokhu kufanele kuphindwe.