Indlela ungagxili ngesiLatini?

Njengoba yaziwa, olimini Latin ezweni lanamuhla ufile. Okungukuthi, alisho. Kodwa konke okwenzekile okumenza lolu limi kabanzi lisetshenziswe amagama wezokwelapha. Noma yimuphi philologist futhi ngeke akwenze ngaphandle ulwazi ngolimi, okungenani aphansi: ukufunda penmanship. Ukugcizelela ngolimi Latin - omunye eyinkimbinkimbi kunazo izici ifonotiki. Yilokho ngakho, lesi sihloko.

umlando ulimi

ulimi Latin kungokwalabo umndeni Indo-European. Yena yaqanjwa besizwe Latins abahlala esifundeni encane Italy - Latium.

IsiLatini saba ulimi olusemthethweni ngo izingxenye ezinkulu Europe kanye naseNyakatho ye-Afrika, ezingxenyeni ze-Asia. Esikhathini BC II leminyaka. e. kukhona ingcebo mutual izilimi zesiGreki nesiLatin, ngoba ngalesi sikhathi Greece yanqotshwa eRoma. Ixhunywe ku-imali enkulu izikweletu amagama YesiGreki Latin futhi amagama wezokwelapha ngesiGreki.

Ulimi isi-Latin uhlala umthombo esiyinhloko ukudalwa yokufakelwa kwamagama amasha wezokwelapha ngezilimi yesimanje.

Emakhulwini eminyaka Latin Europe wahlala ulimi isayensi namasiko. angenamkhawulo izincwadi okukuwo kwadalwa (umlando, zenkolo, azibhala yesayensi nefilosofi, izinkondlo).

Ukuba yingcweti ngisho kancane egcwele Yiqiniso Latin kuzovumela kalula ukuhlola ulimi lasendulo ngesiGreki, futhi kuvisisa silulumagama kanye nesakhiwo yolimi Latin kuzosiza kakhulu ekutadisheni izilimi zesiLatini (iSipanishi, isiFulentshi, isiNtaliyane), futhi isi-German (isiJalimane, English). Latin wathonywa futhi ngesiRashiya, lapho nesilulumagama Latinisms eziningi.

Latin yaba isisekelo sezinguqulo ekudalweni kwazo zonke izilimi zesiLatini. Futhi kwezinye izilimi zaseYurophu lwangena eziningi olimini Latin, ikakhulu ngenxa kwezesayensi, kwezokwelapha, amasiko namagugu bokusungula.

I lolimi Latin kucacile, emfushane, ngokuvamile, iyatholakala nokwenziwa okusheshayo. Kuyinto cishe ulimi kuphela emhlabeni ukuthi unesikhathi lolimi ecacile ehlelekile ezinjalo. amagama Latin sekwande yezilimi emhlabeni. Lolu limi eba ukucabanga kwezilimi kunomthelela inkulumo inembe kakhulu kunazo zonke imizwa yabo nemicabango ngolimi lwabo lwendabuko. Shono zonke izingqondo ezinkulu emakhulwini eminyaka adlule kuhlanganisiwe lolu limi lapho beqhuba imfundo ayimpoqo.

Namuhla, imfundo yezokwelapha futhi philological akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuqonda nolwazi oluyisisekelo nge-Latin. Ukufunda ulimi kubaluleke kakhulu ekulungiseleleni lezi ochwepheshe.

Futhi indlela yabo, ngokuvamile usuqala-ke ukukuqonda elisekela ifonotiki, enye yazo indlela yabo yokukhuluma ngesiLatini.

imithetho

Ngamagama ekuhloleni Latin akuyona ulimi elula ekhona emhlabeni. Kodwa nje ngoba kade asibona yini abaphathi ophilayo. Kusukela umbono wesayensi yezilimi ke ulula, yebo, uma ubheka kahle ku yonke imininingwane.

Asikwazi ukuhlukanisa imithetho emithathu kuphela nokugqamisa ngesiLatini, ezithi:

1. Ngo nokugqamisa Latin ayisoze ibekwe ilunga lokugcina.
2. Ukucindezeleka ewela ilunga penultimate, kodwa kuphela uma yinde; uma emfushane penultimate ke wabeka lwesithathu kusukela ekupheleni.
3. Ukugcizelela neze wagqoka ilunga lesithathu.

