I-rocket injini yokuhlola: ukuhlolwa, isimiso sokusebenza, izinzuzo

Ukunqotshwa kwendawo yangaphandle kuhlotshaniswa ngokungahambisani nezinkampani zemishini. Inhliziyo yanoma iyiphi i-rocket yenethiwekhi iyinjini yayo. Kumelwe athuthukise i-space velocity yokuqala - engaba ngu-7.9 km / s, ukuletha izinkanyezi zibe yi-orbit, futhi isikhala sesibili ukunqoba insimu yokuvuthwa kweplanethi. Ukufeza lokhu akulula, kodwa ososayensi bahlale befuna izindlela ezintsha zokuxazulula le nkinga. Abaqambi baseRussia baqhubekela phambili futhi baphumelela ukuthuthukisa i-rocket detonation engine, okuhlolwayo okwaphumelela. Le mpumelelo ingabizwa ngokuthi ukuphumelela kwangempela emkhakheni wobunjiniyela besikhala.

Izici Ezintsha

Kungani izinjini zokudonsa zinethemba eliphezulu? Ngokusho kososayensi, amandla abo azoba izikhathi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-10 ngaphezu kwamandla ama-rocket ekhona. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bayodla amafutha amaningi kakhulu, futhi ukukhiqizwa kwabo kuzovezwa yizindleko eziphansi kanye nenzuzo. Iyini isizathu salokhu?

Konke mayelana nokusabela kwe-oxidation kwephethiloli. Uma ema rockets lanamuhla inqubo ye-deflagration isetshenzisiwe - i-slow (subsonic) evuthayo yamapayipi ngesikhathi sokucindezela njalo, ngakho-ke imisebenzi ye-rocket injini eyenziwa ngenxa yokuqhuma, ukuxoshwa kwengxube enokushisa. Itshisa ngejubane eliphezulu ngokukhululwa kwesamba esikhulu samandla ashisayo ngesikhathi esifanayo nokusabalalisa kwe-wave shock. Ukuthuthukiswa nokuhlolwa kohlobo lweRussia lwama-detonation olwenziwa yi-injection ekhethekile lwenziwa yi-laboratory ekhethekile "I-detonation liquid rocket engines" njengengxenye yenkimbinkimbi yokukhiqizwa kwe-Energomash.

I-Excellence of New Engines

Ukutadisha nokuthuthukiswa kwezinjini zokukhwabanisa kuqhutshwa ngabosayensi bezwe abahola iminyaka engu-70. Isizathu esiyinhloko esivimbela ukwakhiwa kwalolu hlobo lwe injini ukushisa okungalawulwa okungalawulwa kwephethiloli. Ukwengeza, i-ajenda yayihlanganisa imisebenzi yokuxuba ngokucophelela kwe-fuel and oxidizer, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kombhobho kanye nokudla emoyeni. Njengoba usuxazulule lezi zinkinga, kuyokwenzeka ukwakhiwa kwenjini ye-rocket, okuyinto ngezici zayo zobuchwepheshe ezothatha isikhathi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ososayensi babiza izinzuzo ezinjalo:

1. Ikhono lokuthuthukisa isivinini emazingeni angaphansi kwe-subsonic ne-hypersonic.
2. Ukukhishwa ekwakheni izingxenye eziningi ezihambayo.
3. Inani eliphansi kanye nezindleko zesitshalo samandla.
4. Ukusebenza kahle kwe-thermodynamic.

Ngokuyinhloko lolu hlobo lwenjini alukwenziwanga. Ngokokuqala ngqa wahlolwa ezindiza ezindiza ezindizayo ngo-2008. I-injonation engine ye-rocket yenethiwekhi yayihlolwa okokuqala ngososayensi baseRussia. Yingakho lo mcimbi unikezwa ukubaluleka okukhulu.

