I-Strategic carrier-missile carrier Tu-95MS "Bear"

Ngemuva kokuthi iRussia Federation iphinde ibuyele izindiza zezindiza zezindiza eziqaphileyo, imibiko yaqala ukuvela emaphephandabeni ukuthi izindiza ze-Tu-95MS zibonwe eduze nemingcele yomoya yaseBrithani, iGuam, eJapane nezinye izindawo lapho kungakaze kubonwe khona lo msebenzi. Amandla ethu emoyeni awaphuli imingcele yomoya, kodwa ubhekane nabo ngokujulile, okubonwa njengokuziphatha okungenabuhlobo. Ngezinye izikhathi abaxhasi bamanye amazwe e-NATO bahamba baye emkhatsini wemibandela (okunemibandela) , futhi lesi sigameko sibonakala siphelile. Okuwukuphela kwamanje ezweni lombhobho wesibhamu "Tu", ezinye izibukeli zezempi zibiza ngokuthi "okuyikho". Naphezu kwesidlaliso esinjalo sokuhlambalaza, ukubonakala kwayo eduze nezindawo zokuqeqesha amabutho kanye nezikhukhula zamazwe ezinkampani ezingabhekana nazo kuyimbangela yokukhathazeka. Kungani?

Ukuqala kwenkathi ye "A-amabhomu"

I-Tu-95MSM "Bear" iyinzalo eqondile yendiza "95-1", eyaqala ukufika emoyeni ekwindla ka-1952. Ukusebenza kulezi zingxenye zezindiza kwaqala ngo-1956, cishe ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho i-B-52 evelele evele eMelika, ekhonza nanamuhla. Lezi zenzakalo zandulelwe umlando othile.

Ngo-Agasti 1945, izindiza zezindiza zase-US zaveza amabhomu amabili e-athomu eJapane. Ukusebenza ngokusemthethweni kwalesi senzo ososayensi bezombangazwe basaphikisana, kodwa umphumela wengqondo, okwenzekile. Inkathi ye-psychosis ye-athomu yaqala. Kwacaca ubuholi baseStalin ukuthi ngaphandle kwamandla akho enyukliya, i-USSR izolahlekelwa ukuzimela kwayo kwezwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ibhomu ngokwayo (lase livele lakhiwa) akwanele, sidinga izindlela zokulethwa kwayo. Isilinganiso sokuqala nesilinganiselwe esithathwe ngalesi sihloko kwakuwukukopisha iBoing B-29 Stratofortress, esiyiqamba ngokuthi iTu-4. Ngo-1950, kwavela impi eKorea, lapho amasosha aseMelika, esebenzisa isu lamasiko nezindabuko, ayethembela ekuqhumeni kwamabhomu, okwenziwa yizindiza ezinkulu ezindiza ezindizeni. Uhlelo, kodwa, aluphumelelanga.

Yeka ukuthi i-"Bear" yadalwa kanjani

Ngemuva kokuvela kweJet fighters iMG-15 esibhakabhakeni saseKorea, ukukhubazeka kwe-B-29 kwacaca. Ukuphazamiseka kwalesi simo kwakuwukuthi abakhiqizi bezindiza baseSoviet abanezandla zabo babonisa ukungahambisani nombono webhompiki ye-athomu nge-piston injini (okungukuthi, iTu-4), kanti enye e-USSR ngaleso sikhathi yayingekho. Ngesikhathi esiphuthumayo, umsebenzi owenzelwe i-Model-Tu-85 ukhanseliwe ngenxa yobuso bawo obusweni. KB A.N. I-Tupolev ithumele ukudalwa kwezindiza ezintsha zenkampani yokuthutha yamahhala amakhulu-awa amakhulu-tonnage amabhomu, angase aqhubeke kakhulu, ngokushesha futhi abe nomsakazo omkhulu wokulwa. Ukusebenzisa uhlelo olunjalo lungasebenzisa kuphela ama-turbine injini. Maphakathi no-1951, umsebenzi waqala. Ngo-1952, baphumelela ngempumelelo, umphumela waba yindiza ene-Index esincane "95", eya enkundleni yezindiza "Zhukovsky" futhi yafika lapho. Ngaphandle, cishe ayifani neze ne-Tu-95MS, ibhayela kuze kube yilolu suku.

