I-Weldability ye-steel: i-classification. Ama-weldability awakhiwe ama-steels

Steel - indaba esemqoka kwesakhiwo. Kuyinto ingxubevange yensimbi-carbon nge okuqukethwe ukungcola ahlukahlukene. Zonke izingxenye kufakwe ngezithako zawo, ukuthonya izakhiwo ingot. Omunye izici kwezobuchwepheshe izinsimbi yikhono yakha eliphezulu welds.

Ingabe Zikhona Izimo Ezenza sokunquma weldability ensimbi

Ukuhlolwa weldability ensimbi ezivezwa main Inkomba value - carbon okulingana C _EQ. Lokhu Coefficient okunemibandela sibonakalisa degree ithonya okuqukethwe carbon kanye main alloying izici izici weld.

Weldability ensimbi ehlaselwe lezi zinto ezilandelayo:

1. Okuqukethwe carbon.
2. Ukuba khona izinto.
3. I degree of alloying.
4. Buka microstructure.
5. zezemvelo.
6. ukujiya metal.

Umngcele we kakhulu ulwazi kuyinto ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali.

lezinsimbi namaqembu weldability

Sikhishwe zonke lezi zici, le weldability ensimbi sinezici ezahlukene.

Ukwahlukanisa lezinsimbi ngoba weldability.

• Okuhle (a ukubaluleka C _EQ ≥0,25%): ngokuba ongaphakeme izingxenye carbon steel; izimele ukushuba umkhiqizo, isimo sezulu, ukutholakala umsebenzi wokwenza amalungiselelo.
• Elamukelekayo (0.25% ≤S _EQ ≤0,35%): kulinganiselwe izimo imvelo futhi ububanzi we isakhiwo ukuba ashiselwe (izinga lokushisa -5, e sezulu ezolile, ukujiya 20 mm).
• Agodliwe (0.35% ≤S _EQ ≤0,45%): kumiswa izinga weld kudinga isibonisi odlule. Lokho kwenza "bushelelezi" ushintsho austenitic, ukwakheka ziqinisa izakhiwo (ferrite-pearlite, bainitic).
• Kubi (P _EQ ≥0,45%): kumiswa weld esitebeleni athutha awunakuba khona ngaphandle kokuthethelela odlule ukulungiselela lokushisa metal imiphetho, kanye ukwelashwa ukushisa okwalandela isakhiwo ashiselwe. Esebumba microstructure oyifunayo, Ukushisa ezengeziwe kanye nokupholisa uketshezi.

weldability amaQembu steel enza kube lula ukuba baphumelele kulolu izici zobuchwepheshe imikhiqizo ethile Welding yensimbi-carbon Alloys.

ukwelashwa ukushisa

Kuye iqembu elihambisana weldability ka lezinsimbi nezici kwezobuchwepheshe, izici ngokuhlanganyela ashiselwe kungase kushintshwe esebenzisa ngokulandelana lokushisa mathonya. Ukunikeza 4 indlela eyisisekelo ukwelashwa ukushisa: lukhuni, tempering, annealing futhi normalizing.

Okuvame kakhulu yiwona ukuqina futhi tempering ngoba nobulukhuni namandla kanyekanye weld, ukucindezeleka ekupholiseni, ekuvimbeleni ngokuhlaziya. tempering degree incike impahla kanye izakhiwo oyifunayo.

ukwelashwa ukushisa metal izakhiwo emsebenzini wokulungiselela Kwenziwa:

• annealing - okudambisa ukucindezeleka okungajwayelekile ngaphakathi metal, ukuqinisekisa umsungulo yayo futhi pliability;
• odlule ukufuthelana ukuze sinciphise umehluko lokushisa.

Okuhle nokubusa vliyaniemi lokushisa ikuvumela:

• ukulungiselela umsebenzi lento (ukususa zonke izingcindezi kwangaphakathi yi ukugaya okusanhlamvu);
• ukunciphisa izinga lokushisa gradients phezu kwensimbi abandayo;
• ngcono ikhwalithi into ashiselwe ukushisa microstructure ukulungiswa.

