I Yak-36: Imininingwane nezithombe

AbaseSoviet izindiza umkhakha - umthombo yokuziqhenya hhayi kuphela sesinyamalele ibalazwe eSoviet Union, kodwa futhi onjiniyela zanamuhla, angobani izindlalifa ababengaphambi zabo elikhazimulayo. Lesi sihloko kuzoxoxwa mayelana esiyingqayizivele izindiza. Lokhu Yak-36, ogama izici Sizohlola ngokuningiliziwe ngendlela.

prehistory

Ngu uqobo, umqondo ukudala ezindizayo umshini esiyingqayizivele, okwakuyoholela abe ukusuka mpo kanye kokwehla, uvele ngaphambi kokudala indiza futhi waqalwa ngesimo indiza enophephela emhlane. Ukukhiqizwa indiza enophephela emhlane izakhiwo efanayo esalibele iminyaka eminingi. Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu ekusungulweni lowo mkhumbi kwaba ukuthi bekuyoba njani sabelo zonke izitshalo amandla amakhulu kakhulu, futhi amandla - amancane. Ngenxa yalokho, esimweni kwangqingetshe wathutha kuphela 1940, lapho izwe wabona turbojets. Kusukela zobunjiniyela nokuhlolwa ebhentshini ngaphambi kokudalwa le izindiza elalandela inkathi kwamashumi amabili.

Ababhali

Elinye lala maphayona kulo mkhakha kwakuyisazi indiza design engineer igama Shulikov, okuyinto ngo-1947 ehlongozwayo ukusetshenziswa swivel umlomo wombhobho okhethekile turbojet (THD), esagcina efakwe Yak-36.

Ngandlela-thile kamuva Scherbakov umklami isungule iphrojekthi futhi waqala ukuhlola ukuma endaweni indiza imodeli izindiza, okuyinto wakhumula thwi futhi kwadingeka iphiko, kodwa kwaba ifakwe pair of yokunyathelisa turbojet izinjini efakwe ohlangothini evele we fuselage. Kodwa ukungabi iphiko savuk 'umbhejazane imvelo ubunjiniyela, okuyinto uqede kuqhutshekwe nale phrojekthi.

Yakovlev Design Bureau

Ithimba yimpumelelo kakhulu, owayehlangene ukudalwa indiza thwi Ukhumula, kwakuyizwi okb-115, inhloko owawungumnyaka edume Aleksandr Sergeevich Yakovlev. Lokhu unjiniyela ngo-1960 ezihlongozwayo ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Yak-104. Kulesi isitsha emoyeni kuhlelwe ukufaka ophoqelelwe R19-300 injini ezimbili kwaze kwadingeka ukuthi kusetshenziswe njengoba kokusiphakamisela izakhi ngamandla. wagxila yabo 1600 kgf. Phakamisa injini kufanele kube imoto eyodwa. Onjiniyela kuhlelwe ukuthi isisindo ezindizayo 2800 kg kanye 600 kg fuel reserve umshini kwadingeka ukundiza ngesivinini esiphezulu 550 km / h futhi ekhuphukela ukuphakama 10 000 amamitha. Kulokhu, ibanga indiza kungaba ulingana amakhilomitha 500, futhi ubude bayo kwaba ihora elilodwa imizuzu eyishumi.

Yak-Ngo-Project

(- 5000 kg ukwelula ngamunye) Ngo-April 1961, uMkhandlu woNgqongqoshe kuphrojekthi ukudalwa webhomu olulodwa nge pair R21-300 injini wayezimisele ngokugcwele. Lokhu kwaba kakade Yak-36. Lo mkhumbi kwakufanele abe ijubane indiza ka 1100-1200 km / h endaweni engamamitha 1000 amamitha. Isisindo ngesikhathi yamukelwa-off akufanele bube ngaphezu kuka-9150 amakhilogremu.

