Sturmovik "Grach" Su-25: incazelo, izici zobuchwepheshe, isithombe

Izenzakalo eSiriya kanye nokubamba iqhaza kweqembu laseRussia phakathi kwazo zaveza ipaki yezobuchwepheshe ze-Air Force yethu. Kungaba okunengqondo ukucabanga ukuthi izindiza zanamuhla zizosetshenziselwa ukufeza umsebenzi endaweni yesinye izwe, ngoba inani lezingxabano alinkulu. Phakathi kwezindiza ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise ne-newest, kudonsela ukunakwa kwe-Su-25 "Grach", eyazibonakalisa phakathi nempi yase-Afghanistan. Umele ukuthini? Le moto idume izimfanelo zayo zokulwa, izinganekwane mayelana nayo.

Ukuvela komqondo

Isidingo semoto enjalo amasosha aseSoviet azizwa engxenyeni yesibili yama-60. Ngaleso sikhathi, izibonelo ezithandwa kakhulu zezinto ezihamba ngezindiza ze-USSR Air Force zaziyizindiza zokulwa eziphambili ze-MiG-21, i-MiG-23, i-MiG-19, i-Su-7B ne-Yak-28. Abanye babo ngesikhathi sokuzivocavoca kwenziwa ukuhlaselwa kwezikhundla zesitha esivamile, kodwa futhi kwacaca nakwabechwepheshe ukuthi ezimweni zangempela zempi imiphumela yezimangalo zomoya angeke ibe mnandi kakhulu. Iqiniso liwukuthi nazo zonke izinzuzo zalo, le nqubo yadalwa eminye imisebenzi. Ngokuyinhloko, lawa angamaphutha, anesimiso sokungaphandle kwangaphandle kwezikhali ezengeziwe zomhlaba. Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona izivunguvungu (isibonelo, i-Su-7B efanayo), kodwa ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwe-front-level yokuvikela emoyeni ekamu labamelene nabo kwakungekho ithemba elikhulu. Kwakukhona iMpi yaseVietnam, eyanikeza ithuba eliyingqayizivele lokutadisha okuhlangenwe nakho kwabashayeli basezindiza baseMelika (ngokuvamile badabukisayo) nokubona isithombe esiphezulu sezindiza ezisekela ukuqhutshwa komhlaba.

Incazelo yezabelo zobuchwepheshe

Ngo-1969, amahhovisi ezindawo ezindiza ngezindiza eziningana, kuhlanganise nalawo adume kakhulu (uMikoyan, Yakovlev, Ilyushin, Sukhoi) bamenywa ukuba bahlanganyele emncintiswaneni wokuklanywa kwezindiza zokusekela phambili ezingaphambili. Zonke lezi zakhiwo zaziphethe isitayela sabo, isikole kanye nesipiliyoni, kuhlanganise nalabo abathola ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Elikhulu. Ekupheleni kweminyaka engamashumi amathathu, akukho okunye ngaphandle kukaS. V. Ilyushin owadala i-Il-2 ehlasele indiza, eyenza lo msebenzi wokulwa. Manje kwakudingeka senze okuthile okufanayo, kuphela ngokucabangela isikhathi esisha sokusebenza. Indiza, ngokusho kwebutho, kufanele ibe nalezi zimfanelo ezilandelayo:

• Ikhono lokusiza ngokuphumelelayo amabutho omhlaba emdlalweni wezemidlalo;
• Ikhono lokwenza imishini yokulwa ngehora futhi kunoma yikuphi ukubonakala, ngisho ne-zero;
• Konke-sezulu;
• Ukusinda okuphezulu, kuboniswe ngokumelene nokushisa komlilo kwesitha;
• Ukuqothula umlilo omkhulu kanye nezikhali ezihlukahlukene zezikhali, kuhlanganise nezikhali eziqondile;
• Indiza kufanele ibe yinto elula, engathobeki ezimweni zokusebenza futhi kulula ukusebenza.

I-Sukhoi Design Bureau inqobile umncintiswano, yanikeza umdwebo we-T-8, owaba yisibonelo sezindiza zokuhlaselwa emgwaqweni wokuqala we-armored "Grach" Su-25.

Iminyaka eyishumi yomsebenzi

Asikho isidingo sokutshela imininingwane egcwele mayelana nokuthi le ndege yenzelwe kanjani. Wenza ukukhishwa kwakhe kokuqala ngo-1975 (umshayeli wokuhlola - Ilyushin), futhi ngakulandelayo kwakukhona amasu okukhiqizwa kwe-serial (i-tbilisi yemboni yezindiza). Enye iminyaka emine yayisebenza ekuthuthukiseni, futhi ngo-1979, ukukhululwa kwaqala. Ilawulwa yiPhalamende leprojekthi uSimonov no-O. S. Samoilovich. I-Sturmovik Su-25 "Grach" yabonisa izici ezimangalisayo kangangokuthi ngokushesha waqala ukusebenza emasosha phezu kwezifundazwe zase-Afghanistan, ngaleyo ndlela wenza ukuhlolwa kwezilingo ezimweni zangempela zokulwa.