-Notebook Hlela izakhiwo by okushisa kungenzeka zendawo noma jikelele. onqenqemeni ukufuthelana isisi noma imishini kagesi. Ukufudumeza yonke ingxenye futhi amaziko ekhethekile asetshenziswa Ukupholisa bushelelezi.

Umthelela microstructure phezu Properties

Ingqikithi yalo izinqubo ukwelashwa ukushisa esekelwe kugucuka tesakhiwo ngekhatsi ingot nemiphumela yabo phezu kwensimbi eqina. Ngakho, lapho eliwu lokushisa 727 C kuba okuxubile okusanhlamvu austenitic isakhiwo. Cooling indlela inquma ongakhetha ukuguqulwa:

1. Ngaphakathi kwesithando (isivinini 1s / iminithi) - ezakhiwe pearlite isakhiwo nobulukhuni mayelana 200 HB (Brinell ubulukhuni).
2. Ngo emoyeni (10 ° C / iminithi) - sorbitol (okusanhlamvu ferritic-pearlitic) nobulukhuni 300 HB.
3. Oil (100 ° C / iminithi) - troostite (ferrite-cementite microstructure), 400 HB.
4. Amanzi (1000s / iminithi) - martensite: okuqinile (600 HB), kodwa ethambile isakhiwo acicular.

Welding kwakwakhe kumele babe ubulukhuni anele, amandla, izinga izinkomba ductility, Nokho martensitic weld izici ayamukeleki. Okuphansi carbon Alloys kukhona ferritic, ferritic-pearlitic, isakhiwo ferritic-austenitic. steel okulingene-futhi srednelegirovannye - pearlite. High-carbon futhi okusezingeni eliphezulu - troostite martensitic noma ukuthi kubalulekile ukuba ayilethe ingqondo ferritic-austenitic.

Zokushisela carbon lezinsimbi

Weldability kunqunywa inani carbon lezinsimbi ne-carbon amanyela. Bayakwazi bashise, kuphenduke ifomu gaseous futhi unikeza yekhwalithi ephansi weld porosity. Sulphur ne phosphorus tibheke at emaphethelweni okusanhlamvu, okwandisa fragility isakhiwo. Nokho, Welding we lula kakhulu, sidinga indlela ngamunye.

Carbon steel izinga evamile zihlukaniswe amaqembu amathathu: A, B no-C Umsebenzi Welding Kwenziwa nge zensimbi iqembu B.

Weldability of amamaki steel VSt1 - VSt4, ngokuvumelana GOST 380-94, libhekene yokuntuleka imikhawulo zimfuneko ezengeziwe. Zokushisela imininingwane ububanzi kufika ku-40 mm kwenzeka ngaphandle bafudumale. Okungenzeka izinkomba izitembu: T - okuqukethwe okusezingeni eliphezulu manganese; kp, ps, sp - "ukubila", "semi abulawe," "sokwehlisa", ngokulandelana.

Ezintsha steel izinga umelwe nge uphawu kumaka kumakhulukhulu carbon ingxenyenamba, okubonisa degree of deoxidation nokuqukethwe manganese (GOST 1050-88): steel 10 (futhi 10PP, 10ps, 10G), 15 (futhi 15kp, 15 ps, 15G), 20 (futhi 20kp, 20ps, 20G).

Ukuqinisekisa izinga umphetho weld pool kumele yenze inqubo ukugcwaliswa ne-carbon manganite C no MN.