Ukuze ngokushesha nisebenzela kuqiniswa nokulawula izinhlelo, ukuhlola ukusebenza rotary injini Imibhobho esemzimbeni Yak-36 izipesheli benziwa ukulihlola webhomu prototype ne ekhona turbojet izinjini R21-300, abangathanda ukwelula Inkomba kwaba 4.200 kgf. Kuncike parallel umshini imishini Imibhobho esemzimbeni yokunyathelisa. Le dokhumenti ishicilelwe 30 Okthoba 1961.

Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Yak-36 kwaholela SG Mordovin. Futhi, onjiniyela baye baboshwa: Sidorov, Pavlov, Bekirbaev Gorshkov.

ukuqhutshwa komsebenzi

Isizukulwane esisha izindiza okwenzeka ngesikhathi lapho UK kakade ngiziqhayise kwendiza ezifanayo "Harier", okwakubekelwa ifakwe injini Turbo futhi amabili namabhuzu Imibhobho esemzimbeni yokunyathelisa. Nokho, onjiniyela Soviet waqhubeka nendlela yayo, Kuthi ezahlukene kusukela entshonalanga.

Njengoba sazi ukuthi, ukuthi iyini injongo kwaba Yak-36 nendlela ifakwe izinjini, akumangalisi ukuthi umkhumbi jet nge wagxila ezinkulukazi base efakwe ekhaleni kanye nomsila izingxenye fuselage umshini. Esinye sazo ukwenza futhi aqhubekele phambili ngesikhathi iposi sasivumela eside. Futhi zonke ngoba inkinga ka isigwedlo akasenzanga ukulawula ukulawula izindiza ezimweni lezivakashi, kodwa futhi inikeza ukulinganisela bomkhumbi ngesikhathi phezulu static. Ngokuqondene motors, baye efakwe ekhaleni izindiza kanye umlomo wombhobho ibekwe maphakathi yesisindo Yak-36.

Izici umshini

Leli lungiselelo echazwe we actuator indiza kwaphumela ekubhalweni isidingo ibhayisikili uhlobo chassis Unicycle nge support ekhaleni kanye ezimbili ezinamasondo ukwesekwa labaqaphi elingemuva. iphiko izisekelo bahlanza okuhlukile ukuze lemifanekiso Yak-36, futhi wahlela fairings. Ngakwesokudla cowl amaskriphthi kakhulu emoyeni-ingcindezi umamukeli nge izinzwa akhethekile ukushelela engeli zokuhlasela. Zona efanayo airframe design kwaba sasivumela ejwayelekile ukuthi indiza yaleyo minyaka: semi monocoque fuselage kwenziwa, futhi spars iphiko kwaba ifakwe enezinto.

ukuphepha

Ukuthuthukisa Yak-36, olubonakaliswa ephepheni isithombe, onjiniyela azange abe inkomba ebonisa indlela isikebhe liziphatha ngesikhathi indiza (okuvimba ohlangothini ngesikhathi yamukelwa-off, noma yimuphi omunye force majeure). Kule ndaba, ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha umshayeli ngesikhathi izimo eziphuthumayo ahlukahlukene Jets ukunikeza bephoqeleka kudivayisi ejection. Futhi, izindiza kwadingeka uhlelo yokulawula ngokuzenzakalela ngokugcwele ngesikhathi ijubane indiza, balima zero.

ukukhiqizwa Aircraft nokuhlolwa

Imikhumbi yokuqala emine ezakhiwa ngesikhathi isitshalo, esisogwini Leningradsky Prospekt eMoscow. Enye yalezi izindiza ezaba isibonelo uvivinyo amandla. Entwasahlobo ka-1963 ku-inombolo indiza ukuhlolwa 36 Kwakuseshwa, okuhloswe ngaso kokuhlola degree of isivikelo ingress izinjini kuzo kubonakala ukusakaza jet, kanye nokukhuthazela sokuhlola. Ukuze lokhu kuhlasela injongo Yak-36 kwaba ifakwe ezimbili enezinto igesi isithiyo, omunye okwakubekelwa ogibele ekhaleni, kanti eyesibili - ngaphambi Turbo Imibhobho esemzimbeni.

