I-oda reference isikhathi eside. Kumila isikhathi

Cishe kulo lonke emlandweni wesintu zesayensi ovelele futhi izazi zefilosofi nazo ziye wazama ukwenza umqondo isikhathi. Nokho, kwakulokhu mkhuba bengayiqondi kuze kube sekupheleni. Futhi abantu, kunokuba ukuqonda isimo sawo, uye wafunda okungenani ukukala ke. Kanjani Countdown, kusukela okuyilapho iqhutshwa ngaluphi uhlelo? Ake ufunde kabanzi ngalo.

Yini isikhathi

Ngaphambi esisingatha ngayo izimo isici temporality, kubalulekile ukuze uvuselele ulwazi lwabo mayelana lo mqondo. Isikhathi iyona nto elithile isikhathi bokuba khona zonke izinto nezidalwa endaweni yonke esikhathini ngokubukeka kwabo phambi ukunyamalala. Empeleni, lo mbono kuyinto uhlobo umaka ukunquma izenzakalo.

Ngo-physics classical, kukhona umqondo ezifana "-eksisi isikhathi". Kuyo, lesi simanga ubonakala umugqa owodwa ntathu ngqo ukusuka esikhathini esidlule ngokusebenzisa samanje nasesikhathini esizayo.

Kuthathwa ngokuthi umqondo wegama elithi "isikhathi" kwavela ngesikhathi kokuzalwa yonke, ngenxa Big Bang. Ukuphikisa noma uqinisekise lesi nokucabanga akunakwenzeka okwamanje.

izakhiwo kwesikhathi

Njenganoma yimuphi ezidlula, lokhu anezakhi ezikhethekile:

• Lowo-dimensionality.
• Irreversibility. Ngamanye amazwi, isikhathi akuyona nje ezihambayo emgceni locondzile, kodwa wenza kanjalo nje kwelinye direction (zangesikhathi esidlule ukuba esikhathini esizayo). Uma uthatha amaphuzu amabili ngokungenasizathu ku-eksisi yesikhashana, oqinisekayo ukuthi kube isihlobo esizayo kuze kube komunye. Futhi, yena, Izoba ngeyokuqala kuze kube sekugcineni.
• Ukufana. Kuyinto nokulingana sonke isikhathi. Okubizwa ngokuthi kokuqala ukulangazelela isikhathi - lena nje ukuqondana nomhlangano wesigodi. Njengoba cishe zonke izenzakalo ungaqala calculus entsha yesikhashana.
• Umnqopho. Isikhathi likhona, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ingqondo yomuntu futhi yamukela lesi simanga. Kufana umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi: nakuba emakhulwini amaningi abantu alazi ukuthi ukhona, esafuna liqhubekile.
• Universality. Kukhona kungaba lutho ngaphandle isikhathi ekhona.

Lokho kubizwa ngokuthi countdown

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lo mkhuba okukhulunywa has a ukufana kulo lonke emlandweni wezwe, abantu babezama ukuthola indlela ukufunda ukubala.

Iqiniso lokuthi yonke imiphakathi esikhathini esithile waqaphela khona kwezinkathi zonyaka zishintsha. Ngenxa sokusinda amalungu ayo bebhekene nesidingo ukuze ufunde ukuthi ukubala ukufika lezinkathi evumayo nangenkathi ezingezinhle zesikhathi, okwenza Advance izinqolobane hhayi yindlala futhi abandayo. kwavela Ngakho ikhalenda.

Ikhalenda, izinhlobo zalo kanye nomlando

Leli gama abantu ezahlukene wabheka futhi wawulotshwe ehlukile. Nokho, incazelo yalo bezilokhu united. Ikhalenda - lolu hlobo lwesistimu (oda) inkomba isikhathi eside. Konke kwaqala ukuphuma encane.

Umjikelezo wokuqala latiphindzako ukuthi wabona abantu - kwakuwusuku nobusuku - ngosuku. Kancane kancane, yaphawula ukuthi ngezikhathi ezithile inyanga egcina eziqondile zazo zonke izigaba. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile futhi, abantu abaqaphela ukuthi ngemva kuka-12 zonyaka izinyanga aphindaphindwe, oluphethwe ngonyaka. Ngesisekelo lokhu, kwathiwa kusungulwe ikhalenda kwenyanga. Ngokusho kwalo nyaka wawunezinsuku ezingu 354 ka.

Ngeshwa, umyalo onjalo yenkomba lezinkathi enkulu isikhathi asishayisani nge bonyaka. Ngakho-ke, izizwe belisebenzisa, kwadingeka ukuya amaqhinga ahlukahlukene ukulungisa imibiko enganembile. Ngokwesibonelo, amaRoma kanye njalo eminyakeni emi-3 inyanga extra ifakwe - martsedony.

