Udokan idiphozi: incazelo

Insimu ye-Udokan eRussia ibhekwa njengenye yezinkulu kakhulu. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, imali engaphezu kuka-R1 billion kumele isetshenziswe ekuthuthukiseni kwayo.

Udokan idiphozi: incazelo

Idamu lokubhukuda elisenyakatho-mpumalanga yeChita, 650 km ukusuka edolobheni. , считается сейсмически опасной с зоной многолетней мерзлоты. Indawo lapho idiphozi i-Udokan ikhona khona kubhekwa njengengozi ngokwemvelo ngendawo ye-permafrost. Ukushisa okuvamile kwansuku zonke yi--4 degrees, kanti ebusika ihlehlela ku- -50. I-Permafrost iyangena ekujuleni kwamamitha angu-800. Ama-avvalanches avame ukugcinwa ensimini. Amathuba okuzamazama komhlaba anamaphesenti angu-9-10 aphezulu. Amadwala ayahlukaniswa ngamandla awo aphezulu, ukungahambi kahle, ukuqhuba kahle kwe-thermal, kanye nezingozi ze-silico. Ngokuvamile, izimo zezwe nezimo zezwe azikwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi zihle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akusikho ingqalasizinda lapha.

Yini ehlongozwayo kwidiphozi yaseDudokan?

Idamu liwumthombo wezinto eziwusizo ezifunwa futhi ezifunwa embonini. Izindleko eziphelele zendawo yokugcina ibhalansi zingamathani ayizigidi ezingu-20 zethusi ngezinga eliphansi le-ore kuze kube ku-1.46% no-11.9 amathani ayiziliva zesiliva. Ukwakhiwa kwamaminerali ama-ores kuhlale okuqhubekayo. является источником халькозина, халькопирита, борнита, магнетита, пирита, гематита. Idiphosi ye-udokan yethusi ngumthombo we-chalcocite, i-chalcopyrite, i-bornite, i-magnetite, i-pyrite, i-hematite. Ngendlela yamaminerali-ukungcola, i-molybdenite, i-valerite, i-pyrrhotite, i-vittichenite, i-marcasite, i-polydimite, i-sphalerite, isiliva yesizwe, i-cobaltite, i-tennantite, i-tromomayerite, i-molybdenite itholakala lapha. E-ore eyinhloko, cishe u-65% wethusi use-chalcocite, 20-25% ku-bornite, 10-15% ku-chalcopyrite. Amaminerali wesibili afaka:

1. I-azurite, i-malachite, i-gypsum, i-chalcosine, i-covellite, i-iron hydroxides (i-limonite, i-goethite).
2. Okungavamile ukuthi yi-bornite, i-cuprite, i-tenorite, ithusi lendabuko, i-chalcantite, i-delafossite, i-chrysocolla, i-antlerite, i-brochantite, i-melanterite, i-jarosite namanye amadwala we-zone of precipitation.

Izinhlangano ezinkulu ezintathu zokumbiwa kwamaminerali zihlukaniswa emithonjeni yomfula: i-bornite-chalcocite, i-chalcopyrite-bornite ne-pyrite-chalcopyrite. Esixhumeni esiphambene nesimiso semaminerali yensimbi neyethusi, ukuvunywa okuqondile kuveziwe. I-Chalcosine ne-bornite ihlotshaniswa ne-magnetite, futhi i-chalcopyrite ihlotshaniswa ne-pyrite. Izinsimbi ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa i-bornite-chalcocite. Lezi zindawo zimelelekile, zifakwe kahle, zihlome kakhulu, zine-quartzitic, izihlabathi ze-sandstone ezincane. Okungavamile ukuthi kukhona ama-siltstones amnyama amnyama, kufaka phakathi ukungeniswa okuhle kwe-bornite ne-chalcocite. Ngokuvamile ngokumelene nesizinda se-sandstone esine-ore-grained emihle equkethe ama-sulphide, imizimba, izingqimba kanye nezidleke ezincane ze-sandstones ezihlwanyelwe phakathi, okutholakala ukuthi ubukhulu bufinyelela ku-1.5 m, zitholakala, ngokusatshalaliswa okuncane kakhulu, okuhlanganisa, ngaphezu kwe-chalcocite kanye ne-bornite, kufika ku-50% magnetite.