Ukwakhiwa

Ekubukeni, le ndiza iyaqondakali, ine-silhouette ethile "ephikisayo", ngenxa yesikhumulo esikhulu sephethiloli esitholakala ngemuva kwekhishi lomshayeli, kodwa umbono uyakhohlisa. I-Su-25 Grach yakhiwe ngokuvumelana nesimiso esivamile se-monoplane. Iphiko libekwe phezulu, i-fuselage iyabhekwa. Ukuvuthwa nakho akufani nanoma yikuphi ukuqala. Iphiko lide, elinendawo yonke engaphezu kwamamitha ayisishiyagalolunye angama-square. M, nge-sweep encane. Akukho lutho okumangalisa ngalokhu: I-Su-25 Grach iyi-stormtrooper engezansi, ayidingi isivinini esikhulu. Angakwazi ukuhamba ngokuzulazula ngekhasi ngendlela engama-30 degree angama-700 km / h. I-chassis ihamba ngezinyawo ezintathu, iposi lempumpo liyancipha ukuze lingaphazamisi isibhamu. Kukhona amathangi amahlanu kagesi: amabili ezindizeni, eyodwa ephakathi kwephiko, nezinye ezimbili ngaphakathi kwe-fuselage. Babalwa ngamathani amathathu we-diesel. Ngokuhlelekile, kunamathangi amabili okumiswa. Ngokuvamile, kusukela ekubukeni kokuqala kwe-"Grach" Su-25 - indiza evamile, ngaphandle kwe-zatey. Izimangaliso ziboniswa ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwezici zayo.

Isikhali sinamandla

Ngokucabangela, ukufana kwesihlobo esikude se-IL-2 sinokukwazi ukusebenza ezindaweni eziphansi ngaphansi komlilo wezinqola zokulwa nezikhali futhi, mhlawumbe, izinhlelo zokuzivikela zomoya. Ukuze indiza ingakwazi ukumelana nalezi zinto ezilimazayo, abadwebi kwakudingeka badonsa okuningi. I-Su-25 "Grach" - izindiza zokuhlasela ezithintekayo zempi - inamaphesenti angaba ngu-7% weqhaza layo eliphelele kusukela ekuvikelweni okuncane. Okokuqala kuqondene nomshayeli. Emuva kwakhe ihlanganisa ikhanda le-headrest, phambi - i-unit armored triplex 6.5-cm, futhi ezinhlangothini - titanium esindayo. Ama-node nezinhlangano ezibalulekile zivikelwe ngokufanele, izinhlelo ziphindwe kabili. Umsebenzi obunzima kakhulu kwakuwukunqotshwa ngisho ne-Stinger Su-25 Grach. Indiza ye-Soviet armored subsonic yokuhlaselwa yayibuyela ezindizeni zezindiza ngezimbobo eziningi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho ne-injini esontekile, ngakwesobunxele.

I-Firepower

Amandla amakhulu okubulala alo moya ahlaselwa ngaphansi kwezindiza, ngamaphuzu ayishumi okumiswa kwangaphandle. Eyisishiyagalombili zazo zenzelwe ubukhulu be-semitone. Umthwalo wokulwa uwonke ungama-4.4 amathani. Ukuqhathanisa: ukuhamba kwe-An-26 kuthatha ibanga elingamathani ayi-6. Inani lezikhali ezisetshenziselwa indiza lifinyelela ku-32, futhi likwazi ukufakwa kuma-pylons ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi imicibisholo eqondiswe futhi engabonakali eyenzelwe ukunqoba imikhosi yomhlabathi nomoya, amabhomu emoyeni azo zonke izinhlobo, amathangi ne-napalm (500 kg ngamunye) futhi Izigxobo ze-cannon zokumiswa. Kukhona futhi ukufakwa kwamapulangwe amabili okuhlanganiswa kwamapulangwe okuyi-30mm (GSh-30). Kunzima ngisho nokunquma ukuthi ungabiza kanjani i-Su-25 ngokufanele: "Grach" noma "tank flying"? Ukuqhathaniswa ngeke kuhambisane nomhlaba "osebenza naye".

Ukunakekela umshayeli

Ngesikhathi abaqhubi bezindiza abahamba phambili bezama ukushayela izifo, bafa kaningi. Izimo ezikhethekile zomsebenzi wokulwa, izindawo eziphakeme kanye nokungabikho kwezinhlanzi ezithintekayo. Isihlalo sobuhlalo se-K-36L, esine-Rook "Su-25, siyosindisa umshayeli, ngisho noma kudingeka ashiye imoto endaweni ephakeme kakhulu ngesivinini sezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ngehora. Kungase kube yinto engazi lutho (isibonelo, emva kokuthola ukugqithisa okukhulu), kulokhu, ukulungiswa okuphoqelelwe kuzosebenza, futhi isikhundla esinqamile esikhaleni sizoshintshwa ngokuzenzakalelayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphila komshayeli wezokushayela kugcina izinga eliphakeme lokuphepha lezi zikhali ezibalulwe ngenhla. Ngesikhathi sonke sokusebenza, kufaka phakathi nezimo zokulwa, ngenxa yokufa komshayeli emoyeni, akusikho i-Grach eyodwa-25 eyayilahlekile. Izikhali ezihlasele izikhali zingamelana nokushaya ngqo kwegobolondo.