Emazweni angaba ngu-yesimanje namanje zisebenzisa amakhalenda wadala by inyanga.

Abantu waseGibhithe lasendulo ukuba bakhulekele uNkulunkulu Sun Ra, ngokusekelwe ikhalenda ayo on enyangeni asibahambeli futhi ilanga. Nokho, lesi simiso, futhi, wawunamaphutha, njengoba inani lezinsuku ngonyaka idlula 365. Ngo ezinkathini zakamuva (lapho izwe lisuke ithuba enikeziwe ngaphansi kwegunya amaGreki, amaRoma), abanikazi abasha isimo wazama ukwethula Ukuchitshiyelwa the waseGibhithe ikhalenda solar, kodwa ukwenza kanjalo ngaphambi kokuphela futhi akasidlanga impande.

AmaGreki waba inqubo ekhethekile ekubaleni isikhathi eside. Lalibizwa ngokuthi umjikelezo Metonic futhi yathatha iminyaka engu-19. Lolu hlelo, akhiwa sezinkanyezi Meton ekhulwini V. BC. e., ukuhamba ilanga nenyanga. Naphezu kokuba yinkimbinkimbi kwayo, kwaba anembile futhi lesichubekako ngesikhathi sako. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abantu bamaJuda namanje ukuyisebenzisa up. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi Easter unyaka ngamunye ibalwa ngokuvumelana nalesi simiso.

Okuwukuphela kwesizathu esenza amaRoma, onika emhlabeni yobuKristu lonke uhlelo lwayo kwezikhathi, ekuqaleni ikhalenda enganakiwe ehlanganisa izinyanga 10. Nokho, Yuliy Tsezar bamyisa wokuguqula futhi wethula uhlelo olusha reference iminyaka. Ngemva kokufa zombusi, abalandeli bakhe base kancane abadidwa ikhalenda entsha, ngenxa yalokho uye eqoqwe 4 kuwunyaka, bathola okungaphezu kwalokho linqotshiwe, Oktavian Avgust waphoqeleka ukukhansela kubo by kakhulu ngendlela 16 iminyaka.

Ngemva ubuKristu baba inkolo eyinhloko eRoma ukusakazeka kwalo emhlabeni wonke, emazweni amaningi baye bathuthela likaJulius.

Yilokho nje kwakungeyona ephelele, futhi abambalwa eminyaka kwashintsha eminyakeni eqa kuye kwasho ukuthi inani langempela isikhathi phakathi nelanga Vernal (ku ukubakhulekela kwakubhekwa njengokuvukela ngonyaka) asishayisani nge ikhalenda.

Kule ndaba, inhloko yeSonto LamaKatolika yokuphazamisa, uPapa Gregory XIII ngo-1582 kanye sezibalo Aloysius Liliem wadala uhlelo olusha kwezikhathi, okuyinto esetshenziswa lonke nomhlaba ophucukile namuhla.

Ukulandelana kwezenzakalo ngokohlelo lwezikhathi

Inqubo yokubala nezikhathi enkulu isikhathi inikeze exhumene nalo mbono, njengoba ukuhlelwa kwezenzakalo. Lisuselwa lesiGreki ibinzana "imfundiso kwesikhathi" (emazwini "Chronos" futhi "logo"). Kusukela etymology yayo uqonda ukuthi ngokukhethekile kule isayensi ukutadisha isikhathi nezindlela ukukala ke. It ihlukaniswe yaba 3 izinhlobo:

• Astronomical. Yena ngokukhethekile ekutadisheni ezinyakazayo izindikimba zasezulwini. Ngesisekelo cyclicity yayo kuyasiza ukubala isikhathi esiqondile yezinkanyezi.
• Zomlando. Ngokungafani edlule (okuyinto okubhekiswe ekusunguleni isikhathi esiqondile), lokhu bagxila ekutadisheni izinhlelo amakhalenda nokubala kwalo izikhathi impucuko ezahlukene kanye nemave. futhi sisiza ukuvumelanisa umlando abantu ezahlukene ukwazi kahle ngenkathi kwenzeka, noma eminye imicimbi ezibalulekile.
• Geochronology. It is ukutadisha isikhathi Geological njengoba Umhlaba amatshe. Kulesi umkhakha has zayo siqu geochronological isikhathi embulungeni. Umsuka isikhathi kuso - lesi yisikhathi kumiswa iplanethi yethu, eminyakeni engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 4.6 edlule.

Kumila isikhathi

Ngoba zonke impucuko enkulu kwadingeka ikhalenda ayo nekhalenda, kufanele sinake ekuqaleni countdown yayo. Nakuba practice isikhathi iyisici eyohlobo, kuzo zonke simiso nangesimo sakhe siqu yenkomba abakhethiwe yekucala.

