Imikhumbi ye-Cargo kanye nesigaba sabo

Noma yikuphi ukuhlukaniswa kwemikhumbi yasekhaya kuxhomeke ngokuyinhloko ngenhloso yabo. Imikhumbi ye-Cargo ihlelwa ngendlela efanayo. Abantu abanomphakathi bahlukaniswe ekudobeni, ezokuthutha, ezisezikhungweni zobuchwepheshe kanye nezinsizakalo ezisizayo.

Ezokuthutha

Le mikhumbi yempahla iyinhloko esemqoka yomfula kanye nemikhumbi yasolwandle. Zenzelwe ukuthwala izinto ezihlukahlukene. Leli qembu linesigaba sayo sangaphakathi: imikhumbi yempahla, imithwalo kanye nomgibeli kanye nokukhethekile. Eqinisweni, imithwalo yempahla iyinqwaba futhi iyomile, futhi ihlanganisa imikhumbi yezinhloso nezinhlobo ezehlukene.

Ngayinye yalezi zinhlobo izocatshangelwa ngokuningiliziwe, kufaka phakathi imikhumbi eyomile yemikhumbi eyomile kanye nezinkampani ezikhethekile eziphethe izimpahla ezicacisiwe. Imikhumbi ye-Cargo ehloselwe ukuthutha jikelele isetshenziswa ngokujwayelekile. Ziluhlobo oluvame kakhulu.

Imikhumbi eyomile yempahla

Imikhumbi eyomile yemithwalo yempahla iyimikhumbi enezindawo ezincane eziphethe yonke ingxenye yazo enkulu. Ziyingxenye eyodwa, ezimbili-nantathu, ngokuya ngobukhulu bomkhumbi. Esigumbini se injini ngokuvamile kuvamise i-diesel unit, itholakale ngasemuva, noma ishintshe eduze nekhala ukuze imithwalo encane ibambe. Ngomsebenzi ngamunye wokubamba impahla, imikhumbi yempahla ihlinzekela i-hatch yayo noma ngisho neyodwa evala ngokuzenzakalelayo.

Izindlela ze-Cargo ziyi-cranes noma imicibisholo ngayinye ekhokhwa ngamathani angama-10, futhi izitsha ezisindayo zinikezwa futhi zinamandla-amathani angamakhulu amabili. Izitsha zanamuhla zokudoba zasolwandle zineziqandisini ezithwala imithwalo engapheliyo kanye namadiptha okudla amafutha anamanzi. Kodwa imikhumbi eyomile yomfula, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isayizi nobani, inamathenda owodwa kuphela, ngakho-ke kulula kakhulu ukuqhuba nokulayisha imishini.

Izitsha ezikhethekile

Lezi zithwala eziningi zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu eziqandisini, i-trailer, imikhumbi yamabhodlela, amaloli amatshe, imikhumbi yokuthutha izimoto, impahla enkulu, imfuyo kanye nokunye okunjalo. Izikhumbi zokuthutha imikhiqizo elahlekayo - izithelo, inhlanzi noma inyama. Ezimpahla zithwala - ukufaka ukushisa okuphephile, ukwehlukaniswa kwamafutha esiqandisini, ukuhlinzeka ngokupholisa njalo ngezinga lokushisa kwama-degree angamahlanu kuya kokungamashumi amabili nanhlanu. Iziqandisini zanamuhla azikwazi ukugcina izinga lokushisa kuphela, kodwa futhi zikhiqiza amafriji okusheshayo, zingabase-friji zokukhiqiza nezokuthutha. Izimpahla ezomile ezihloselwe izithelo zokuthutha zihlomele ukuphuza umoya okuphephile kwazo zonke.

Izici zobuchwepheshe zemikhumbi yempahla zihlinzekela umthwalo wokuthwala imithwalo yamathani angamakhulu ayishumi nambili, ijubane lemikhumbi eyomile-imithwalo liphakeme kunalokho okwenzelwe imikhumbi jikelele, ngoba imikhiqizo iyalahleka futhi idinga ukulethwa okusheshayo okunokwenzeka. Iziqukathi zokuthutha izimpahla ezithungelisiwe ngaphambilini ezitsheni ezilinganisa amathani ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi kuya kwamanye amabili, futhi umkhumbi ngokwayo uphakamisa amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili futhi uhamba ngesivinini sezingu-30. Iziqukathi zilayishwa ngokushesha futhi kalula futhi zilayishwa ngenxa yokuthi umkhumbi wemikhumbi yemikhumbi uvumelanisiwe ukuze uvule ngokubanzi ngaphezu kwezindleko. Ngokuvamile, ukulayishwa nokulayishwa ngokulayishwa kwenziwa nge-terminal - izigqoko zokungena. Amaloli ezinkuni awuhlobo lwemikhumbi yemikhumbi, yizingqimba, ezibizwa ngokuthi yi-lightweight carrier, zikhishwa emkhunjini ngqo emanzini futhi zihanjelwe emgodini.