Izindlela zokushisela:

1. MMA usebenzisa ekhethekile ekuqaleni calcined electrode ububanzi 2 kuya 5 mm. Izinhlobo: E38 (kokuphakathi-amandla), E42, E46 (ngoba amandla okuhle kuze kube 420 MPA), E42A, E46A (ngoba amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi yabo yokwenza ezimweni ezikhethekile). Zokushisela izinduku 5 futhi GMM UONI 13/45 wenziwa ngaphansi zamanje njalo. Umsebenzi yi electrode CM-7, OMA-2, CM-11 abazenzi zonke izici zamanje.
2. Negesi Welding. Ngokuvamile akusiyo iyathandeka, kodwa kungenzeka. Ingabe kusetshenziswa yamathebhu wire St-08, St-08A, 08GA-St, St-08GS. Izacile nizkouglerodistyj metal (d 8mm) ashiselwe indlela ngakwesokunxele, ewugqinsi (d 8mm) - kwesokudla. Okumbi ukushisela izakhiwo kungenzeka ukususa ngu normalizing noma annealing.

Welding ongaphakeme carbon lezinsimbi isebenze ngaphandle Ukushisa ezengeziwe. Ukuze uthole imininingwane ifomu elula azikho imingcele. Volumetric futhi truss izakhiwo kubalulekile ukuvikela umoya. izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi efiselekayo ukushisela sesitholakele esimileni ezingeni lokushisa ngezansi 5 ° C.

Ngakho, VSt1 isitembu - VSt4 steel 10 - steel 20 - weldability ezinhle, cishe ngaphandle kwemibandela, standard kudinga Ukukhetha ngabanye zokushisela indlela, electrode uhlobo izici zamanje.

Okulingene-high-carbon steel kwesakhiwo

Gcwalisa isikhala carbon ingxubevange kunciphisa ikhono layo ukwakha emalungeni ezinhle. Inqubo lokushisa arc igesi ilangabi imiphumela noma nesibabule zanqwabelana emaphethelweni okusanhlamvu, okuholela brittleness, phosphorus - ukuze brittleness abandayo. Ngokuvamile ashiselwe izinto doped nge manganese.

Lokhu kuhlanganisa ezivamile kwesakhiwo steel izinga VSt4, VSt5 (GOST 380-94), izinga 25, 25G, 30, 30G, 35, 35g, 40, 45G (GOSTt 1050-88) yokusansimbi ezahlukene.

Ingqikithi yalo msebenzi ukuba inciphise carbon ku weld pool metal ukugcwaliswa therein Silicon futhi manganese, ukuqinisekisa ubuchwepheshe elilungile. Kubalulekile ukuvimbela ngokweqile carbon ukulahlekelwa, okungase kuholele ekubeni uthunyelelwe destabilization izakhiwo lokukhanda.

Izici Welding lezinsimbi nge naphakathi ne-carbon okuqukethwe okusezingeni eliphezulu:

1. isibonisi Primal 100-200˚S imiphetho ukuze ulinganisele ububanzi 150 mm. brand kuphela VSt4 nensimbi 25 ashiselwe ngaphandle Ukushisa ezengeziwe. Ukuze medium nge weldability eyanelisayo, ngaphambi kokuqala umsebenzi ukukhiqiza ukuzinza egcwele. Ukuze carbon okusezingeni eliphezulu kudingekile annealing wokulungiselela.
2. Arc Welding wenziwa calcined electrode camera anobukhulu kusuka 3 kuya ku-6 mm (TAU-2, UONI-13/55, ELN-7) ngaphansi zamanje njalo. kungenzeka ukusebenza ecucuza medium noma amagesi zokuzivikela (CO _2, argon).
3. Negesi Welding wenziwa carburizing ilangabi ngendlela kwesokunxele kuya evuthayo elandulele 200 ° C lokushisa at iyunifomu ongaphakeme ugesi acetylene.
4. I ngokomthetho ukwelashwa ukushisa izingxenye: eqeda futhi tempering noma kuqashwa ahlukene ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka okungajwayelekile yangaphakathi ekuvimbeleni ngokuhlaziya, ukuthambisa of martensite futhi omnene troostite izakhiwo.
5. Ukumelana indawo Welding Kwenziwa ngaphandle kwemingcele.

Ngakho, medium- ukuba ephezulu carbon lezinsimbi kwesakhiwo basuke eziphothene kunjalo akukho imingcele, i-lokushisa kwangaphandle hhayi ngaphansana 5 ° C. Emazingeni aphansi edingekayo Ukushisa ukuqala ukwelashwa ukushisa eliphezulu.

