Umshwalense Idiphozi: kubahlanganyeli ohlelweni, irejista lemihlomulo amabhange nokuthuthukiswa eRussia

Disemba 27, 2003 ku Russian Federation Waqala ukusebenza zoMthetho Federal "Ngo umshwalense imali lomuntu Russian Federation" (uMthetho). Cishe bayishumi abantu minyaka yokusebenza kanzima, impikiswano enkulu, impikiswano Kusengenzeka ukuthuthukisa esisha Russian uhlelo yasebhange indlela zezimali - uhlelo umshwalense idiphozi (DIS). Ngesisekelo umsuka CERs nenkinga ekukhuleni komnotho wezwe ku-yalolucwaningo 30 ekhulwini elidlule leminyaka. Ngokokuqala ngqá leli fomu womsebenzi uvele kwamabhange USA ngo-1933. Ukuba khona kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo, ekuqinisekiseni nokwethenjelwa ezifakwa emabhange lamazwe EU - imfuneko empumelelo emkhakheni wezezimali ka isimo.

Ngokumelene okwenza yemikhuba zezimali zomhlaba kohlelo yasebhange ku Russian Federation wabheka okunokwethenjelwa ngokwanele ngokuya emabhange. Lokhu eziyimbangela kakhulu ziyancipha ukuthutheleka dolobha khulula e komkhakha wamabhange.

Thuthukisa uhlelo of umshwalense idiphozi yakhelwe kuzinze phezu kwaso sonke isimiso sezinto yasebhange. Ngemva izenzakalo 1998, lapho ingxenye enkulu zimali Walahlekelwa imali yabo, ithemba emabhange iye babungonakala eRussia. Yayingeke kodwa ibe nomphumela ongemuhle kwi inflow capital etholakala komkhakha wamabhange.

Lokhu kwashukumisela ukuthuthukisa zokulawula nohlaka olubhekele elawula umshwalense okuphoqelekile okwenziwa ezikhungweni imali. Ukuze uhlelo lwezimali Russian uhlelo ebaluleke kakhulu ukusebenza nge umphakathi yasebhange, kanye nesimo. Waba yini umphumela walesi umsebenzi ngokuhlanganyela - ukwandisa ukuzethemba ngabanye 'e komkhakha wamabhange.

Izinhloso CERs

Ukusebenzisa inqubomgomo efanele kwezimali, singakufinyelela imigomo ebekwe simiso saziso umshwalense idiphozi:

• ukwandisa ukuzethemba emabhange, ngaleyo ndlela esekele abangafaka imali emabhizinisini abo;
• ukuvikela amalungelo emabhange yasebhange Russian;
• ukuheha imali bezakhamuzi kwenye komkhakha wamabhange.

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ngingehlelwa nangeyodwa kulezi imigomo ayihambi phambili ohlwini. Ngoba ngokushesha nje Ushintsho ekuzuzweni kwemiPhumela imigomo kwamabhange ziqala ukuhlasela ukubonakaliswa esibucayi ukuthi njalo luhambisana nomthwalo izingozi ekukhuleni zimali. Base, okuvumela ukuba sifinyelele zonke imigomo, ukuthuthukiswa okusimeme yasebhange uhlelo lwezimali.

izimiso ka CERs

Izimiso eziyisisekelo eziphase uhlelo umshwalense idiphozi eRussia, umthetho livikeleke Article 3 yoMthetho.

Zonke amabhange we Russian Federation abalungele ukuvulwa kanye nokugcinwa akhawunti lapho abantu kudingeka ukuba amalungu CERs. Amabhange iqhaza ohlelweni umshwalense idiphozi kumele:

• Njalo remit le umshuwalense esikhwameni umshwalense idiphozi, uhlinzeka ezuziwe Isikhwama ukugcwaliswa. Ngaphezu iminikelo amabhange ukusebenzisa izinhlawulo ekugcwalisekeni ngasekupheleni imisebenzi yawo. I tibalo inhlawulo futhi umthombo replenishment esiKhwameni.
• Ukwazisa amakhasimende abo ukuze iqhaza Cer, inani izinkokhelo umshwalense ngokusebenzisa ulwazi emadokodweni ezindaweni zomphakathi.
• Hola-to-date irejista credit izibopho ebhange.
• Feza nezinye izibopho eyayifunwa uMthetho.

Izingozi emabhange kufanele Ubuningi bamahora encishisiwe ezimweni lapho amabhange abakwazi ukufeza izibopho zayo ukuze amaklayenti.

Imisebenzi CERs kumele kucaciswe. Lokhu kusho ukufinyelela abangafaka imali emabhizinisini abo ulwazi mayelana ukusebenza DIS.

Ambalwa nje izimiso ukusebenza CERs

Ngaphandle amaphuzu angenhla, esingaziletha eMthethweni izimiso zeBhayibheli ezengeziwe:

• ababambe iqhaza ohlelweni unekhono ukuba amabhange kakhulu ezimele kahle ngokwezimali we Russian Federation;
• Imihlomulo yomshuwalense zinomkhawulo;
• Kumelwe agcine ngesivinini esiphezulu izinkokhelo umshwalense.