Ukuqala

) было открыто в 1949 г., геологоразведочные мероприятия, однако, дважды начинались и сворачивались. I-Udokanskoe deposit (i-Transbaikalian territory ) yatholwa ngo-1949, ukuhlolwa kwezemvelo, noma kunjalo, kwaqala futhi kwafakwa kabili. Ngo-1981 lezi zimpahla zavunyelwa yiKhomishana kaHulumeni. Kuphela ngo-1992 umbuso wanquma ukuthengisa ilayisense yokutadisha nokuthuthukisa isitsha. Umncintiswano wawunqotshwe yi-"little company" eyaziwayo ngaleso sikhathi. Kwakuyimikhiqizo yamanye amazwe angaphandle. Iminyaka engu-7 inkampani yayingasebenzi futhi ekugcineni ilahlekelwe ilayisensi yayo. Ngo-1999, omunye umncintiswano wabanjwa, lapho kuphela amabhizinisi asekhaya ahlanganyela khona. Ilayisense yemisebenzi yokuhlola elandela imiphumela yomncintiswano yathunyelwa ku-Trans-Baikal Mining Company. Ngonyaka we-2001, kwaziswe isethenda ekuthuthukiseni ibhasi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izimo eziqinile kakhulu zazisungulwa kwabahlanganyeli. Umnqobi udingekile kungakapheli iminyaka emithathu kusukela ngosuku lokuthola ilayisensi ukuqala ukwakha isitshalo semayini. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kungakapheli iminyaka engu-6.5 - ukuqala ukukhiqizwa. Futhi kule nkathi yeminyaka eyisikhombisa, i-GOK yayizofinyelela umthamo wayo owenziwe. Njengoba izidingo ezengeziwe kwakuyisibopho sokutshala imali emphakathini. I-Sphere, yakha imisebenzi emisha futhi uqinisekise ukuphepha okuphezulu kwendawo yebhizinisi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengoba kuphawuliwe ochwepheshe, iphrojekthi enkulu kangaka ingazibuyisela yona kungakapheli iminyaka eyishumi.

Ukuqedwa komncintiswano

Impi yeDijokan deposit yahlala iminyaka eminingana. Phakathi kwabaphikisi kwakukhona izinkampani ezinkulu ezihlukahlukene. Phakathi kwabo: MMC Norilsk Nickel, Basic Element Holding, Onexim Group. Kamuva, benqaba ukuhlanganyela. Ekugcineni, okwenzeke ngo-September 2009 kuphela, kwaba yiJSC Russian Railways noMikhailovsky GOK. Lo wesifazane wayeyilungu leqembu le-Metalloinvest futhi wanqoba umncintiswano. Ukuze ilayisensi, lo winner wanikeza ama-ruble ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-15. Njengomqhubi wenkambu ye-Udokan, kwaqokwa umsizi weMikhailovsky GOK. Lebhizinisi lenziwe ngokukhethekile ukuze kusetshenziswe iphrojekthi. Imisebenzi yenkampani ihlanganisa ukuthuthukisa isu lokuthuthukisa, ukuhlinzeka ngemibhalo yezobuchwepheshe kanye nephrojekthi, ukuheha izimali, ukuphathwa kokusebenza kwentuthuko. Kwacatshangwa ukuthi inhlangano kahulumeni "Rostekhnologii" izosebenza kanye nayo. Isivumelwano sokubambisana nokwakhiwa kwebhizinisi elihlangene sisayine nayo.

Izinga lamazwe ngamazwe

обратили внимание многие зарубежные предприятия. Amabhizinisi amaningi angaphandle akhathalela idiphozi ye-Udokan . Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza kahle kwezomnotho kombhede kwaqinisekiswa ngabameleli bakaBateman Engineering NV. Le nkampani yenza ukuhlaziywa kokuqhathaniswa kobuchwepheshe kanye nesisekelo sokwakheka kwezobuchwepheshe ekudaleni iphrojekthi yezimayini nezitshalo ze-metallurgical. Ukuhlolwa kwezezimboni ze-pool ores sekuqalile kakade. Imiphumela yemisebenzi isetshenziselwa ukwenza i-database eyengeziwe yokwenza isifundo sokufezeka. Okwamanje, ukuhluka okukhethwayo kwaloluhlelo sekuvele kushicilelwe. – автоклавное выщелачивание концентрата. Ochwepheshe be-Bateman Engineering NV banikeze ubuchwepheshe obuyingqayizivele bokucubungula i-ore evela e-Udokan deposit - i-autoclave leaching yokugxila. Le ndlela ayingakaze isetshenziswe ku-metallurgy yasekhaya. Ukusebenzisa le ndlela, ukwakheka kwegesi lesithando kuqedwa ngokuphelele futhi umthamo wezinto eziphilayo unciphile kakhulu.