Nazo-ke! imithetho emithathu linesizotha ukuthi kulula ukukhumbula. Kodwa lapho befunda, bangakwazi ngokushesha kube imibuzo eminingi. Ngokwesibonelo:

• Kanjani inombolo amaqoqo?
• Okuchaza nohlamvu eside?
• Kuyini ilunga emfushane?
• kuyinto ilunga-umngcele kanjani?

Empeleni le mibuzo, zikhona izimpendulo silula.

Indlela ukucacisa inombolo amaqoqo ezinhlamvu

Isitatimende ukucindezeleka ngolimi Latin kuncike isitayela. Kuyini isitayela? Lona iyunithi ubuncane pronunciation ulimi. Lokho, awusebenzi ethwele incazelo, kodwa kumane nje inhlanganisela imisindo ehlukene.

Njengoba ngezinye izilimi eziningi, inani amaqoqo ngesiLatini, kunqunywa inani onkamisa e izwi. Kodwa kukhona diphthongs Latin, okungukuthi, inhlanganisela imisindo emibili ehilela ushintsho komunye unkamisa kwenye soundtypes. Uma sikubeka kalula, amabili onkamisa, hhayi ongwaqa ahlukaniswe.

Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa ngokolimi zingadida uma uqala nje ukufunda ulimi. Kodwa diphthong ingenye ilunga, nakuba liqukethe onkamisa ababili.

Ngokwesibonelo, emphinjeni. Kulesi izwi, amaqoqo amane, kuyilapho onkamisa ezinhlanu. Diphthong th - lokhu ingenye uhlamvu! Ngu mfanekiso:

• auris - 2 ilunga diphthong au;
• amathambo - 3 uhlamvu diphthong eliseKenikreya;
• foetor - 2 ilunga, th diphthong.

Kushiwo ngamuphi umqondo ukuthi ilunga-umngcele

Ukuze uqonde ukuthi ilunga-umngcele, udinga internalize zonke imithetho ayisishiyagalolunye. Bazokusiza ukubeka ngokunembile nokugqamisa ngesiLatini.

uhlamvu-umngcele:

1. Phakathi onkamisa ababili (uma kwenzeka ukuthi musa yakha diphthong). Ngokwesibonelo, tu-a.
2. Ngaphambi kokuba unkamisa olulodwa. Ngokwesibonelo, Simi-a (inothi: osebenza uma ngaphambi unkamisa akuyona qu elibiza).
3. Phakathi ongwaqa ababili. Ngokwesibonelo, jus-tus (okuhlukile: inhlanganisela buthule (d, t, g, k , b, k) futhi abushelelezi (r, l).
4. Ngaphambi inhlanganisela "qu". Napriemr, anti-quus.
5. Phakathi diphthong kanye unkamisa. Ngokwesibonelo, europae-um.
6. Ngaphambi inhlanganisela kancane futhi abushelelezi imisindo. Ngokwesibonelo, Tene-brae.
7. Phakathi iqembu ongwaqa ezintathu noma ngaphezulu (khumbula ukuthi inhlanganisela bethule bushelelezi indivisible). Ngokwesibonelo, Mons-trum.
8. Ngemva isiqalo Isiqalo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-structio.
9. Ngemva incwadi "j" esiphakathi onkamisa ababili. Ngokwesibonelo, pej-nathi.

amaqoqo ezinhlamvu okufutshane

On a eside noma umsindo esifushane, kungakhathaliseki lalibizwa. Kodwa kakhulu kuthinta imithetho ukubeka nangezindlela ngolimi Latin.

Ngakho, ilunga libizwa emfushane:

• uma itholakala phambi iqembu onkamisa. Ngokwesibonelo, ATR i um. Kubalulekile nokukhumbula ukuthi unkamisa ngaphambi unkamisa uhlale emfushane!
• uma ibekwe phambi "h" incwadi. Ngokwesibonelo, extr a ho.

Lolu hlobo emfushane umsindo endaweni. Kodwa kukhona futhi lezo zimfushane ngokwemvelo. Lokho, ngokomlando base liphinyiselwe eside (omnandi) onkamisa eside. Ngokuvamile ibekwa okhethwe ubhala semi Umbuthano "isigqoko". Ngokwesibonelo, Vol U cre.

amaqoqo ezinhlamvu eside

Yebo, njengoba kuvela, ngisho simple lokhu Latin! Ukucindezeleka kuxhomeke ezicini eziningi. Kubandakanya longitude kanye amaqoqo ezinhlamvu esifushane, wokuvula yayo kanye lokuvala (khumbula ukuthi uhlamvu evulekile uphela unkamisa, ivalwe ungwaqa, njengoba ngolimi Russian).