Isimiso sokusebenza: i-pulsed futhi iqhubeka

Njengamanje, ososayensi bahlakulela amadivaysi enqubo yokusebenza evuthayo futhi eqhubekayo. Isimiso se-rocket injini ye-rocket ne-pulse scheme yokusebenza isekelwe ekugcwaliseni i-cyclic ekamelweni lokushisa ngenhlanganisela enokushisa, ukushisa kwayo okulandelayo nokukhishwa kwemikhiqizo evuthayo emvelweni. Ngakho-ke, ngenqubo eqhubekayo, uphethiloli uphelelwa ngokuqhubekayo ekamelweni lokushisa, uphethiloli uvutha kumagagasi owodwa noma amaningi okudonswa okuqhubekayo kuwo wonke ukugeleza. Izinzuzo zezinjini ezinjalo yizi:

1. Ukushisa okukodwa kwesikhathi sikafutha.
2. Ukwakhiwa okulula.
3. Usayizi omncane nesisindo sokufaka.
4. Ukusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo komxube ongahlabelayo.
5. Izinga eliphansi lomsindo okhiqiziwe, ukudlidliza nokukhishwa okulimazayo.

Ngombono, ukusebenzisa lezi zinzuzo, injini ye-rocket ye-liquid detectation ye-scheme yokusebenza eqhubekayo izosusa zonke izifakiwe ezikhona ngenxa yobukhulu bayo nobukhulu bayo.

Izivivinyo zenjini yokudonsa

Ukuhlolwa kokuqala kwesitshalo semfuyo yasemakhaya kwenziwa ngaphansi kohlaka lweprojekthi elungulwe uMnyango Wezemfundo neSayensi. Njengombukiso, injini encane enegumbi lokushisa elingu-100 mm ububanzi futhi ububanzi besiteshi esingangonyaka ka-5 mm bulethwe. Izivivinyo zenziwa ebhentshini elikhethekile lokuhlola, izinkomba zabhalwa lapho zisebenza ngezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zengxube engaguquki - i-hydrogen-oxygen, igesi yemvelo-oksijini, i-propane-butane-oxygen.

Izivivinyo ze-rocket injini ye-oxygen-hydrogen fuel ziye zafakazela ukuthi umjikelezo we-thermodynamic walezi zingxenye usebenza ngokuphumelelayo ngo-7% kunezinye izitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaqinisekiswa ngokuqinisekisayo ukuthi njengoba inani lemfuyo likhuphuka, ukugxila kanye nenani lamagagasi okuqothula kanye nokwanda kwejubane lokujikeleza.

Ama-Analog kwamanye amazwe

Ososayensi abavela emazweni ahamba phambili bahlanganyele ekuthuthukiseni izinjini zokuqothula. Impumelelo enkulu kunazo zonke kule ndlela yafezwa ngabakhiqizi base-USA. Ezikhulwini zabo baqaphela indlela engaphazanyiswa yokusebenza, noma yokujikeleza. Amasu wezempi ase-US ukusebenzisa lezi zikhungo ukuhlomisa imikhumbi yomhlaba. Ngenxa yobuncane babo obukhulu namancane amancane, abanamandla okukhipha, bazosiza ukwandisa ukusebenza kwezimoto zokulwa.

Ingxube ye-stoichiometric ye-hydrogen ne-oxygen isebenzisa umsebenzi wayo i-American detonation rocket engine. Izinzuzo zomthombo onjalo wamandla ikakhulukazi ezomnotho - i-oksijeni ishisa ngokulinganayo okudingekayo ukuze kusetshenziswe i-hydrogen. Manje uhulumeni wase-US uchitha amadola ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane ukuhlinzeka ngemikhumbi yezempi nge-carbon fuel. I-fuel stoichiometric izokwehlisa izindleko ngezikhathi eziningana.

Izikhombandlela ezengeziwe zentuthuko namathemba

Idatha entsha etholakale ngenxa yokuhlolwa kwe-engine detonation inqume ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezintsha ezisemqoka ekwakheni uhlelo lokusebenza ngamakhemikhali aphikisayo. Kodwa ukusebenza kwezinjini ezinjalo kumele kube nokushisa okuphezulu kokushisa ngokubheka inani elikhulu lokukhishwa kwamandla okushisa. Okwamanje, kusetshenzwa isambatho esikhethekile, esizoqinisekisa ukuthi ukusebenza komshini oshisayo ngaphansi komthelela ophezulu wokushisa. Indawo ekhethekile ekucwaningeni okuqhubekayo yilapho kudalwa amakhanda okuxuba, ngosizo lapho kuzokwazi ukuthola khona amaconsi okushisa okubangelwa umlilo, ukuhlushwa nokubunjwa. Ngokuxazulula lezi zinkinga, kuzokwenziwa injini entsha ye-rocket ye-rocket engine, ezokwenza isisekelo seklasi elisha lama-rocket carrier.