Welding ongaphakeme ingxubevange lezinsimbi

Elixutshiwe steel - steel wukuthi ngesikhathi encibilika ayegcwele ngezinto ezihlukahlukene ukuze bathole izindawo oyifunayo. Cishe bonke nethonya elihle ku-nobulukhuni namandla. Chromium uphinde nickel kufakwe ukushisa Alloys ukumelana engagqwali. Vanadium ne-silicon lidlulisele kuyaqina, bawo nezinto ezasetshenziswa womshini iziphethu. Molybdenum, manganese, titanium, ukuthuthukisa bafake ukumelana, tungsten - abomvu ubulukhuni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuba nomphumela omuhle property izingxenye, bona zilulaza weldability ensimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwandisa degree of ukuqina kanye kumiswa izakhiwo martensitic, izingcindezi yangaphakathi futhi ingozi imifantu ku ezivuzayo.

Weldability ingxubevange lezinsimbi njengoba kuchazwe chemical yabo kwengoma.

carbon okuphansi, ongaphakeme-elixutshiwe 2GS, 14G2, 15G, 20G (GOST 4543-71), 15HSND, 16G2AF (GOST 19281-89) kumele ashiselwe. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile angadingi Ukushisa ezengeziwe futhi ukwelashwa ukushisa ku kwaqedwa inqubo. Kulokhu, nakuba zikhona ezinye imikhawulo:

• Ububanzi emincane eyamukelekayo izindlela ezishisayo.
• Umsebenzi eyenziwa ezingeni lokushisa -10˚S hhayi ephansi (ngaphansi kwezimo ongaphakeme lokushisa emkhathini, kodwa hhayi ngezansi -25˚S isicelo preheating 200 ° C).

izindlela ezingenzeka:

• Arc Welding nge DC amandla 40 kuya 50 A, electrode E55, E50A, E44A.
• Okuzenzakalelayo Welding arc kwamanzi usebenzisa yamathebhu wire 08GA-St, St-10 ha.

Weldability 09G2S 10G2S1 futhi ezinhle, izidingo nezindlela kwenzeke lokhu kuyafana ukuthi Alloys 12GS, 14G2, 15G, 20G, 15HSND, 16G2AF. Elibalulekile isici 09G2S Alloys 10G2S1 asikho isidingo sokuba onqenqemeni belungiselela izinto ku 4 cm ububanzi.

Srednelegirovannoj Welding lezinsimbi

Srednelegirovannye steel 20HGSA, 25HGSA, 35HGSA (GOST 4543-71) ukukhiqiza nenkani kumiswa ezivuzayo unstrained. Bangabakhe iqembu weldability egculisayo. Dinga i-Ukushisa okushisa 150-200˚S, ezinkulu multilayered, uqede futhi tempering ekupheleni Welding. Embodiments:

• Amandla wamanje kanye ububanzi we electrode lapho Welding arc ngokuqinile akhethiwe kuye ngokuthi ukushuba metal, ikhumbula ukuthi onqenqemeni ohlabayo namandla ngaphansi eqeda ngesikhathi umsebenzi. Ngakho, lapho umkhiqizo 2-3 mm ububanzi ukubaluleka wamanje kumele ibe phakathi 50-90 A. Lapho ukushuba imiphetho 7-10 mm DC amandla okuphambene polarity zamanje luyanda 200 A usebenzisa 4-6mm electrode. izinduku ezisetshenzisiwe nge-cellulose noma calcium Fluor-zokuzivikela ezinengilazi (18HGSA-St, St-18HMA).
• Ngo ukusebenza, 'avikele igesi CO ₂ kubalulekile ukusebenzisa St-08G2S wire Sv-10G2, 10GSMT-St, St-08H3G2SM ububanzi kufika ku 2 mm.

Ngokuvamile lezi zinto asetshenziselwa TIG Welding indlela noma kwamanzi.