Isimiso of ukubekezelelana ngokwezimali amabhange eqinile kuzoqinisekisa ukuthi amalungu CERs kungaba labo izikhungo zezimali okuyinto kwaneliswe izidingo phezulu isimo sezimali. Ngakho, ukubuyekeza njalo nangokuhlola ngokujulile amabhange ekhona Kwenziwa le njongo Central Bank. Ngesikhathi sesivivinyo sebuhlaziyiwe zezimali amafa yesikhungo, inzuzo, ezingeni lokuphatha, nokuningi. Lokhu kungabi sengxenyeni "inkinga" amabhange kanye ukwehlisa ubungozi non-ezezimali.

Uhlelo umshwalense idiphozi - ezosetshenziswa obuyisa isinxephezelo elinganiselwe. Ngokuhambisana Isigaba 11 soMthetho, ezimweni umshwalense (non-ukuhambisana nezibopho zabo yibhange) zimali bangalindela ukukhokha inani 100% we yonke imali ebhange yakhelwe ikhumbula enqwabelene isithakazelo.

Ukubuya yemali imali kanye inzalo enqwabelene wenziwa ruble. Imali ku currency angaphandle aguqulwa ngesikhathi Bank of Russia exchange rate ngesikhathi umcimbi insured. Kuncike ekutheni ikhasimende ama-akhawunti e amabhange eziningana enano zimisele ngokuhlukile naleyo nhlangano yezimali. Ukutholakala wesikweletu isivumelwano ebhange ukunciphisa inani isinxephezelo ngenxa isamba semalimboleko.

Umshwalense izinkokhelo ku ezifakwa emhlabeni abazenzi ezinsukwini ezingu-30. Kukholakala ukuthi isikhathi sokukhokha eside kungabangela uvalo ukunciphisa ukuthembeka CERs.

Abahlanganyeli uhlelo umshwalense idiphozi

Kuye nezikweletu babelwe ukwabelana amalungu elandelayo CERs:

• OVikelwe - amabhange ohlelweni umshwalense idiphozi, efakwe ohlwini e ebhukwini uhlelo. Ilungelo uba ilungu CERs has lomfula ngombandela wokuthi ilayisensi yakhe ikhishwe Central Bank of the Russian Federation, ukuheha izimali khulula sabantu ukuze uvule imali engukheshi. Thola ulwazi mayelana kweqhaza yasebhange Russian Federation ohlelweni umshwalense idiphozi kwisayithi ye ACB ebhange.
• Yomhlomuli - emabhange, amakhasimende ebhange anelungelo claim Imihlomulo yomshuwalense.
• Umshwalense - isigungu esiletha unesibopho ukuqapha umsebenzi CERs, okungukuthi Idiphozithi Insurance Agency (DIA).
• Umzimba, singabakufanelekelayo ukuphathiswa ukuqapha izibopho iyona Bank of Russia.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iqhaza ohlelweni uyamukela RF Uhulumeni, ikakhulukazi, ukulawula ukusebenza kwe CERs.

Idiphozithi Insurance Agency

DIA kudlala indima enkulu ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi uhlelo umshwalense idiphozi. Ingxenye 2 Article 15 yoMthetho ichaza uhlu igunya Agency:

• ezimali kanye nerejista izinhlangano yasebhange;
• ukunqwabelana umshuwalense, nokugcinwa ukulawula kanye nokuphepha yesikhwama;
• emabhange accounting izicelo kanye ukugcwaliseka izimangalo zabo ezifanele;
• banxuse Bank of Russia for ukwephulwa kwemithetho yasebhange futhi imfuneko isicelo izilinganiso umthwalo;
• ukutshala imali yesikhwama etholakalayo;
• ukulawula amabhange maqondana nezidingo eyayifunwa uMthetho;
• ekutholeni indlela kuhlaziywa nokukhokhwa kwezintela iminikelo saziso amabhange.

Iminikelo ukuthi akuzona amalungu SHS

Isigaba 5 yoMthetho uveza nokuthi uhlelo lomshuwalense idiphozi ihlanganisa ingxenye enkulu kubo, kwasinda:

• akhawunti ivulekile emagatsheni amabhange Russian elise phesheya;
• ezifakwa lwezikhali;
• iminikelo le-IP, abameli, notaries, okuyinto avulekele ngenjongo yokwenza ibhizinisi;
• ezifakwa idluliselwe ebhange ku-trust;
• imali kuma-akhawunti ngogesi;
• unallocated metal akhawunti.

umshwalense Idiphozithi bunikezwa uMthetho futhi ayidingi ephetha isivumelwano esikhethekile.

Ezimweni umshwalense

TCO kuhlanganisa ezimweni eziningana, kuhlanganise nokukhokhwa isinxephezelo emabhange:

• sokwesulwa ilayisensi yasebhange, enika ilungelo ukuqhuba imisebenzi yezezimali;
• ukwethulwa kwe-Bank of Russia ka imikhawulo eminye imisebenzi yezimali.

