Ubunjiniyela bemishini e-Ukraine: izimboni nezindlela zamanje

Mechanical Engineering Ukraine besilokhu wacabangela wemboni ehamba phambili futhi esitimela komnotho. Lapha basuke bagxila ezinkulu zobuchwepheshe amabhizinisi ngemoto izindiza ubunjiniyela, yokusansimbi, amandla, Imboni yezokuvikela kanye nakweminye imikhakha.

Umlando ukuthuthukiswa imboni

Iqala indaba isiqoqi sama-softwe e-Ukraine ekhulwini XIX. Ukuthuthukiswa imali enkulu yamalahle eDonets Basin kanye nokuthuthukiswa yokusansimbi edingekayo ukusetshenziswa imishini ezimbonini, amathuluzi, metal. Wezolimo, liphinde zidinga amathuluzi kangcono futhi imishini esinqunyiwe.

Imboni yokuqala imishini yezolimo lavulwa ngo-1840 e Mlieve. amabhizinisi ezinkulu babe Alexandrovsky Plant Ekaterinoslav (manje laseDnepropetrovsk), izitshalo Hughes laseDonetsk isitshalo "Dnipro" e Kamensky (manje Dnipropetrovsk), izitolo esitimela eKharkov futhi Lugansk. Ngaphambi inguquko okukhiphayo Imininingwane kwezezimboni Empire Russian, yabelana Ukraine kwakungu-25%.

New Breath imishini Ukraine yazuza leholele kwamandla Soviet. Endaweni imali eningi iye izimali ukwakhiwa kwamabhizinisi amakhulu. .. Ikakhulu, laseKharkov ephendulwa Plant (1929), le laseKharkov izixaxa Plant (1930), laseDnepropetrovsk Electric esitimela Plant (1934), Kiev isitshalo armored (1935), njll Ngemva kwempi, intuthuko enkulu bekulokhu izimboni zobuchwepheshe ubunjiniyela: zezindiza, isikhala rocket, yezimoto, imboni yezokuvikela, ubunjiniyela esindayo, ukwenza insimbi kanye nabanye.

izici Jikelele

Lokhu kuthambekela yentuthuko isiqoqi sama-softwe e-Ukraine ukhuluma ngani shintsho olukhulu futhi kabusha wonke isakhiwo le mboni. Ngaphansi kwesimo elala Russia (ngaphambili umlingani main) kanye ukunwetshwa amathuba ukuthekelisa eYurophu kusukela amabhizinisi ezinkulu ziyaphuma njengoba izinkinga zokuthumela imikhiqizo bendabuko, kanye ezinye amathemba ka nokwahlukana kwezimboni zokukhiqiza esikhathini esizayo.

Ephendula umbuzo othi "Chaza umkhakha ubunjiniyela Ukraine isakhiwo" unayo impendulo ngqo. Umshini wokwakha eziyinkimbinkimbi Ukraine kuhlanganisa amagatsha angaphezu kuka-20 ezikhethekile, 58 ase-amagatsha. Empeleni, kuleli zwe emelelwa zonke izinhlobo ezikhona engineering. Ngokusho izibalo ezisemthethweni, izinkampani 11.267 bhalisiwe e isakhiwo 146 zazo likhulu, 1834 - Ngokwesilinganiso, futhi 9287 - amancane. Isakhiwo ucasha cishe abayizigidi ezingu-1.5 izisebenzi.

Ukuhlaziya okukhipha

Ngokwe-State Izibalo Komiti elikhulu, ukukhiqizwa umshini wokwakha eyinkimbinkimbi 2011-2013, sinombono yonke umkhakha zimi kanje (bheka ithebula.)

Ngokwezibalo, ngisho nangaphambi isimo esibucayi 2014 zehle ngo-oda imiqulu ukukhiqizwa emkhakheni kusuka 10 kuya 8.7%. Uma siqhathanisa isiqoqi sama-softwe Ukraine futhi izwe, ngokuya yokuthengisa (njengoba amaphesenti umkhakha Imininingwane) izibalo ayahlukahluka - lokhu isilinganiso kuyinto ephansi kakhulu kunalokho emazweni athuthukile. Lokhu kuthambekela libhekene nokuthuthukiswa esingalawuleki umshini wokwakha eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Ukuhlaziywa ezithumela kwamanye amazwe

Kule minyaka yamuva, ukuthekelisa kwemikhiqizo imishini umkhakha ngokuyinhloko zaba amazwe CIS, ikakhulu Russian Federation naseKazakhstan. Ukuncipha utshalomali ezimakethe ezinkulu ezaholela ukwehla ngo umkhakha ukuthekelisa okukhiphayo.