Ngakho, ilunga yinde:

• uma liqukethe diphthong (digraph). Ngokwesibonelo, crat eliseKenikreya uGus.
• uma itholakala phambi yinhlanganisela nemisebenti yekwakha emagama. Ngokwesibonelo, imbiza e ntilla.
• uma ibekwe phambi omunye wongwaqa "x" noma "z". Ngokwesibonelo, refl e xus.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula okulandelayo! Ongwaqa nge a, b, r, t, d lihambisana l, r ngeke kubangele longitude we unkamisa esandulele. Ngokwesibonelo, Vert e ubhodisi, anh y drus . imisindo azinikezele zimfushane!

Endabeni longitude umsindo (futhi ngalesosizathu ilunga) Ubuye ngokomlando amaphethini. Le ncwadi basuke kuboniswe ngezansi. Ngokwesibonelo, ingabe mina ngisuke CUS.

ipholisemi omabizwafane

isihloko okuthakazelisayo nokuwusizo ekuhloleni Latin, bazobe sebecela ukuthi lo mkhuba ipholisemi omabizwafane. Imithetho isiRashiya sonke ukuthi amagama ayafana amagama kodwa ahlukene anencazelo. Kodwa ulimi olukhulunywa iningi abaseRussia, yonke into icacile. Kodwa-Latin kungaletha eziningi lezimanga kule ndaba.

Iqiniso lokuthi ubude ngobufushane umsindo ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuboniswa incwadi. Ngolimi kukhona amazwi amaningi, ipholisemi omabizwafane, okuyinto, kuye ngokuthi nesibekandzaba ukucindezeleka, ukushintsha incazelo yabo lucebe.

Ngokwesibonelo, malum - okubi (unkamisa eside), m a Lum - apula (unkamisa iDemo).

Hhayi ukwenza iphutha all-out, kudingeka siqonde indlela ungagxili ngolimi Latin, i-longitude nemisindo iDemo.

Ake sihlole amazwi ambalwa ngaphezulu. Lapho kukhona notation sokuqhafaza phezu incwadi, incazelo lucebe ye izwi kulula ukuqonda. Ngokwesibonelo,

• OCC i dit - ukubulala (elikhonjiswe nobude);
• OCC i dit - liyancipha (elikhonjiswe ngobufushane).

Uma ulondoloza isithonjana khona, konke eliyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Kilomlayo

Ukucindezeleka-Latin ngenxa yenani imithetho. Kodwa njengoba sazi, kukhona njalo okuthile okuhlukile kubo. ELatin, ngokuvamile ehambisana ngamazwi ababevela ngaphandle, ngamanye amazwi, waboleka. Iningi la mazwi avela ngolimi lwesiGreki.

Ziyakwazi ilunga yesibili kusukela ekupheleni unkamisa ngaphambi unkamisa waba nokukhathazeka emoyeni. diphthongs YesiGreki latinization yaphenduka onkamisa eside. Ngokwesibonelo, Achillea (Yarrow), giganteus (Giant).

Isigaba esilandelayo amazwi ayifakiwe ezihlobene neologisms, amagama zazo lathathwa ezilimini zanamuhla. Ngokuvamile, bakwazi futhi ungagxili hhayi imithetho jikelele.

izibonelo

Manje sihlaziya ngokuningiliziwe izimiso ka okuzobe kudlalelwa indlela yabo yokukhuluma ngesiLatini. Izibonelo kuzosiza ukuqonda zonke kule ndaba singu mnqamulajuqu.

• B e ne - igama ehlanganisa amaqoqo amabili (ngoba onkamisa ababili u), kanjalo nomthelela okokuqala.
• A rma - ku isimiso esifanayo.
• Nat u ra - yizwi polysyllabic (amaqoqo amathathu, ngoba onkamisa ezintathu), ilunga yesibili ovulekile futhi eside, ngakho ukucindezeleka ewela kuye.
• P u blicus - ukucindezeleka ewela antepenult, kusukela ilunga yesibili emfushane.
• Embizeni e ntia - igama ehlanganisa amaqoqo amane (onkamisa ezine), ukucindezeleka ewela ilunga lesithathu kusukela ekupheleni, ngoba ilunga phambi kwakhe - iDemo.
• EUR o pa - igama ehlanganisa amaqoqo amathathu (inhlanganisela kuyinto diphthong eu), kugcizelelwa ilunga wesibili, ngoba yokugcina - emfushane futhi evulekile.