Ukushisa ukumelana futhi ephezulu amandla lezinsimbi

Welding nge thermostable yensimbi-carbon ingxubevange 12MH, 12H1M1F, 25H2M1F, 15H5VF kumele kwenziwe nge preheating okushisa 300-450˚S nge Ningamcimi sokugcina futhi omnene.

• Arc Welding indlela wendlale imvume multilayer umphetho usebenzisa calcined electrode camera UONII 13 / 45MH, CCR-3, 30-63-CL, CL-39.
• Negesi supply Welding acetylene 100 DM ³ / mm ngokusebenzisa yamathebhu izinto Sv-08HMFA, St-18HMA. Pipe uxhumano wenziwa dlule igesi Ukushisa wonke ngokuhlanganyela.

Lapho Welding ephezulu amandla izinto srednelegirovannoj 14H2GM, 14H2GMRB kubalulekile uholwe imithetho efanayo for the lezinsimbi ukushisa ukumelana, ukuthatha ezinye umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama ku-akhawunti:

• wekulihlanta of imiphetho nemicengezi ukusetshenziswa imbiza.
• Amazinga aphezulu calcination electrode (kufika 450˚S).
• Preheating ukuze 150˚S ngemininingwane ukujiya mkhulu kunezinhliziyo 2 cm.
• Slow Ukupholisa umphetho.

ephezulu ingxubevange steel

Ukusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe ekhethekile kuyadingeka uma Welding ephezulu ingxubevange lezinsimbi. Lezi zihlanganisa eziningi ezihlukahlukene insimbi engagqwali, ukushisa ukumelana nokushisa ukumelana Alloys, ezinye zazo: 09H16N4B, 15H12VNMF, 10H13SYU, 08H17N5MZ, 08H18G8N2T, 03H16N15MZB, 15H17G14A9. Weldability ensimbi (GOST 5632-72) kungokwalabo iqembu 4th.

weldability ensimbi ephezulu carbon ephezulu Isici:

1. Kuyadingeka ukuba wehlise zamanje isilinganiso by 10-20% ngenxa conductivity yabo ongaphakeme ezishisayo.
2. Zokushisela kumele kwenziwe nge-gap, lesi electrode up 2 mm.
3. Ukuncishiswa phosphorus, phambili, isibabule, antimony, kweNdikimba khona molybdenum, vanadium, tungsten camera ngokusebenzisa imigoqo ekhethekile.
4. Isidingo yakha microstructure weld okuxubile (ferrite + austenite). Lokhu kunikeza ductility metal imali kanye nokunciphisa ekucindezelekeni yangaphakathi.
5. Kuyadingeka Ukushisa imiphetho bangaphambi Welding. Amazinga kuyakhethwa ku ezahlukene kusukela 100 kuya 300˚S, kuye ngokuthi imiklamo of microstructure.
6. Ukukhethwa electrode camera e Welding arc ebizwa ngokuthi uhlobo okusanhlamvu, izakhiwo nezimo yokusebenza izingxenye: I-austenitic steel 12H18N9: UONII 13 / VAW, RLA-7 RLA-14 camera-06H19N9T St, St-02H19N9; I-martensitic steel 20H17N2: UONII 10H17T, AN-B-10 St-08H17T enamathela; I-austenitic-ferritic steel 12H21N5T: CL-33 St-08H11V2MF enamathela.
7. Lapho acetylene igesi Welding okuphakelayo kufanele ifanelane ukubaluleka 70-75 ^dm3 / mm esetshenziswa yamathebhu wire - 02H19N9T-St, St-08H19N10B.
8. Okungenzeka ukusebenza kwamanzi usebenzisa VAW-8.

Steel Weldability - ipharamitha isihlobo. It kuncike Ukwakheka amakhemikhali metal, microstructure yayo kanye nezimpahla ngokomzimba. Ngakho akwazi ukwakha inhlobo high uxhumano kungase kushintshwe nge indlela ngamabomu zobuchwepheshe, imishini ekhethekile nemibandela umsebenzi ukusebenza.