Art. 421 we Code Civil nge imibono

Wondla e Art. 421 we Civil Code nenkululeko inkontileka Yokuphepha isebenza kuzo zonke izinhlangano kanye nabantu abangaphandle. Norma ayivumeli ukuphoqwa ukuba benze ukuthengiselana, ngaphandle isibopho esinjalo kwabalelwa isihloko ngokuhambisana nomthetho noma isisho yokuzithandela intando uzwakalise ngaphambili. Cabanga imininingwane Art. 421 Civil Code (ngamazwana).

Ngokucacile of ubudlelwano

Ngokuhambisana n. 2 tbsp. 421 we Code Civil, umuntu angase angena esivumelwaneni, uma noma alinikezelwanga ngomthetho kanye nezinye izenzo normative. Imithetho yokugcina ezinhlotsheni ezithile izinkontileka ebekwe emaphepheni angokomthetho azisebenzi. Lokhu kusebenza isivumelwano, ezingenakho ngezici ezichaziwe isimangalo. 3 tbsp. 421 we Code Civil. Lo mthetho, nokho, awukhulumi ukuvala amathuba usebenzisa esifanisweni esisenze yomthetho ukuba nesimo sengqondo ngazinye kubahlanganyeli kuthengiselana. Izinhlangano ingasebenzisa isayine isivumelwano lapho kukhona izakhi izinkontileka ezahlukene, kubekiwe emthethweni noma amanye amathuluzi (inkontileka okuxubile). ubudlelwano Legal zingaveli Ezimweni ezinjalo, imithetho olusungulelwe izivumelwano, izakhi zazo ziye zasetshenziswa uma omunye akuveli ubunjalo kuthengiselana noma alitholakali ngu abahlanganyeli ngokwabo.

izimo Izici

Basuke kuchaziwe Art. 421, 422 we Code Civil. Ngokuhambisana izinga lokuqala, izimo ezibekiwe ngesivumelwano wabahlanganyeli kuthengiselana. Ukukhethwa kulapho ketshezi kwento yesivumelwano mthetho noma esinye isenzo zomthetho. Lesi sikhundla isethwe lento. 422. Uma izimo kuthengiselana ngokunqaba ekusebenziseni ifoni okuvamile zazo kuvunyelwe kuze kube sezingeni lokuba abahlanganyeli kungukuthi kunqunywa, bangase ngakususi ukusetshenziswa kwalo. Amaphathi abe enelungelo kanye nezinye izimo libhekene khona kuwo. Uma kungekho sivumelwano ezinjalo, ngezinye p. 4 Art. 421 we Code Civil yesimo kuthengiselana esabekwa kuyinsakavukela dispositive. Uma izimo kungukuthi kuchazwe noma yiwo noma amaqembu, bayakugeza ukunikeza, ngokuhambisana ngokwezifiso kusebenza ubudlelwano inikezwe.

Art. 421 Civil Code (ngamazwana)

Ubudlelwano iqhaza inzuzo civil esekelwe ukulingana zabo bobabili zomthetho. Ingxenye 1 of Art. 421 we Code Civil libonisa ngokucacile lokhu. Esikhathini ubudlelwane zezikhonzi ayifakiwe kwakuwukuthi onegunya kwesinye. Lokhu-ke kusho ukuthi isiphelo sesimiso sivumelwano futhi ukuzimisela izimo zawo kuphela yokuzithandela ngokwemvelo futhi zisekelwe izithakazelo amaqembu. Isimiso inkululeko ukusebenzelana okuhilela izivumelwano, kanjalo ukwakha omunye ukulawulwa waqala sphere umthetho wangasese. Kuyinto ebaluleke kunazo zonke elandela ngenhlalakahle yezomnotho kuhambisana ukuqashelwa bangasephula impahla ngabanye.

Ukubonakaliswa esisebenzayo zoMthetho

Ngokusho imithetho n. 1 tbsp. 421 we Code Civil we Russian Federation, izikhonzi bengena kuthengiselana, unelungelo lokunquma:

1. Isidingo ukuphetha kuthengiselana. Bayoba yokuzithandela ngokuphelele ngaphandle nokuphoqwa.
2. Isimo sezomthetho mayelana nesivumelwano. Abahlanganyeli ngokwabo ngokuhambisana nezidingo zabo ukunquma uhlobo ubuhlobo bezebhizinisi.
3. Okuqukethwe yesivumelwano. Amaqembu kwesivumelwano mutual ukusungula imigomo ezosiza wokubambisana.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkululeko yesivumelwano Kungase kubonakale ngezinye izindlela. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuhambisana ojwayelekile, amalungu kungaba sokuqeda kuthengiselana kokuba kungokuvumelana.