Amathrekhi

Lolu hlobo lwemikhumbi lunamandla wonke olwandle namuhla, ngoba lo mkhumbi unamandla, uhamba ngokushesha futhi uvumela ukuba ulayishe ngokushesha futhi ulayishe ngokushesha - cishe izikhathi eziyishumi kunemikhumbi engabhalwa ngamakhamela akhethekile, lapho imithwalo yempahla isuke ingeniswa futhi ithathwe emkhunjini. Ukuthuthukiswa kwezezimboni kuye kwanda kakhulu futhi kwaqinisa ukuhwebelana phakathi kwamazwe, manje kuyadingeka ukuthutha imishini yokwakha, imishini yezolimo kanye nezokuthutha emakhilomitha amade. Imikhumbi yemikhumbi yezilwandle nemifula yenza imisebenzi enhle ngangokunokwenzeka.

Amathrekhi athatha izinto ezithuthumayo, ezivele zigijimele ezigodini. Umthamo wemithwalo wezinqola uvela kumathani ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi kuya kwezingu-10, futhi ijubane lingama-knots angamashumi amabili nesithupha. Lona uhlobo oluthembisayo kakhulu lwamanje lomkhumbi wezimpahla kuze kube yimanje. Bahlale bethuthukiswa. Ama-trailers amaningi, ngaphezu kwezimpahla ezigciniwe, ajwayele ukuthwala iziqukathi ekhoneni eliphezulu. Izitsha ezinjalo zaze zathola negama layo - i-piggyback.

Abathwali bezinqwaba

Izimpahla ezinqwaba zihanjiswa yizikebhe ezikhethekile - izithwali eziningi. Kungaba yi-ore kanye ne-ore concentrates, amalahle, ama-fertilizer amaminerali, izinto zokwakha, okusanhlamvu nokunye okunjalo. Amaphesenti angaba ngu-70 azo zonke izimpahla ezomile ezithunyelwa olwandle noma emigwaqweni yemifula yilezi zimpahla eziningi kakhulu, ngakho-ke inani lezimoto likhula ngokushesha kakhulu: namuhla ngaphezu kwamaphesenti angama-20 we-tonnage yezimoto zomhlaba kungokwalabo hlobo.

Ababhikishi bahlukaniswe yonke indawo, ngenxa yempahla enzima nokukhanya. Imikhumbi eminingi ishintshaniswa ngenjongo yombili: kukhona i-ore, i-oyela emuva noma izimoto, noma ikotini, noma yini. Lolu hlobo - izitsha zokudonsa okukodwa, ezine-superstructure kanye negumbi lezinjini ngemuva. Ukukhokhwa kumane kukhulu kakhulu - kuze kube ngamathani ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu namashumi amahlanu, kodwa ijubane alikho phezulu - kuze kufike kuma-knots ayishumi nesithupha. I-Cargo ihanjiswe ngezindonga ezithambekele zokuzisakaza kwezimpahla zombili - zombili ngesikhatsi nangemuva. Phakathi kwehlangothini nasezindongeni kukhona amathangi amanzi e-ballast. Ngezinye izikhathi kulezi zimboni zenziwe ama-bulkheads angama-longitudinal ukunciphisa umqulu, uma umthwalo ususwa endaweni, futhi phansi kwesibili kuklanyelwe ukuqiniswa nokugubha phansi ukuze kube lula ukusebenza kwempahla.

Izitsha ezizimele

Lolu hlobo lwemikhumbi luhlukaniswe ngamathangi emikhiqizo yamafutha, amafutha angcolile, amafutha okushisa, i-diesel, uphethiloli, i-diesel; On abathwali gas; Izitsha zokuthutha amakhemikhali - isibabule esincibilikisiwe, ama-asidi kanye nokunye okunjalo; Ezokuthutha izimpahla zamanzi - amanzi, iwayini, usimende. Amathangi ajwayelekile kunazo zonke emhlabeni: ezingaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-40 we-tonnage emhlabeni wonke. Lesi sitsha esisodwa esisodwa, isakhiwo esingenasisekelo nesigumbi se-injini sisemuva.

