Thermodynamics - a ... Ukunqunywa imithetho, ukuqaliswa kanye izinqubo

Kuyini wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto? Kuyinto igatsha physics ukuthi etadisha izakhiwo izinhlelo macroscopic. Ngesikhathi esifanayo isifundo futhi zingena ngaphansi izindlela energy conversion kanye ne izindlela yokudlulisela yayo. Thermodynamics - a legatsha physics ukuthi study izinqubo ezenzeka ohlelweni kanye nesimo sabo. Lokho namanje uwela ohlwini wafunda izinto zakhe namuhla futhi sizobe ukukhuluma.

definition

Isithombe esingezansi Ungabona isibonelo we thermogram etholwe ekuhloleni nojeke wamanzi ashisayo.

Thermodynamics - isayensi uncika amaqiniso generalized etholakala empirically. Okwenzeka thermodynamic izinhlelo nezinqubo kuchazwe ngokusebenzisa izinto eziningi macroscopic. Ohlwini kuhlanganisa nemingcele ezifana okuhlushwa, ingcindezi, izinga lokushisa kanye nokunye okufana nalokho. Kuyacaca ukuthi amangqamuzana ngamanye ziyasetshenziswa, njengoba sehliselwe incazelo uhlelo ngokuvamile, njengoba injalo (njengoba kuqhathaniswa lezo zimiso, ezisetshenziswa electrodynamics, isibonelo).

Thermodynamics - igatsha physics ukuthi futhi has imithetho yayo siqu. Bona, njengalo lonke, kukhona jikelele endalweni. imininingwane eqondile nesakhiwo impahla naye okhethiwe ngeke ube nomthelela obalulekile ubunjalo imithetho. Yingakho bethi lokhu legatsha physics ingenye ewusizo kakhulu (noma, kunalokho, kusebenza ngempumelelo) kwezesayensi nobuchwepheshe.

isicelo

Bala izibonelo kungaba eside kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, izixazululo eziningi zisekelwe imithetho thermodynamic zingatholakala emkhakheni ukushisa ubuchwepheshe noma ugesi. Yini ongayisho incazelo nokuqonda zamakhemikhali, isigaba ukuhwebelana kanye ezokuthutha imihlola. Ngandlela-thile, le wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto of "uhlele" ne quantum Dynamics. Ububanzi lokuxhumana - incazelo mkhuba izimbobo omnyama.

imithetho

Isithombe ngenhla likhombisa okushiwo izinqubo thermodynamic - Ukubika Inkinga YeWindows. Warm izidakamizwa izingqimba bayavuswa, abandayo - ukwehla.

imithetho isihloko Alternative, ngenhlanhla, alisetshenziswa isibonelo umthetho kaningi kangakanani wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto. Kuze kube manje, bayazi ezintathu (uhlanganise okukodwa "zero" noma "evamile"). Kodwa ngaphambi sikhuluma esibandakanya yonke imithetho, uma silinga ukuphendula umbuzo yini umthetho wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto.

Ziyakwazi iqoqo postulates ezithile yisisekelo ukuqonda izinqubo ezenzeka e macrosystems. Izinhlinzeko kwemithetho wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto Kwamiswa empirically njengoba salo lonke uchungechunge ucwaningo nocwaningo. Ngakho, kukhona abanye ubufakazi, okusinika ukuthatha postulates yokutholwa ngaphandle kokungabaza single ngokuthi zinembile.

Abanye abantu bayazibuza ukuthi mayelana nokuthi kungani wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto kudingeka kakhulu le mithetho. Nokho, singasho ukuthi isidingo ukuzisebenzisa ngenxa yokuthi kulesi sigaba physics nemingcele macroscopic zichazwe Imibandela, ngaphandle nokuncane ukusikiselwa kokuziphendukela ukubuyekeza yobuntu bazo ezincane noma izici ngomklamo ofanayo. Le ndawo akuyona wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto zemvelo kwezibalo has, uma sikhuluma ngokukhethekile. Enye into ebalulekile yokuthi imithetho wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto musa ezincike ngayo kwezinye. Leyo ngenye yezinto okukhiphayo yesibili ngeke zisebenze.

isicelo

Isicelo wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto, njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, kuyinto ngezindlela eziningi. Isisekelo kuyinto ngenhlanhla omunye izimiso zalo, okuhunyushwa ehlukile ngesimo umthetho ukulondolozwa amandla. izixazululo thermodynamic futhi postulates ziye lwenteke ngempumelelo e izimboni ezifana imboni yezamandla, Biomedicine, i-chemistry. Lapha e amandla yemvelo isetshenziswa kuwo wonke umthetho ukulondolozwa amandla futhi umthetho okungenzeka nesiqondiso inqubo thermodynamic. Ngaphandle kwalezi, kukhona ezintathu imiqondo ezivamile asisekelo wonke umsebenzi kanye nencazelo yayo. Lolu hlelo thermodynamic, inqubo kanye nenqubo isigaba.

izinqubo

Izinqubo e wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto kufanele ntshashintshe yinkimbinkimbi. Zazo zikhona abayisikhombisa. Ngokuvamile, ngaphansi inqubo Kulezo zimo akufanele ziqondwe ukuthi ngaphandle ushintsho isimo macroscopic lapho uhlelo ekhuliswe ngaphambili. Kufanele kuqondwe ukuthi umehluko phakathi okuzisholo isimo sokuqala futhi umphumela ungaba azinakwa.

Uma umehluko kuncane ke inqubo livelile, singase ngokufanele ngokuthi aphansi. Uma sifuna ukuxoxa izinqubo ukuthi kufanele iphendukele yisho imigomo eyengeziwe. Omunye wabo - a "uketshezi ukusebenza". Ukusebenza ketshezi esimisweni lapho kukhona oyedwa noma inqubo ezishisayo ezingaphezu.

izinqubo ehlobene zihlukaniswe zilingana futhi okungezona zilingana. Endabeni yokugcina, wonke amazwe lapho kumelwe kudlule uhlelo thermodynamic kukhona, ngokulandelana, yinhlangano engenzi-zilingana. Ngokuvamile ushintsho uthi kuyinto kulezi zimo ngokushesha. Kodwa yakhoibrium izinqubo iyefana athi static. Kulezi izinguquko umyalelo ezidlula kancane.

izinqubo Thermal okwenzeka izinhlelo thermodynamic, kungaba esethola noma engelapheki. Ukuze uzwisise essence, thina uhlukanise uthobela yayo ukuhamba komsebenzi ku isethi ngezikhathi. Uma kungasekho okunye esingakwenza inqubo efanayo kolunye uhlangothi nge okufanayo "iziteshi Lesisemkhatsini", kungashiwo ngokuthi emuva. Kungenjalo, kwenze akusebenzanga.