Ezimpi

"Kwaqamba" le ndege, njengoba sekushiwo kakade kulesi sihloko, emazulwini ashisayo ase-Afghanistan. Uma ekuqaleni kwezingxabano i-Soviet aircraft yazizwa iphephile, ngakho-ke phakathi naphakathi kwamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye ama-Mujahideen amaqoqo atholakele "kumngane wabo waseMelika" ezinkampanini zokuzivikela zomoya, okwakunzima kakhulu kokubili imisebenzi yokuhamba nokulwa. Noma kunjalo, abagibeli abashayela amaphuzu ahlasela ama-Su-25 "Grach" ngesikhathi seminyaka eyisishiyagalombili yempi benza amakhophi angaba ngu-60 000, okuyilowo nalowo owawusebenza kahle. Isizathu sokusebenza okuphezulu kwakuyisistimu yokubona i-ASP-17BTS-8, okuqinisekisa ukuchithwa kwe-hit, nezinye izinombolo eziningi ze-avionics, kuhlanganise nobuchwepheshe be-laser. Inendima ebalulekile yadlala nayo izicupho zokushisa eziphazamisa iStinger ezivela endizeni - zazisetshenziswa kakhulu kwezinye izindiza zeSoviet ezihamba ngenkundla yezemidlalo yase Afghan. E-DRA, izindiza ezingu-23 zalahleka, "ukuhlaselwa ukudubula" kwamahora angu-2,800 amahora (lokhu okuningi). Amapulangwe amaGrach Su-25 enza okwakhiwa kwezinguquko ezingu-139 ezisezingeni eliphezulu emaphuzu okuphikiswa kweMujahideen, futhi ababili kuphela abahluleka ukufeza umgomo wabo.

I-Sturmovik yaba yiyona "eyinhloko" emkhankasweni wokuqala waseCherchen (1994-1996), ngalesi sikhathi izimbangi zashaya phansi amayunithi amane. Izinkonzo zakhe zinkulu esigabeni sesibili sempikiswano, emva kwalokho ezweni, ekugcineni, umhlaba ubusa.

Izici ezinhle kakhulu, ukwethenjelwa nokungazitholi kwendiza kwafaka isandla ekunikezeni kwamanye amazwe. Ihlanganisa ukuvikela amanye amazwe, kuhlanganise nalawo ayeyingxenye ye-bloc ye-Warsaw. Kuyadabukisa, kodwa isikhangiso esiphezulu sezindiza zempi ukubamba iqhaza kwakhe empini zendawo, ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-XX nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XXI kwakwanele. I-Soviet flight aircraft yalwa e-Angola (1975-2002), i-Iraq (1980-1988), iTajikistan (1992-1997), i-Abkhazia (1992-1993), iKarabakh (1991-1994), iCongo, i-Ethiopia (1998-2000), eMakedoniya 2001), futhi e-Iraq (1991) nakwezinye izindawo "ezishisayo". Uhlu oludabukisayo ngo-2014 luqhubeka u-Ukraine.

Ngaphambi kwenkonzo ende

Ngesikhathi "ubungane obuhle" ne-United States, kwakukhona "uhlobo lokuhlangenwe nakho" phakathi kwabasebenzi bezempi zalezi zikhulu ezimbili, lapho babe nethuba lokuqhathanisa amasampula wezikhali ezehlukene. Ngokuyinhloko, abaqhubi bezindiza baseMelika banikezwa ithuba lokuhlola ukukwazi ukuhamba kwe-Gra-Su-25. Abashayeli bezindiza abanokuhlangenwe nakho, abasebenza iminyaka eminingi e-US Air Force, bajabulisa indiza enjengobonakala elula, okubonakala ukuthi kulula ukuyilawula. Naphezu kweminyaka ehloniphekile yentuthuko nokuphela kokukhiqizwa kwayo, indiza yokuhlasela ayizange iphele amandla ayo. Njengamanje, i-Air Force ne-Navy YaseRussia isaziso mayelana nama-"Rooks" angu-240 wokuguqulwa okuhlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabutho amanye amazwe awasheshi ukumthumelela. Iningi labo livela eBelarus (cishe ikhulu) nase-Ukraine (35), kodwa abagibeli bezindiza bahlolwa ngamanye amazwe ayishumi nambili. Kusukela ngo-1999, kuye kwaba nokusebenza okujulile kwemikhumbi yobuchwepheshe ye-Russian Air Force, kuhlanganise nezindiza ze-Su-25 Grach. Indiza ye-armored yaseRussia ehlasela izinsimbi izobe isebenza okungenani kuze kube ngu-2020.