Ingxenye yezimpahla ihlukaniswe yi-bulkheads kumasebe abizwa ngamathangi. Ezinye zazo zikhonza njengebhola lamanzi ngendiza yokubuya. Emphuleni kukhona igumbi lepompo. Amathangi ayingozi kakhulu emlilweni, ngakho-ke anemishini enamandla yokulwa nomlilo. Ukulayisha umthamo wabo kusuka ezinkulungwaneni zamathani kusuka kubabeli kuya kwamathani ayizinkulungwane ezingamakhulu amane kusuka kubanikazi bama-supertankers - imikhumbi emikhulu yomhlaba. Izitsha zomfula nazo azilayishwa kakhulu, ezinye zibe namathani ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi nambili. Lezi futhi imikhumbi enamandla kakhulu yempahla. Isithombe esingenhla siyisitimela samanzi, futhi ngezansi kungumfula wamanzi.

Abathwali begesi

Le mikhumbi ithwala amagesi aphefumulayo - i-methane, i-propane, i-butane, i-ammonia, kanye nama-gesi emvelo, okuyizinto eziwusizo eziwusizo kanye nophethiloli omuhle kakhulu. Igazi evame ukugcoba, noma efakwe, noma ngaphansi kwengcindezi. Abathwali begesi ngaphansi kwemiklamo bahluke kakhulu emanzini, ngoba banamathangi amancane ase-cylindrical - aphezulu noma aqondile, aphephile noma ayingxubevange. Ukufakwa kwezimoto ezithwala igesi kufanele kube nokwethembeka kakhulu.

Imisebenzi ye-Cargo yenziwa ngokusebenzisa uhlelo olukhethekile, olufaka amaphampu, i-compressors, amapayipi kanye ne-tank ephakathi. I-Ballast emathangi okusebenza akufanele ithathwe, ngakho-ke ifakwe ezinhlangothini noma ngaphansi kwesithupha. Ukuthuthwa kwegesi kuqhuma njalo, ngakho-ke kunesistimu enamandla yokuphuza umoya kanye nama-alamu okuvuza kwegesi. Ukuqeda imililo kubonakala ngosizo lwe-carbon dioxide. Njengamanje, iklasi leziqukathi ezihlangene zifunwa, okuzuzisa kakhulu ukuthuthwa kolwandle nolwandle - ukugijima okungenalutho kukhishwe. Ngakho-ke, imikhiqizo yekotini ekhishwa ukotini, amafutha-izithuthi kanye nezitsha ezifanayo zivele.

URС-300

Kusukela ngo-1967 kuya ku-1984, abaphathi beprojekthi ye-388M "Umkhumbi we-Freight RS-300" wakhiqizwa emikhawulweni emithathu ye-USSR. Kwakhiwa amakhasimende angamakhulu ayisishiyagalombili nesishiyagalolunye nesithupha, phakathi kwabo labo ababekhonza njengezokudoba, ukudoba kanye nokudoba izimayini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesisekelo salomsebenzi othile, kwakukhona izitsha zokucwaninga ezingamashumi amathathu nantathu (isibonelo, "Ukuqapha" okudumile). Ngenhloso yocwaningo lwesayensi, cishe sekuyisishiyagalolunye imikhumbi enjalo isebenza.

Lapho iSoviet Union iphela, isidingo sabo sanyamalala, imikhumbi ethile yaba impahla yangasese, futhi iningi lazo likhonza futhi lahamba. Labo ababesele babephinde baphumelele njengabadobi. EMpumalanga Ekude, lezo zitsha, ezincane kakhulu, kuze kube yamuva, zisasebenza enkonzweni yokulinda emngceleni. Ngezandla zangasese ukudoba i-RS-300 kuhamba futhi manje.

Okunye ukuhlelwa

Ngaphezu kokuhlelwa ngokwegama, kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa imikhumbi yempahla kwezinye izizathu. Lesi yisimiso sokugcina amanzi, indawo yokuhamba, uhlobo lwe-injini, isimiso sokunyakaza, uhlobo lwe-propulsion, impahla kanye nokuma kwendawo. Isimiso sesondlo singaba yi-hydrodynamic - amaphiko angaphansi kwamanzi, umkhumbi womoya, i-glider, kanye ne-hydrostatic - i-cavern air, ukufuduka (abakwa-catamarans).