Uhlelo jikelele

Ngezindinganiso zanamuhla, ukuhlelwa kwe "Bear" (njengoba kwakuthiwa nge-NATO) akusho ukushaya. Lolu hlelo luyingqayizivele, i-fuselage iyisixazululo esiyindilinga (esivame ukuxazulula isixazululo sikaTupolev), iphiko livuliwe, liphakathi. Ukumangazwa kochwepheshe emashumini amahlanu okuqala bekuyobe kubangele ama-nacelles amade kakhulu ngenxa yamandla enjini, futhi uhlelo olungavamile lwabashushumbisi. Indiza ye-Tu-95MS ayihlwanyelwe izikrini ezine (njenge-B-17 noma i-B-29), kodwa ngezikuluzi eziyisishiyagalombili. Esikhathini sezindiza ngasinye, ama-propellers amabili avukela (ngenxa yesifunda sokunciphisa kakhulu), ukuthambekela kwezingxenye ezibuye zenzeke ngokuhlukile. Ngakho-ke, baqondisa umoya ekhonsathini, okufeza ukusebenza kahle kakhulu (kufika ku-82%). Lesi sinqumo senze masinyane imingcele ye-Tu-95MS yamandla kagesi ezingeni eliphezulu, eduze nezici ze-turbojet.

Ngaphandle kwalezi zikhathi ezingavamile, lo mfanekiso ukhiqizwa kanye nobukhulu be-geometri yomlindi. Ubude bayo namaphiko amaphiko cishe ngamamitha angu-50. Isisindo sokuthatha isisindo esingaphezu kwamathani ayi-180.

Ngokuqondene nokukhululeka komthwalo wokulwa, kwakungamathani ayi-12 ngesikhathi sokutholwa, kodwa ekuqedeni nasekuqaliseni ukuklama, kwakungenzeka ukuletha amathani angu-20 (okuningi okwenziwa yi-Tu-95MSM "Bear").

"Kusuka ekhoneni"

Amandla okukhula ezinkambiso zokuvikela emoyeni e-USSR nakwamanye amazwe aphikisanayo namabutho aseMelika aye kancane kancane achitha umqondo wokusebenzisa amabhomu okuwa mahhala, ikakhulukazi lawo afakwe imali ekhethekile. Ngesikhathi sokuqaphela leli qiniso, iU.SA neSoviet Union yayinemishini eminingi enomsindo futhi ehlala njalo enezici eziningana zezindiza (ububanzi, ijubane, ikhono lokuthwala). Imali eningi isetshenziselwa ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokwakhiwa kwazo. Kwakudingeka ukuthola isicelo esisha kubo. Ayaziwa ukuthi ubani owayenombono wokusebenzisa ibhomu njengesihluthulelo sokuhamba ngezindiza zemikhumbi, kodwa kwaba yilolu hlelo lwazo zonke izindiza. Ibhomu le-Tu-95MS elishintshiwe laba "ibhethri lomoya" elenzelwe ukuqalisa umsizi ezindaweni ezingathathi hlangothi, ngaphandle kokungena endaweni yomoya isitha nokudubula ngokungalindelekile, njengokusuka ekhoneni.

I-Civic version

Kusukela ama-50 (futhi kwezinye izimo ngisho nasezikhathini zangaphambili) ukuhlaselwa kwamabhomu sekuye kwaba nomusa "wabanikeli" bezindiza zomoya. Lesi simo sivame kakhulu emsebenzini womklamo A.N. UTupolev, kwanele ukukhumbula iT-104 edumile, okuwukuguqulwa kwe-Tu-16 yokulwa. Sekuyisikhathi eside umbuso ubhekwa ngokweqile izindleko zokwakha imishini kuphela yomphakathi, okhetha ukusetshenziswa kwezakhiwo ezenziwe ngomumo kanye nokujwayela kwazo. Indiza ye-Tu-95MS isebenza isikhathi eside kunomunye uhlobo "we-95th", umgibeli we-Tu-114, osevele esekhonjiswe ku "Aeroflot" futhi waze wakwazi ukuletha uNobhala Jikelele weKrushchev e-United States.

Ukuzivikela

Ngama-1950s no-1960, ngisho nezindiza zokuthutha ze-AN-12 zazinamaphuzu omlilo osheshayo. Namuhla, lesi sikhali sibonakala singasebenzi, futhi kanye nomqondo wokusebenzisa izibhamu zomoya ukuzivikela ngokumelene nabafighta kuyinto engenangqondo. Noma kunjalo, umshuwalense we-Tu-95MS ugcine ukufakwa kwezikhali zakhe, ukulinganisa kwabo kuyi-23 mm. Kuzinguqulo zangaphambilini, kwakukhona okuningi (kuze kube yimiphongolo eyisithupha, izinhlelo ezintathu ezihlanganisiwe). Ngokumelene ne-air-to-air missile abakwenzeki ukusiza, kodwa banikeze ithuba elithile lokuvuselela ukuhlaselwa kwabalandeli be-hemphere yangemuva. Ngokusho komklamo wabo, izibhamu ze-GSH-23 zilingana nalabo asetshenziselwa iTu-4, inqubo yokulwa nezikhali ngokuvamile iyalondoloza.