Ngokwe-State Izibalo Committee of Ukraine, e 2011-2013, republic yadayisa ezingaphezu kwengxenye yawo wonke ukukhiqizwa kwamanye amazwe. Nokho, ukwanda lwangaphambilini isidingo imikhiqizo Ukrainian emakethe zomhlaba kanye emazweni angaphandle of the complex umshini-ukwakha yezwe ngo-2015 wakhala yokujama tsi embonini.

imikhiqizo ubunjiniyela Ukraine, okuyinto ukungenisa abalingani angaphandle (2014):

• Motors kanye amaphampu (lemali engenayo - $ 3 billion).
• imishini kagesi ($ 2.7 billion).
• W d zokuthutha / ($ 0.8 billion).
• Road yezokuthutha ($ 0.3 billion).
• Air zokuthutha ($ 0.2 billion).
• Wensimbi ($ 0.2 billion).
• Inkantolo ($ 0.1 billion).

izikhungo ubunjiniyela e-Ukraine

Ngokwesiko, iningi umkhakha itholakala engxenyeni ephakathi futhi esisempumalanga yezwe. Avame megacities futhi Donbass esifundeni ezimbonini. amaqoqo ubunjiniyela abasezikhundleni bayathula Kiev, laseKharkov futhi Dnepropetrovskiy.

imisebenzi Major zobunjiniyela (Ukraine):

• Rocket futhi isikhala kanye zezindiza umkhakha: Kiev ( "Antonov"), Zaporozhye ( "Motor Sich"), Dnipropetrovsk ( "Pivdenmash").
• Izithuthi: Zaporozhye (Zaz, "Iveco-Motor Sich"), Kremenchug (KraZ), Cherkasy ( "Bogdan"), Lutsk (LuAZ), Kiev ( "UkrAvto").
• ubunjiniyela Isithuthi: laseKharkov (HZTM Malyshev, HTZ Ordzhonikidze ..).
• Shipbuilding: Nikolaev ( "Ocean" Plant yaqanjwa 61 Communards.), Kherson (Kherson Shipyard).
• imishini esindayo: Mariupol ( "Azovmash"), Kramatorsk (Novokramatorsky Machine Works), IDonetsk (NPK "imishini Imayini"), Sumy (. Sumy Frunze), laseKharkov ( "Electrotyazhmash", "Turboatom"), Kiev ( "kwamaBolshevik" ), Dnipropetrovsk ( "Dneprotyazhmash").
• F / A Isithuthi: Ball ( "Dneprovagonmash"), Kremenchug (Krukiv), Lugansk ( "Luganskteplovoz").
• Electrical kanye ithuluzi ubunjiniyela: Zaporozhye ( "ZTR"), Odessa ( "Telecard-idivayisi").
• Ingungu yensimbi ekhaliswayo ngokushaywa: IDonetsk ( "Nord").
• Ukusebenza: laseKharkov (ihabhu).

embonini yezimoto

It has a isiko ocebile ubunjiniyela yezimoto e-Ukraine. Imboni ukhiqiza uhla egcwele imikhiqizo amasosha nezakhamuzi. It lihlanganisa izinhlangano ekusungulweni, ukwakhiwa nokudayiswa izimoto, izimoto ezithwala namaloli kwezohwebo, amabhasi, ama-trailer, izithuthuthu, mopeds, izingxenye ezisele nezinye izinsimbi.

Ngokusho nomqondo ukuthuthukiswa embonini yezimoto ngo-2015, kulindeleke ukuba ukukhiqiza kuze kufinyelele izimoto 500,000, kuze 45,000 amaloli, 20,000 amabhasi. Ngo umkhuba, isabelo umkhakha kwezinga lemikhiqizo yezimboni eminyakeni yamuva kuyinto% 0,8-0,6 kuphela, futhi ngaphakathi dalo of kazwelonke omkhiqizo - esingaphansi 0.4-0.3%. ubunjiniyela Izithuthi e-Ukraine libhekene njengoba ampofu, kanye negalelo layo kazwelonke umnotho kubantu aphila nabo. Ngo isakhiwo kuqashwa esingaphansi kuka 0.1% azo zonke ukusebenza ezweni.