Isimiso sokunyakaza senza imikhumbi ibe yizimoto ezizimele - ngokufaka amandla kagesi, izimoto ezingekho-self-propelled - ezinezibhamu kanye nezikhwama, kanye nama-pontoons, ama-landing. Endaweni yokuhamba kuyokwazi ukuhlukanisa ulwandle, oluxubene (umfula-olwandle) kanye nemikhumbi ye-intanethi (emfuleni). Lezi zinsuku zihloselwe ukuhamba okuncane emanzini angaphakathi. Uhlobo lwe-injini enkulu luhlukanisa izitsha zempahla emikhumbi yemoto (injini yangaphakathi yomlilo) kanye nama-diesel (motor motor). Emkhunjini weNavy, futhi kusetshenziselwa imikhumbi ye-nuclear-powered and turbo-boats. Izindiza zihlukaniswa ngokusho kohlobo lokuqhutshwa kwesondo, isikebhe, i-jet-water, ne-air screws namaphiko. Uhlobo lwezinto ezikuleli cala lungaba yensimbi, i-fiberglass, ukhonkolo oluqinisiwe, ukhuni. Kanti futhi, imikhumbi ingakwazi ukuzithuthukisa futhi hhayi (i-barges).

Izindiza ze-Cargo

Indiza yemoto isetshenziselwa ukuthutha abagibeli, kodwa ezihlukahlukene zezimpahla nemishini. Ziyabonakala masinyane futhi zibonakale ngisho nangokubukeka okungenasisekelo. Amaphiko asezindaweni eziphakeme, ubukhulu be-hull, i-fuselage, ebonakalayo ngokucacile, "isikhala" esithile (ukuze imoto isondele emhlabathini ukuze ilayishwe kalula futhi ilayishwe kalula). Amasondo amaningi esiteshini, umsila omkhulu.

Ukuhamba kwezindiza kwaqala ngonyaka odlule 1911 - kusukela eposini. Yiqiniso, kwakungekho amaphrojekthi akhethekile, avele kuphela eminyakeni engamashumi amabili. Imoto yokuqala ye-cargo yakhiqizwa eJalimane - I-Air 232. Ngaphambi kwalokho, le mpahla yayithunyelwa nge "Junkers" engafanelekile. Ama-air liners, awenzelwe amaphrojekthi akhethekile okuthutha izimpahla, abizwa ngokuthi ama-freelancers. Awujwayele ukugibela abagibeli.

I-air carrier enkulu kakhulu yezimpahla

I-monster yangempela ehamba ngezinyawo - An-225 ("Mriya") yasungulwa e-Antonov Design Bureau ngo-1984, indiza yokuqala yaba ngo-1988. I-turbojet enjini eyisithupha eliphezulu, umsila womabili we-tailed kanye nephiko elikhukhulayo kwakudingeka lenze umthamo onjalo wemithwalo yempahla yokuthutha izingxenye zamakethikithi athuthelayo endaweni yokungena. Uhlelo lweSoviet lwesikhala saseBuran lwalusebenzisa ukusetshenziswa kwale ndege ethile, ekwazi ukukhulisa amathani angaphezu kwamakhulu amabili namashumi amahlanu.

I-Galaxy C-5 ye-Lockheed iyi-American flight aircraft ezalwa ngo-1968, imoto yezokuthutha ezempi ekwazi ukuphatha izinqola eziyisithupha ezithwele izikhali, amathangi amabili, izimoto ezine zokulwa, izinqola eziyisithupha ze-Apache. Hughes H-4 Hercules - uhlu olunamandla kakhulu lwango-1947 lokudalwa, amaphiko amaphakamitha ayisishiyagalolunye nesishiyagalombili. Manje kuyimyuziyamu yendiza, ngoba yenziwe ngekhophi eyodwa. I-Boeing 747-8I - indiza yomgibeli nomthwalo, ekhishwe ekukhiqizeni uchungechunge ngo-2008. Uphakamisa amathani angamakhulu amane namashumi amabili nantathu ekuqothulweni, kodwa ngaphandle kwempahla ethatha abantu abangamakhulu ayisithupha.