Isikhali esiyinhloko

Imicibisholo ye-cruise X-55 - isibopho esikhulu se-bomber Tu-95MS. Izici zazo zifanelwe indaba ehlukile, kepha indlela yokuhlanganiswa kwayo ekudalweni kwendiza iyisiqalo futhi ngendlela yayo iyamnandi. Ngaphakathi kwe-fuselage kunamabhoksi ayisithupha anamaphiko aphethwe, afana ne-cartridges emgodini we-revolver. Ngemuva kokuqaliswa kwe-missile eyodwa, lonke uhlelo lwangaphakathi lwenza ukuphenduka kwe-degree-60, kanti i-X-55 elandelayo isilungele ukuhlukaniswa ngokusebenzisa ibhomu-bay evulekile.

Ukusebenzisa ama-pylons (amane kuwo) aklanyelwe ukumisa iminye imicibisholo eyishumi yokuhamba, amandla okwenza izindiza avumela ukuthwala isisindo esinjalo, nakuba izimpawu zezindiza ziyancishiswa, ukumelana nokusetshenziswa kwemvelo, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukukhushulwa kwamandla kagesi, nokunciphisa ukuhamba kwezindiza kuncishisiwe.

Imibandela yokusebenza yabasebenzi

I-Tu-95MS akuyona imoto ekhululekile kakhulu. Ikhishi lomshayeli liyinkimbinkimbi, nakuba izici eziningi ezingathandeki ezifanekiselwa izinguqulo zangaphambili manje zisusiwe. Izisebenzi zangaphambili zekhamera ze-hermetic zithatha indawo, zikhuphuka izitebhisi eziphakeme nge-hatch emgqeni ophansi, eduze kwe-gear yangaphambili yokugibela i-chassis, lapho ishiya khona indiza uma kwenzeka isimo esiphuthumayo. Ukusheshisa inqubo enikezwe uhlobo lomthumeli, kodwa ukweqa nge-parachute phansi kuyingozi kakhulu, ngoba izingozi eziningi zendiza zenzeka ezindaweni eziphansi (ngokuthatha nokuhamba). I-catapult enjalo ayikho.

I-hood yangemuva ifakwe ne-hatch yayo. Ukuze usindiswe uma kwenzeka ingozi phezu kolwandle, ama-raft inflatable ahlinzekwa.

Abashayeli bezindiza bakhononda ngezinga eliphezulu lomsindo (izinjini zinamandla kakhulu, amalitha ayizinkulungwane ezingu-15 ngalinye, kanti izikuluzi zinkulu futhi zikhona eziyisishiyagalombili zazo). Iphutha futhi indlu yangasese. Kodwa kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi ukusebenza komdwebo wama-95 kwaqala ngesikhathi sikaStalin, lapho kunakekelwa kancane izinto ezilula.

Amathemba

Isitimela sezindiza eside "Ama-Engels" esifundeni saseSaratov emva kokuwa kweNyunyana i-base eyinhloko yamayunithi angu-32 wezindiza ezingu-90 ezikhiqizwayo. Ngo-1992, inkinga ye "Bears" Tu-95MS yaqedwa. Izimpawu zomqhubi we-missile zivumela ubuholi beMnyango Wezokuvikela ukuba bancike ekusebenzeni kwabo okungenani eminye iminyaka eyishumi.

Ububanzi bezindiza kusuka ku-6 kuya ku-10 000 km buhlinzeka ngamakhono okulwa ayenayo ezindizeni zezizukulwane ezilandelayo. Isivinini sefika ku-900 km / h sifana nemingcele yebhomu le-B-52 eyenza imisebenzi efanayo. Ukukwazi ukufaka imishini yempi ye- elekthronikhi kwaveza ukubonakala okuphezulu kweBhere ngenxa ye-radar enonya. Ukuvimbela okwesikhashana kunomthelela ekwandiseni impilo yesevisi. Noma kunjalo, iTu-95 zizobhujiswa ngemuva kokugcina kwabo bephelile umkhawulo wokuphepha. Endaweni yabo, izithwali zamanje zamasu e-missile zizosetshenziswa.