Esikhathini ingxenye 'izimoto kukhona "samanje brand ikakhulukazi SKD angaphandle middle class (C, B) nge ezingeni eliphansi kwasendaweni kanye value added wadala ensimini ka-Ukraine. Ngokuvamile, Ukraine embonini yezimoto has izinkampani mayelana 100, enkulu kunazo zonke zazo yilezi:

• CJSC Zaz.
• KrASZ LLC.
• "Eurocar" CJSC.
• "Bogdan" Corporation.

imishini esindayo Ukraine

Lona omunye amaningi ase-imikhakha yezwe, elinesimo inqwaba amabhizinisi, khona "namandla" esikoleni ubunjiniyela, ekukhiqizeni ngamanani amancane amasiko. Uzimisele ukuthenga imikhiqizo phesheya njengoba abalingani esempumalanga nengxenye esentshonalanga. Produce: abembayo, Loaders, ladles, isikhunta, converters, self tamping, imishini, mhubhe Foundries, imishini komgwaqo, zommbila, amayunithi ukugaya, lokulinganisa, ukugaya, machining, ukuxuba lomhlabathi, imikhando, itshe kanye nezinye izinto amaminerali.

umkhakha izindiza

Imboni yakhiwa izinhlangano engaphezu kwengu-60, ebangela ingxenye yesine yayo yonke abasebenzi ubunjiniyela kazwelonke. Ngesisekelo izinkampani ezinkulu ezinhlanu. Neqiniso lokuthi imboni zezindiza kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba wandise ivolumu ukuthuthukiswa kanye ukukhiqizwa izindiza, ikakhulukazi:

• umgibeli lesifunda kanye ezokuthutha izindiza;
• izinjini zezindiza nemikhumbi izingxenye;
• Avionics, igxile ukusetshenziswa kwezokuxhumana satellite, navigation kanye nokuhlolwa;
• ezinophephela emhlane futhi izindiza ndiza encane, ikakhulukazi unmanned.

ngentuthuko Ukuthembisa zihlanganisa:

• Aircraft "AN" zokuguqulwa ahlukahlukene.
• Ukukhiqizwa izinjini izindiza.
• Helicopter.

nezinye izimboni

Machine-okukuvumela ukuthuthukiswa wonke amagatsha ubunjiniyela, ukukhiqizwa isiko kanye nobuchwepheshe. Machine-Ithuluzi Plant (imishini turning futhi imishini semiautomatic, imishini idayimane-boring) asezindaweni laseKharkov, eLvov, Kiev, Berdichev, Odessa, Cherkassy, laseDnepropetrovsk. Heavy Machine isitshalo usebenza Kramatorsk (umugqa okuzenzakalelayo).

Wensimbi udlala indima ebalulekile kuyashesha intuthuko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe. Oholela amabhizinisi ukudala yobuchwepheshe bama-electronic kuleli lizwe inhlangano ukukhiqizwa "Impulse" Severodonetsk futhi "Electronmash" eKiev. A ezahlukene Amadivayisi kagesi nezinye ekhiqizwa e Kiev, laseKharkov, Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv, Sumy, Cherkasy, Zhytomyr, Lutsk.

Agricultural isiqoqi sama-softwe Ukraine inikeza abalimi nezinto ezidingekayo. Amabhizinisi lokhu wemboni zitholakala ezindaweni ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo isiqedile. tractor Inamandla silwenza laseKharkov izixaxa Plant. Kirovograd ifektri "Red Star" ukhiqiza sokuprakthiza. I-beet wokwakha izakhiwo e Dnipropetrovsk futhi Ternopil, imishini yokuvuna - Kherson ( "Slavutich") futhi Alexandria ( "LAN"), Ummbila - e Kherson, imishini tillage - Odessa, Kiev, Berdyansk, Slavyansk. isiqoqi sama-softwe ekukhiqizeni imfuyo aklaba is bagxila Uman, Novograd naseVolyn, enhle muzi wasendulo, Coloma, White Church.

Shipbuilding e-Ukraine bagxila olwandle amakhulu (Black Sea, oLwandle Azov) futhi komfula (p. Dnipro) nezimbobo. izitsha Marine elakhiwa ngo Nikolayev futhi Kherson, emfuleni nasolwandle - eKiev. Shipyards abasebenza e Odessa, Mariupol.