Zonke izinqumo eziphathelene ukufakwa futhi baxoshwe CERs irejista yasebhange ezitholwe Agency.

amalungelo emabhange

I emabhange ka ngamabhange unamalungelo ngaphansi kwalo Mthetho:

• ethola isinxephezelo umshwalense for imali;
• DIA unolwazi mayelana amacala sokungalandeli umthetho yibhange nezibopho zayo maqondana imali;
• ukuthola ulwazi ngokugcwele mayelana nokubamba asebhange ku DIS.

Uhlelo umshwalense idiphozi ulawula ukuqaliswa izinkokhelo umshwalense ngokuya nge-Athikili 12 zoMthetho. Ulwazi mayelana nokumiswa imisebenzi ebhange sishicilelwe ku "Bulletin of the Bank of Russia" kuwebhusayithi DIA. Kusukela ngosuku lomcimbi kwesamba, futhi ngaphambi kokuphela inqubo ucabanga, umuntu ayemkweleta unelungelo ukufaka izimangalo zabo, yafaka esinye isicelo esibhaliwe noma ekuphathweni zesikhashana, noma liquidator. Njalo wahle wenza ukukhokhelwa izinsuku 3, kodwa izinsuku ngaphambili kuka-14 kusukela ngosuku lomcimbi kwesamba. Ngesicelo lemali depositor isinxephezelo ikhishwa ngokheshi noma sidluliselwe eshiwo i-akhawunti yasebhange.

CERs emihle nemibi

Inkinga yokuqinisekisa ukuphepha imali ezifakwa emabhange - omunye ukuthuthukiswa main emihle emnothweni wezwe. Akusiyo imfihlo ukuthi ukungalethembi ohlelweni Banking ukhuthaza abantu hhayi ukutshala ngoba wayesaba ukulahlekelwa kwabo kuze kube phakade. Ukuqeda lokhu isici kabi umthetho kahulumeni esiklanyelwe isiqinisekiso kubo izimali zabo emabhange.

Uhlelo umshwalense idiphozi - lokhu kuyisinyathelo esifanelekile abalulekile maqondana okwandisa ithemba emabhange. Isici esibalulekile Cer kuyinto ukucacisa ebhange depositor impahla, hhayi ebhange.

Wokulawula ukusebenza uhlelo, ukulawula ukukhishwa izimiso kanye nezinhloso ze-Agency for Idiphozithi Insurance, okuyinto yena, uncika uMthetho kuyinsakavukela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze aqinise Agency uzakudla Unelungelo ngokuzimela afeze kwemali.

umshwalense Idiphozithi - kuyinto indlela ezisemqoka zohlelo zezimali umsindo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhange ngokwabo unesithakazelo labahlanganyela ngayo Cer. Njengoba ukusebenza ngempumelelo ibhange awunakuba khona ngaphandle kokuthethelela nesixwayiso ezikweletini, kanye wamnika ukwesekwa lapho besekuhluphekeni ngezithukuthuku kwezimali zomphakathi.

Namuhla, ngeshwa, asikwazi kubhekwa uhlelo umshwalense idiphozi ku Russian Federation ephelele. Kudinga ukwenzangcono. Ochwepheshe bathi kufanele uthathe iziqondiso ezengeziwe sasiyoqondisa:

• nezinqumo zokwahlulela, okuvumela amabhange ngabanye ukulondoloza imali, naphezu kwesinqumo seNkantolo igunya lokuphatha ukumisa imisebenzi ebhange.
• Ukwanda uhlu "oVikelwe" izinto ngokufaka osomabhizinisi ngabanye, amabhizinisi amancane zomthetho, imali metallic nokunye.
• A ukwenyuka kancane esiphezulu imbuyiselo kungenzeka. Ngokuya lokukhula komnotho, izindinganiso zokuphila izakhamuzi Yiqiniso, ukwandisa futhi imali. Leso simo Kwakuyohlanganisani, kanye nokukhula iziqinisekiso uhulumeni for imali ebhange, okuyinto ngempela kuzobandakanya ukukhishwa ithemba emabhange.
• Inqubo sokunquma iminikelo uhlolwa kusuka ilungu ebhange. Namuhla wasebenzisa "isilinganiso esiphansi" ukuze kutholakale izinga iminikelo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo yonke amabhange ukhokhe kumaphesenti afanayo imali. Nokho, banikezwe amazinga ehlukene ingozi amabhange, lesi simiso akuhlale kuwubulungisa.
• Ithuthukisa indima le DIA ukuvimbela ngongakwazi ukukhokha izikweletu amabhange abenzele ukusekelwa adingekayo ukuze aphume nezimo ezinzima zezimali.

Ngakho, uhlelo umshwalense idiphozi kudinga tekubukana enombono wokwenza izinguquko ezidingekayo kanye nentuthuko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuthi lo msebenzi wenziwa ngokuhlanganyela bonke ababambe iqhaza ohlelweni umshwalense idiphozi.