Ukukhiqizwa kwe-iron cast - isisekelo se-metallurgy ferrous

Kukhona isikhathi emlandweni wesintu obizwa nge- Iron Age. Ngalezo zinsuku, imikhiqizo efana nayo eyenziwe yensimbi ithatha indawo yamathuluzi ensimbi. Nakuba le nsimbi ngamanani amancane atholakala futhi ngaphambili. Ngokuyisisekelo kwakuyi-iron, igesiwe ngamameteor. Ngokwesibonelo, izinto zensimbi zitholakala ezikhumulweni zase-Iraq nase-Syria. Futhi "usuku lokuzalwa" lalezi zikhumbuzo yikhulu lama-27 BC. Kodwa inguquko yangempela yezobuchwepheshe yenzeke lapho abantu befunda indlela yokugcoba insimbi evela ensimbi. Okokuqala, wafunda ukwenza eNtshonalanga ye-Asia, khona-ke lobu buchwepheshe bufika eGrisi, e-Italy futhi kancane kancane lwasakazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Le nqubo yafezwa ngamakhulu eminyaka, futhi kancane kancane ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi yensimbi nensimbi yaba yisisekelo samanye amagatsha omnotho kazwelonke.

Futhi inqubo eyinhloko embonini yasisekelo isisindo somlilo sensimbi. Futhi kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokuvutha kwesithando somlilo. Isithando somlilo sesimanje siyinhlangano enamandla futhi esezingeni eliphezulu futhi kulokhu kusukela ekutheni inkokhelo enkulu kanye nokuqhuma kuyinsimbi yokwensimbi. I-smelting metallurgy ibizwa ngokuthi ingxube yezinto eziwusizo, ezondliwa esithandweni ukuze ziqhubekele phambili. Leli yensimbi yensimbi ehlangene nephethiloli. Futhi uphethiloli, ngaphandle kokushicilelwa kwesithando somlilo sensimbi, akunakwenzeka ukuthi i-coke, ngezinye izikhathi ifakwe uthuli lwamalahle noma igesi yemvelo. I-coke - lena yilahle elifanayo, elibalwe ngaphandle kokufinyelela emoyeni. It has lokushisa high ukushisa futhi kuyinto fuel okuhle ukuqhuma isithando somlilo.

Isiphephelo somlilo siklanyelwe ukuze ukukhiqizwa kwengulube insimbi kuyo inqubo eqhubekayo. I-iron oxide nekhabhoni iqhubekela phambili emgodini wesithando somlilo, futhi umoya uhamba kubo. I-Carbon iqukethe i-coke, okuyinto kule nqubo idlala indima emibili. Uma ishisa, ishisa isithando somlilo ngokwawo ngokushisa okufunayo futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo sakha i-CO gas. Futhi ngosizo lwalesi gesi, i-oxide yensimbi iguqulwa ibe yinsimbi. Ngenxa yalokhu kusabela, ikhibhodi dioxide ikhiqizwa, ekhishwa phezulu kwesithando somlilo kanye nensimbi yensimbi ekhishwa phansi. Futhi le nqubo ivaliwe kuphela uma kudingeka ukuba kulungiswe isithando somlilo. Ngokuvamile lapho ukulungisa okunjalo kuguqula izitini zangaphakathi (ibhande) eligcina liphelile.

Futhi ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi ephoswe esithandweni esinjalo kungachazwa ngosizo lwama-equations alula. Umoya oshaywa esithandweni uhlangana ne-coke futhi "wenza" ushise. Ukushiswa kokugcina, kwakha i-carbon monoxide, esesimweni segesi. Leli gesi lidlala indima enkulu ekunciphiseni i-iron oxide. Futhi lokhu kutholakala kwenzeka lapho izinga lokushisa lenhlanganisela ye-ore ne-coke lifinyelela kuma-degree angu-600-700. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakhiwa insimbi eqinile, kodwa i-spongy ne-porous. Khona-ke wehlela engxenyeni engezansi, eshisayo esithandweni somlilo (isithando somlilo), lapho siyancibilika futhi sikhululwe ngaphandle.

Kodwa lezi zilinganiso zingasetshenziswa kuphela ohlelweni oluhle. Okusho ukuthi i-oxide yensimbi kufanele ihlanzeke, ngaphandle kokungcola, okufanayo kusebenza ku-carbon. Futhi umoya wokushaya kufanele ube nomoya owodwa. Khona-ke ukukhiqizwa kwensimbi yensimbi kuzohamba ngokushelela futhi ngokuya kwesimiso esichazwe ngenhla. Kodwa empeleni, i-iron ore iqukethe okuningi (ngaphezu kuka-50%) wedwala elingenalutho, eliqukethe ama-silicates. Futhi umoya, njengoba wonke umuntu uyazi, ngokuyinhloko iqukethe i-nitrogen, evele idlula esithandweni ngaphandle kokuphendula. Kodwa inkinga enkulu ngokuqondile ku-silicates. Futhi ukuthi bahlukana nensimbi futhi basuswa esithandweni somlilo, lezi silicates kumele zilethwe esimweni esisetshenziselwa uketshezi. Futhi ama-silicates ancibilikiswa kuphela ngemva kokuxhumana ne-lime CaO. Futhi ngenxa yalokhu, ubuningi be-limestone (flux) bulayishwa esithandweni somlilo kanye ne-ore. Itholakala engxenyeni engenhla yokuvutha kwesithando somlilo, futhi emva kokuphendula okuhambisanayo kuphenduka i-lime. Futhi ukungcola kwe-silicate yensimbi yensimbi, ukuphendula ngaleli lame, kuyancibilika esimweni se-liquid futhi kukhishwa ekuqhumeni kwesithando ngesimo se-slag. Futhi i-slag yalokhu iyingcosana kune-iron cast.

Futhi emva kokuqina, i-slag enjalo iphenduka izinto ezibubuko bombala omnyama. Futhi esikhathini esidlule esedlule, eduze namabhizinisi ase-metallurgical, ungabona zonke izintaba zalesi sici. Kodwa manje ukukhiqizwa kwengulube yensimbi kwaba ngendlela engafanele, ngoba u-slag esikhathini sethu usethole isicelo esikhulu. It isetshenziswa njengendlela filler for ukhonkolo futhi njengoba ballast isitimela. Ukusuka kuso, i-slag yenziwa, futhi ngosizo lwayo i-anti-skid yokugqoka imigwaqo yenziwa. Insimbi yengulube ekhishwa ngokushiswa kwesithando isivele isisekelo sokukhiqizwa kwensimbi, futhi isisekelo sayo yonke imboni yensimbi nensimbi.