Ezokuthutha imishini silwenza amakhanda nezinqola. Centres kukhona Lugansk esitimela, laseKharkov (amakhanda), Dnipropetrovsk; isakhiwo imoto - Stakhanov, Dnipropetrovsk, Kremenchug. Freight ujantshi tank izimoto ekhiqizwa Mariupol. Esitimela yokulungisa Plant ziqasha emadolobheni amakhulu ezokuthutha.

isiqoqi sama-softwe e izimo Ukuhlanganiswa yaseYurophu

Izazi ziye wabikezela kungaba kanjani bytmashinostroenie Ukraine ukuhlanganiswa European. Ukusayinwa Isivumelwano Association phakathi Ukraine ne-European Union sihlinzekela yokuncishiswa notshwala kwezohwebo phakathi kwamazwe, kusukela ngo-January 1, 2016. Futhi kusukela ngo-Ephreli 2014 ukwethulwa EU ukuhweba sohlangothi olulodwa izintandokazi Ukraine isivele yaba nomthelela ekwandeni emazweni angaphandle imikhiqizo ubunjiniyela kanye nokwehla imali esele namanye amazwe kanye amazwe imikhiqizo European mechanical engineering.

Ngokwezibalo kusukela State Izibalo Izikhungo Ukraine, isabelo isiqoqi sama-softwe ngo-2014 zaba 18.3% lemikhiqizo futhi 23,8% sokungena kwezimpahla, futhi ezinyangeni zokuqala eziyisithupha 2015, ngokulandelana, 11.7% kanye 20.8%. Ngo-2015 lo mkhuba yokunciphisa inzuzo kule mboni. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, nokuthengiswa Imininingwane imikhiqizo ubunjiniyela share ku-EU kulo lakhula lisuka 30.4 (2014) ukuze 43,4% (isigamu sokuqala 2015).

Izibalo Amathrendi

Umkhuba wokulala ukuthuthukiswa isiqoqi sama-softwe e-Ukraine ebonisa ukuthi akusibo bonke izimboni sebejwayele ezingokoqobo olusha kwezomnotho. Ngo izimakethe angaphandle kufike komkhulu wabo funa boilers, imishini, imishini kagesi, Kuneziteshi zamandla enuzi. Isabelo sabo Imininingwane e nokwakheka umkhakha lemikhiqizo EU-40%. Phakathi kwamanye amazwe enkulu avele (2014):

• Hungary (in inani $ 270,6 wezigidi).
• Germany ($ 239.8 million).
• Poland ($ 207.9).
• Czech Republic ($ 80 million).

amathemba

Ukraine, okuyinto ubunjiniyela iyakhiwa ngokwanele, ayakudzinga zobuchwepheshe imishini, izinto ezisetshenziswayo ingxenye izingxenye zokukhiqiza angaphandle. Ukwenyuka ukungeniswa izimoto, kogandaganda, imishini yokuvuna, izinto zasendlini, imishini esindayo. I amavolumu elikhulu imikhiqizo amazwe kusuka:

• Germany (in inani $ 577,9 wezigidi).
• Poland ($ 255.1 million).
• Italy ($ 160.9 million).
• Czech Republic ($ 116.8 million).
• France ($ 101.4 million).

Prakthiza ebonisa ukuthi basayine Isivumelwano Association inikeza izinzuzo ezingaphezu kuka izingozi. ukuqhubeka incike ngokushesha kangakanani ababeqondisa Ukraine azoshintsha nesihloko amathuba sihloko ingozi.

izingozi

A isithiyo abalulekile ukuze wandise ivolumu kanye ngcono isakhiwo mutual ukuhweba inzuzo embonini ubunjiniyela kuyinto ukutholakala izithiyo lwezobuchwepheshe lokudayisa phakathi Ukraine nozakwethu angaphandle. Izingozi exhunywe benethuba ukulahlekelwa olungaphelele umshini ngamunye umkhakha, ikakhulukazi ukusebenza emakethe Russian neziqondiso zabo lobuchwepheshe. Abasengozini babe zobuchwepheshe umkhakha: e zezindiza, Imboni yezokuvikela, shipbuilding, ukuhlola umkhathi.

amabhizinisi Industrial, imikhiqizo okuye ephakeme value added, sidinga ukuthuthukisa ikhono lokuphendula ngokushesha yezinguquko imvelo bangaphandle, ukwakha imikhiqizo, izidingo ikhasimende yokulinda. Lokhu kungase kube nomthelela kule ushintsho imodeli yebhizinisi, kwathatha inqubo imodeli nokuxazulula izinkinga zokuphatha. Sekuyisikhathi eside iningi izinkampani zinezikhathi imodeli nezimo ehlanganisa izinqubo main: umkhiqizo sokuphila ukuphathwa, ukuthuthukiswa ezintsha zemikhiqizo, ubuhlobo ikhasimende ukuphathwa, yokuthengisa kanye nokuphathwa oda nge izinqubo asekelayo. Kunoma ikuphi, Ukraine Engineering izinguquko ezinkulu. Yini bayoba - isikhathi uzokutshela.