Eyesibili imoto ebizwa inombolo 37 kokwehla alandwa kuphela nokuthatha off. Ekuqaleni, lokuphakama kwakuzingalo ezimbili izinyawo, futhi kamuva, babengamaphesenti kakade 5 amamitha. 85 ukuqeqeshwa nokujwayela-ups Kwakuseshwa iminyaka emibili. Juni 25, 1963 umkhumbi wahileleka engozini: kwakukhona ukuhluleka chassis ngesikhathi kokwehla mpo ngenxa izinga eliphezulu ilele.

izindiza Okwesithathu (inombolo umsila 38) wasiza ukuhlola ukusebenza kahle kwe-jet okuyiqondisa, izinhlelo sasilokhu nezilawuli elise abanikeze asebenza nabo. Onjiniyela abakhethelwa enjalo komoya izinga okuvumela ukuthi indiza kusimame ngesikhathi phezulu futhi kwenza umshini elawulwa ngokuphelele umshayeli.

izinkinga ezikhonjwe

Njengoba kuboniswe, okunzima kakhulu kwaba ukuqhuba cababa mpo. Abashayeli test amabili ayengoMahaloni imibono ehlukene indiza. Ngakho, umshayeli Garnaev wayekholelwa ukuthi umhlaba kufanele sigcwaliswe kuphela ngendiza enophephela emhlane uhlobo, okungukuthi, imoto kwakufanele a ukuphakama elikhulu ngesivinini pre-ukuvuthwa. Futhi, Mukhin umshayeli wayenombono ohlukile. Kuthiwa ukusekelwa ihlinzeka Rotor indiza, kuyilapho Yak-36 lo msebenzi izigaba ezahlukene indiza isiqinisekiso iphiko kanye injini yegesi jet. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuba sicabangele isikhathi sokudlulisa lift kusukela iphiko ngqo amandla iyunithi. Futhi ngenxa yokuthi ukufika kwaba izobalwa ngokuya ukuphakama, okuyinto kuyohambisana ukuphakama ukunyakaza kumbuthano. Ngenxa yalokho, kwaba Mukhin kwesokudla.

Flight ukuhlolwa

Ukuhambisa Yak-36 wawenziwa isigamu-imitha ukuphakama ngaphezu imbobo, okuyinto laligcwele Amabha steel. Lokhu kwakwenzelwa ukunciphisa izinga ukuphazamiseka kwe-Jets igesi. Nokho, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lo mkhumbi uyakwazi ukuthatha off thwi kusukela nehele ngokushesha dengwane futhi waqhubekela kanzima ebusweni ecashile. Futhi kukhona kuba nenkinga. Okwamanje lapho gear kokwehla alishiye evulekile, indiza waqala kulandele ukudlikiza, futhi ehlala eceleni. Parallel kule, le okuyiqondisa amandla igesi siswele.

Ukuze sithole izindiza injini saliphosa kudingekile ukurekhoda esele. Abaklami ezifundweni zabo kancane kakhulu, cishe ngejubane Umnenke sika. Ngezinye izikhathi kwenzeka ukuthi izindiza ezinkulu-tonnage wavuleka emoyeni, ukuze cishe akazange alalele imiyalo umshayeli. indiza Tame kuhlulekile emva waphenduka ukuvimbela ingress igesi ku idivayisi komoya. Lokhu kwaholela yokuthi indiza sicindezelwe phansi baba wakwazi ukwenzeka.

indiza sasekhaya

I Yak-36, elinomlando esithathe iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi, okokuqala eyenziwa indiza egcwele Julayi 27, 1964. Nokho, ukukhulisa isitsha emoyeni Mukhin agcwaliseka ukusebenzisa futhi ukusebenzisa, ngoba akekho sathathwa ukubikezela ukuziphatha kwayo indiza. Cishe, ngemva kwalokhu test, kwakukhona ebukezwe imishini ezintathu, eyayihlanganisa ekufakweni amaphiko amabili ventral ku ngamunye wabo.