ukuphoqwa ngaphandle

Ngokuhambisana Art. 421 we Code Civil, abahlanganyeli traffic ngokuzimela anqume ku kokujoyina ubuhlobo noma bayeke ke. Akekho amaqembu ngeke aphoqelelwe ukuba amukela lezo zici noma ezinye izimo ngokumelene nentando yabo. Lo mthetho uvumela i esiphethweni ophoqelelwe yesivumelwano, kodwa njengenhlangano okuhlukile ngokuqondene nalo mthetho. Lokhu kwenzeka, isib, uma kuwumsebenzi okuhambisanayo inikezwe iziqondiso noma ukuziyeka ngamabomu ezinye yokutholwa ngaphambili hypothesis. Art. 421 we Code Civil libhekisela ukumisa isikhathi sabo umkhuba sezenhlalo. Ezikhathini zaseSoviet, isibopho ukungena ezivumelwaneni linwetshelwe ngesisekelo ukuhlela ahlukahlukene nezinye izenzo zokuphatha. Ngakho, base wayesehambile ukhona izigaba ezifana izivumelwano zebhizinisi.

Icacisa uhlobo ubudlelwane

Art. 421 we Code Civil usungula ilungelo izifundo ukukhetha, onjani sivumelwano zaphetha. Zingase usayine inkontileka njengoba uyalelwe, hhayi kunqunywa umthetho kanye nezinye iziqondiso. Kugcine ngokuthi "isivumelwano elingashiwongo igama lakhe." Ngesikhathi esifanayo, yebo, isivumelwano esinjalo akufanele kube esishayisana zomthetho ezikhona futhi uthobele nezimiso eziyisisekelo inzuzo civil. Umthetho wamanje akusho ukusungula uhlu oluthile futhi oluphelele lwazo izivumelwano. Izikhonzi aphoqelelwe ukuba ulungise imigomo kuthengiselana ngaphansi omunye izinhlobonhlobo amazinga aziwayo.

Leli qiniso kubaluleke kakhulu ohlelweni kwezomnotho, lapho ngokomthetho ngokuvamile lags ngemuva izidingo ejenti kwezomnotho. Ngokwesibonelo, eziningi ukuthengiselana letentiwako namuhla exchange angaphandle, isitokwe Ukuhwebelana, hhayi kuzo zonke izimo ube prototypes ezibekwe umthetho. Kungenzeka ukukhipha sivumelwano ongashiwongo ngegama ivumela izifundo inzuzo civil bebodwa ukuqeda izikhala ezikhona e imithetho ezivela eyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo of ubudlelwano ibhizinisi.

izivumelwano okuxubile

Bafanele esihlukile izinkontileka elingashiwongo igama lakhe. izivumelwano okuxubile Ngokuthi lapho kukhona izakhi nezinye izivumelwano ebekwe umthetho namanye amadokhumenti normative. Ngakho, ukuze ukuthengiselana okunjalo, imithetho elawula izinkontileka, yezingxenye zazo zithathwe izifundo. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-Art. 501 kweKhodi sisungula kungenzeka kokubhaliswa nokuqasha kanye ukudayiswa sivumelwano. Ngokusho kwakhe, lomthengi kumelwe kuqala babe eyisakhamuzi. Ngaphambi ukudayiswa into amaqembu imithetho yokuqashisa. Ngemva kwathatha eyisakhamuzi ubunikazi isikhundla izosetshenziselwa ukudayiswa.

sivumelwano ezixutshiwe kubhekwa evuma akhawunti ebhange. He hlinzeka for e Art. 850 Ikhodi. isivumelwano esinjalo ubizwa nangokuthi i overdraft. Ngaphansi imigomo yesivumelwano, ibhange ophindisela ikhasimende okushiwo abakweletwayo ngaphakathi umkhawulo esungulwe, ngisho noma azikho izimali ku-akhawunti noma semali, kunekhona kuso.

umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama

Umthetho akusho azibekele izithiyo isivumelwano, okuzokwenza ukuba ithanyelwe yizikhulu amalungu, futhi osungulwe futhi kwezinkambiso kusungulwa. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ngeke zixutshwe ngokwencazelo yaleli into yesithathu. 421 we Code Civil, kuzosetshenziswa kuyo izingxenye ezifanele imithetho yesivumelwano okuthiwa. Kukho konke imigomo idokhumenti bazohlolwa ukuhambisana ne isigaba sokuqala Art. 8 Ikhodi.

sivumelwano ezixutshiwe kumele ahlukaniswe kusuka eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lesi sakamuva kudinga khona inhlanganisela eziningana ehlukile izivumelwano, imigomo zazo esabekwa idokhumenti olulodwa. Ngokwesibonelo, e inkontileka supply kungenzeka izinto samanje umshwalense wezimpahla, ezokuthutha, isitoreji, nokunye. Ukuba khona kwalawa izimo akudingi ukubhalisa izivumelwano ezihlukahlukene, kodwa aliholeli ukuvela isenzo esisodwa.