Kwezikhathi abaseGibhithe lwenziwe kusukela ekuqaleni kokubusa likaFaro olandelayo, noma wonke umndeni wakhe. Yombuso wamaRoma sokuqala sokuqala Iphuzu laliba usuku eRoma isizinda. Kuleli zwe lanamuhla iningi izinhlelo iBhayibheli ngohlelo lokulandelana kwezenzakalo zisekelwe ezinye zezenzakalo zenkolo kubalulekile. Ngokwesibonelo, ubuKristu usuku elilinganisiwe kokuzalwa kukaKristu, amaSulumane - ushintsho of the Prophet Muhammad kusukela naseMecca Medina, wamaBuddha - isikhathi sokufa Buddha, futhi amaJuda - mzuzu ekudalweni kwemhlaba (ku umbono wabo).

Ubuncane isikhathi ikhalenda ngezikhawu: usuku, isonto, inyanga

Njengoba asebenzelana ngayo kokuqala okuqala kwezikhathi, kubalulekile ukuba sicabangele amayunithi ezibaluleke kakhulu, okuyinto ezisetshenziswa bonke ngothi lwabo.

Inani okungenani isikhathi asetshenziswa kuzozonke izinhlelo ikhalenda reference - ngalobu busuku (imini nobusuku sithatha amahora 24). Ngaphansi lo mqondo kusho isikhathi ayenawo ephelele Umhlaba emhlabeni axis awo.

Esikhathini esizayo, ngesisekelo iyunithi kumiswa ngesonto. Kuleli zwe lanamuhla, bona izinsuku 7. Nokho, esikhathini esidlule kwakungeyona ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, Slavic sikhathi isikhawu kwaba izinsuku 9, futhi ngesikhathi USSR - 5, futhi ngezinye izikhathi 6 izinsuku.

AbaseGibhithe lasendulo ngesonto wawunezinsuku ezingu-10, kanye Maya - aphume 13 (ngezinye izikhathi 20).

Okulandelayo ukuze okwandayo ngenyanga. Ekuqaleni, kwaba inkathi of the Moon revolution okuphelele emhlabeni Earth. Nokho, namuhla, akungenxa okufanayo, okungenani kule Julian futhi amakhalenda Gregorian.

Ikota kwesizini

Izinyanga mpilo ngezikhathi namakwata. Inkathi ngayinye yonyaka (ngaleso sikhathi esifanayo ngonyaka) siqukethe 3 izinyanga ikhalenda. Linani selilonkhe lebantfu labange 4: ubusika, intwasahlobo, ihlobo noma ekwindla. Ikota futhi siqukethe 3 izinyanga, kodwa akubalwa by zonyaka ngokuqinile leli khalenda. Le yunithi zabelwe kwaba lula ukwenza le imibhalo yokubika.

Unyaka futhi ezahlukeneyo zalo

Izinyanga, amakota nezinkathi yakha ngonyaka. Lena inkathi yokuqala eside, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho Umhlaba kwenza kwaba nombhikisho ephelele njengoba uzungeza ilanga. Siqukethe ezingu-12, 4 zonyaka noma amakota.

ngonyaka Christian Traditional linezinsuku ezingu-365, kodwa zonke 4th kuba unyaka eqa, futhi lapho izinsuku ezingu-366. Njengoba-ke linezinsuku ezingu-355, abangamaJuda futhi amakhalenda Islamic.

Futhi ungathintana Ungakhohlwa mayelana umqondo ezifana emnyakeni lekufundvwa ngawo. Lena inkathi kwezinyanga ezingu-9, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho izifundo ezifundiswa ezikoleni.

Century, yeminyaka futhi megagod gigagod

iminyaka engu-100 ifomu ubudala noma iminyaka eyikhulu. Lona omunye nezikhathi kulenkhulu isikhathi maqondana umuntu, kusukela ambalwa nje bayakwazi ukuphila okuningi.

Inkulungwane Yeminyaka liyiminyaka 1000 noma 10 eminyaka.

Kubalulekile ukuthi uthole lonke ulwazi egameni isikhathi ezinkulu Ukuhlelwa kwezenzakalo isihlobo. It gigagod, liphethe iminyaka kwezigidi eziyinkulungwane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iyunithi Lesisemkhatsini lwabelwe - megagod (iminyaka 1 million).

Megagod futhi gigagod e kwezikhathi alisetshenziswa, njengoba okwamanje ayikho kuwubufakazi bokuba khona kokuphila okuhlakaniphile kulezi zikhathi. Noma kunjalo, kubalulekile geochronology.