Ezinyangeni ezimbili kamuva, kwakunengozi agcwele phezulu ibhanoyi lokuqala. Mukhin wawazi kahle lo imoto, ngisho wazivumela ukuba aphonse ngumsebenzi kulesi sikhathi zendiza, indiza lalingaphezu endaweni ngaphandle ngeziphambeko.

Sonke sasibuyela yokuthi kungenzeka ukuba enze izindiza egcwele. Nokho, lokhu kwakudingeka asebenze iminyaka kanzima nengxenye. Februwari 7, 1966 Mukhin wagcwalisa mpo Take-off, eyenziwa indiza endleleni isiyingi wahlala endizeni. Mashi 24 bafeza ukusuka umshayeli mpo, indiza kumbuthano kokwehla mpo. Lolu suku kubhekwa usuku lokuzalwa izindiza Russian, okuyinto has kungenzeka ukusuka mpo.

izinkomba Technical

indiza Okubukwe waba Inkokhelo encane, futhi ngenxa yalokho ukuklama bureau iye yasungula uhlelo imodeli ethuthukisiwe ye Yak-36M, okwathi singangenwa wathola code Yak-38. Lowo mkhumbi omusha kwakuyinqubo okwase kuyiminyaka umbuso isakhiwo ethé ukuhluka kancane, okuyinto engcono kakhulu kunanoma sazibonakalisa practice.

I Yak-36, izici lobuchwepheshe ezikhonjiswe ngezansi, kwaba intuthuko kule izindiza yasekhaya. Ngakho, imininingwane yayo injengoba kulandela:

• Ubude womkhumbi - 16.4 m.
• Namaphiko - 10 m.
• Umshini ukuphakama - 4.3 m.
• Wing Area - 17 sq. m.
• Isisindo isitsha esingenalutho - 5400 kg.
• Ukusuka isisindo - 9400 kg.
• Engine - 2 x R27V TPD-300.
• Ungaphoqwanga muntu ukusenza induku - 2 x 5000 kg.
• Reserve Isivinini at ukuphakama - 1,100 km / h.
• ngesivinini esiphezulu eduze phansi - 900 km / h.
• ophahleni Real - 11000 m.
• Amatilosi - ongu-1.
• Izikhali - ukulwa umthwalo afika ku 2000 kg. SD emoyeni-to-air R-60M, NUR, amabhomu.

Sikhungo nokuqeqeshwa imodeli

Yak-18T yasungulwa ngo-1964. Phakathi neminyaka engu-yokusetshenziswa ke uye washintsha abanye, futhi ngo-2006 uhulumeni waseRussia uye wanquma uqhube ikhiqizwe ngokugcwele ka Yak-18T (uchungechunge 36). Yona futhi le ndiza isetshenziswa izinjongo ukufundisa nokuqeqesha sokuqeqesha amasosha izikole indiza.

Yak-18T 36 Series has izici ezilandelayo:

• It isethwe emoyeni ezintathu-blade bendiza uchungechunge AB-803-1-C.
• Ideshibhodi uye washintsha ezinkulu.
• It Kwandiswa ibanga indiza yangempela futhi efakwe amathangi ezengeziwe of amalitha 180 ngamunye inani izingcezu ezimbili.
• Kushintshwe umnyango abanikeze asebenza nabo.
• Ukushisa Okuhlezi emqondweni (heater ukufakwa yesibili).
• Fire odongeni Yenziwe engagqwali banga.
• fuel asetshenzisiwe - Petrol "Premium 95".

Yona futhi le ndiza ukuthi embukisweni ahlukahlukene international nemibukiso izindiza (MAX 2007 no-MAX 2009).

Kwemithetho esungulwe ukuthi izindiza kufanele kube elingenazinkinga ukusebenza amahora 3,500 noma 15,000 lihlala ngaphandle kwemingcele ikhalenda.