Okusho kwezinkambiso dispositive

La malungiselelo ngokuvamile ngokwanele isicelo ukuphathwa sokusebenzelana. imithetho discretionary ukwenza njenge izimo kuphela lapho amaqembu ayengakwazi ukuvumelana mayelana nodaba oluthile ngenye indlela noma musa ngakususi ukusetshenziswa yabo njengengxenye idili yabo. Isici esiyinhloko salelo wabo ikhono lazo ukunquma ukuthi kungenzeka derogations imithetho ezikuyo. Kule ndaba, ukusetshenziswa izenzo discretionary waqala njengoba uhlobo nenkululeko ukusebenzelana okuhilela izivumelwano. Le mithetho, isibonelo, ingase ihlanganise imithetho ekufezeni izibopho (inikeza ukwaneliseka olungaphelele, ukubambezeleka, isitolimende), ukuhambisana nesikhathi, esinquma indawo ukubulawa nokunye.

Empeleni, amalungiselelo dispositive wabeka ezinye uhlobo amathiphu abahlanganyeli kule kuthengiselana ngemibandela ezengeziwe. Ikhono ukusebenzisa lezi zilinganiso i asinaso ngeke amaqembu ku amaphuzu amaningana olahlekile yesivumelwano. Imigomo ukuthi basuke efakwe ngaleso izikhundla amele okufana kahle isimo esithile.

Ukusetshenziswa amasiko

It bavunyelwe k. 5 kwe-athikili. Ikhono ukusebenzisa imikhuba neqhaza izikhala ezikhona e imithetho. Ngenxa yokuthi sinefu engqondweni yisimiso sokuziphatha, hhayi ngqo isethwe ku umthetho, futhi kwakheka ezimele futhi asetshenziswa kabanzi endaweni ethile yebhizinisi, nokuqaliswa kwalo practice Uphinde abhekwe ibonakalisa nenkululeko ukusebenzelana okuhilela izivumelwano. Ngakho, isiko ethize kuba ezengeziwe (subsidiarity) umthombo umthetho. Kuthathwa ngokuthi isimo izivumelwano lapho laba ababa nengxenye kulo kuthenga akufani ngokucacile bavumelana noma ngenxa yezimo, futhi ayifakiwe zoMthetho-non-esiyisibopho umthetho.

imikhawulo

Bayoba nakanjani setha emkhakheni ubudlelwane ibhizinisi izifundo. Okokuqala okuqukethwe kwanoma iliphi sivumelwano akumelwe kube ngokuphambene nemithetho esiyisibopho umthetho noma ezinye amadokhumenti wezomthetho, kungenjalo uzokwenza okufanele zihlonishwe njengobukhosi siyize. Kwezinye izimo, imikhawulo kubangelwa ukuthuthukiswa imodeli emakethe, okuyinto abakwazi kahle, kubika iSowetan. Ngokwesibonelo, basuke ngawengubo monopolists abangakwazi abeke imigomo izivumelwano ukuze counterparties, usebenzisa isikhundla esivelele nokungakwazi ukubhekana umsebenzisi kwesinye umakhi, okungukuthi okuphambene nesimiso wokuncintisana.

Ngemizimba olawula umsebenzi nezinhlelo ezihlukahlukene zomnotho, ungasetha uhla lwabantu abaphinde babophezeleke ngaphansi oyimpoqo, ukucacisa yamanani noma imikhawulo yabo kwimikhiqizo ekhiqizwa.

Kuyoba kubhekwe njengento ukunqunywa emthethweni counterparties ngokusobala kwezimo ezingezinhle noma ukungacabangeli ukwenqaba / ukwehluleka ukuphothula isivumelwano. Izenzo ezinjalo zibhekwa njengamagugu ukubonakaliswa ekuncintisaneni.

ukusebenzelana okuhilela izivumelwano ukwenqatshelwa ku ukuhlukunyezwa kwamalungelo, kuhlanganise nenkululeko ukungena ukuthengiselana. It kungabonakala nakulokho njengoba komkhawulo. Ukusetshenziswa kwalesi ukuvinjelwa ulungisiswa, isibonelo, ezimweni lapho isikhungo yasebhange, ayezosebenza njengabaqondisi ingxenye nesivumelwano sokubolekwa, ephoqa amakhasimende imali uhlasela enkulu umonakalo kwavala sokulibala futhi kudinga zokubekwa zokuluthola, ebhekisela nenkululeko inkontileka.