Amathemba

Cishe kanyekanye nokuqala kweBateman Engineering NV, imisebenzi yaqala ukwamukela izinqolobane ngokusho kwamazinga wezwe we-JORC. Lokhu kuzokwandisa ukukhangiswa kokutshala izimali kwechibi. Idiphozi ye-Udokan ithuthukiswa ngendlela evulekile. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi amathani ayizigidi ezingu-36 ze-ore azocutshungulwa njalo ngonyaka. Ukuhlangana, kuzokwenza ukuthi kuvezwe amathani angaphezu kuka-470 000 we-cathode, ithatha amathani angaphezu kwangu-270 esiliva.

Imizimba ye-Ore

Zimelwe yi-deposit lenticular ne-stratified deposits, eziyinkimbinkimbi ekuhlelweni kwazo. Ngokuvamisekile, zinezintambo futhi zitholakala ngendlela engavamile. Kwezinye izindawo kunezidumbu eziningana, ezisendaweni ka-2-3 km ngokugcoba. Ikhulu kunazo zonke futhi zicebile kakhulu zitholakala enyakatho ye-Naminggin brachinsinklery. Zihluke ekunciphiseni okujwayelekile kweNingizimu-ntshonalanga. Engxenyeni eseningizimu, kunciphisa okuphawulekayo ekubunjeni kwamagatsha omba.

Isakhiwo

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi sinqunywe ngokushintshana kokubili kanye nokushintshana okuphindaphindiwe kwezendlalelo zokuhluka okuhlukene kokunciphisa kokubili kokuhambisana nesiteleka nokuwa, kanye nokuqondisa kwamandla. Kulesi sixhumano, zihanjiswe ngesimo se-"pie puff". Ukuphulwa okuvamile kokuhlanganiswa kwemizimba kubonakala, ikakhulukazi emagqumeni. Lokhu kungenxa yobukhona bezingxenye ezingekho ore. Lokhu kuboniswa ekuguqulweni kwenkampani yokumbiwa kwe-ore mineralization kusuka ku-1 kuya ku-0.2. Amaphesenti aphakathi angama-0.6-0.8. Ubuningi bezingxenye ezine-ore and weakly-frozen zihluka kusukela engxenyeni yamamitha kuya ku-5 m. Kuye kwacaciswa ukuthi abalayini abacebile kakhulu bama-ore nama-lens bavinjelwe ezindaweni zokukhukhula, ngokucacile kuboniswa ekuthunzeni komfula kanye nokuthunjwa kwendawo. Lapho kusatshalaliswa ama-ores amancane aqoshiwe amatshe amatshe ase-quartzite-like, amaphethini abonakalayo awavezwanga. Imikhawulo yokukhiqiza inqunywe kusuka kudatha yesampula.

Imikhiqizo emikhulu

Njengoba izokwenza isenzo se-copper cathode (ibanga A ngokuhlukaniswa kweLondon Metals Exchange) kanye nezingotsheni zesiliva uDore. Abathengi abakhulu bokugxila kuyiChina kanye namabhizinisi asekhaya. Izinto zokucwenga zethusi zaseRussia sezivele zingekho izinto zokusetshenziswa. Ukuntuleka kokugxila kunciphisa ukuthuthukiswa kwamabhizinisi aseShayina okhiqiza ithusi elungisiwe. Ngenxa yokuthi ibanga elincane eliqhathaniswa neChita, ukukhiqizwa komgodla kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokwenza izinto ezibonakalayo. Eminyakeni elandelayo, isidingo sokugxila senzelwe ukwanda. Lokhu kungenxa yokwanda komthamo wokukhiqizwa kwe-electrolysis eJapane, eRussia naseChina.

Isiphetho

Iziphathimandla zeTransbaikal zifaka ithemba elikhulu kulo msebenzi wokuthuthukiswa kwediphozi yaseDudokan. Ukusebenza okuqinile kwebhizinisi kuyovumela ukuletha ukusebenza kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezine. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingqalasizinda izoba yamuva, ukukhokha kwentela kwisabelomali sesifunda kuyokwandisa, izinhlelo zenhlalakahle zokuthuthukiswa kwezizwe ezincane nezengcweti zendawo zizosetshenziswa. Ngokweningi lezazi, akunakwenzeka ukuhlehlisa ukuthuthukiswa kwensimu, ngoba lokhu kungathinta ukuphepha kwezomnotho ezweni. Njengamanje, ukufunwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kuhlanganiswa yizingodo ze-Urals neTaimyr. Kodwa-ke, izimpahla zabo ziphelile ukukhathala. Inkundla ye-Udokan izokwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zomkhakha okungenani isigamu sekhulu. Ngaphandle kwalokho, kukhona usongo lokunciphisa ukukhiqizwa. Lokhu, kuyobe kuhlanganisa ukuwohloka kwesimo sezenhlalakahle nezomnotho sezindawo zethusi ezenziwa ngethusi.