Isayensi Non-classical: ekwakhekeni, izimiso, izici

Ukuvela isayensi ngombono wethu yesimanje - inqubo empeleni esasisesisha okudinga yokufunda njalo. NgeNkathi Ephakathi ayikho le nto ezifana Izimo zempilo nenhlalo yezindawo ukuthuthukiswa isayensi neze ezinikelwe. Isifiso ukunikeza zonke izinto ezikhona kanye nezimo kwencazelo enengqondo kwavela XVI-XVII eminyaka., Lapho ulwazi oluthuthukayo lomhlaba ngendlela ukwabelana ifilosofi nesayensi. Futhi lokho kwakuseyisiqalo nje - ne kwesikhathi futhi izinguquko bezibona abantu kancane esishintshile classical isayensi nonclassical, bese postnonclassical khona.

Lezi zimfundiso kancane esikhundleni wuhlelo umqondo isayensi classical futhi kungagcini nobukhulu bayo. With ukuvela isayensi-non-classical sekube bathole okuningi esibalulekile ezweni, kwakukhona ukwethulwa idatha entsha yokuhlola. Ucwaningo zemvelo yayiswa ezingeni elisha.

Definition of isayensi-non-classical

isigaba Non-classical yentuthuko isayensi weza XIX sekwephuzile - maphakathi XX leminyaka. Waba ukuqhubeka okunomqondo ukugeleza zakudala, okuyinto kule nkathi kwavele Inkinga ukucabanga okunengqondo. Kwakuwusuku lwesithathu revolution yesayensi, ezithinta Global yayo. isayensi Non-classical uhlongoza ukuqonda izinto, hhayi njengento yabashadile esitebeleni, futhi babanike ngokusebenzisa uhlobo cross-ingxenye eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma ezahlukene, izindlela kanye nezimiso okuqonda izifundo.

Kube khona umqondo ehlangana lonke inqubo isayensi yemvelo: ukuqonda ubunjalo bezinto kanye izenzakalo hhayi njengento yabashadile esithathwa kancane, njengoba kwakunjalo ngaphambili. Ososayensi baye banikela sibaphathe ngendlela yazo esabalele nokwenza iqiniso izincazelo ezingafani, ngoba ngamunye wabo kungenzeka okusanhlamvu samanje ulwazi inhloso. Manje ukufunda isihloko isayensi akuyona injalo angashintshiwe, futhi ikakhulukazi imibandela khona. Tadisha zendaba zenzeka ngezindlela ezahlukene, ngakho imiphumela yokugcina zingafani.

Nemithetho yesayensi-non-classical

nemithetho yesayensi-non-classical uyingane yokutholwa, okuyinto zazimi kanje:

1. Ukwehluleka umnqopho ngokweqile isayensi classical anikela ngalo ukuthatha ezifana nokuthatha isifundo njengamaphuzu okuthile njalo, ukuzimela ngolwazi.
2. Kuvisisa budlelwane emkhatsini izakhiwo into zocwaningo, kanye ikakhulukazi izenzo eyenziwa ngale ndaba.
3. Umbono lezi ubudlelwano njengesisekelo sokunquma incazelo umgomo we izakhiwo into, futhi izwe wonkana.
4. Ukwamukelwa izimiso zocwaningo kwezinto ndawonye, leyehlukene, complementarity quantized futhi okungenzeka.

Ucwaningo luye ngokuvamile yayiswa umqondo omusha multifactor: i Ukuyekwa kwezindlela ngabodwa isihloko cwaningo ukuze "ukuhlanzeka ukuhlola" esivuna kokuqhuba ukubuyekeza oluphelele endaweni ashukumisayo.

Izici isicelo wesayensi

Kumiswa isayensi-non-classical siye sashintsha ngokuphelele ezihlelwe ngayo ngokwemvelo bezibona emhlabeni wangempela:

• Ngo iningi izivivinyo, kuhlanganise ngesayensi yemvelo, nefilosofi-non-classical wesayensi waqala ukudlala indima ebalulekile.
• Ukutadisha ubunjalo bento unikezwa isikhathi esengeziwe, umcwaningi esebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene kanye ulandelela nokuxhumana lezinto ezimeni ezahlukahlukene. Into futhi isihloko cwaningo babe oxhumene ngaphezulu.
• Kwaqinisa ubudlelwane nasebunyeni ubunjalo zonke izinto.
• Ubumbe indlela ethile yokuma, esekelwe izimbangela lomkhuba, futhi hhayi kuphela embonweni mechanical emhlabeni.
• Dissonance ibonwa njengoba izinto main isici ngokwemvelo (isb umehluko phakathi wave quantum kanye nezinhlayiya telulwimi letilula).
• A indima ekhethekile udlalwa ngokumelene static izifundo ashukumisayo.
• indlela zemimoya yokucabanga wakhala a dialectical, ezihlukahlukene.

Ngemva ukwethulwa nomqondo non-classical isayensi emhlabeni bebelokhu eminingi ezitholakele eziphawuleka yangekhulu XIX sekwephuzile - ekuqaleni XX leminyaka. Abanaso angena isikhundla ezimisiwe isayensi-classic, ngakho ngokuphelele Imibono esiguqukile sezwe. Kusukela theory eyisisekelo yaleli isikhathi esiningi nabo.

Imfundiso kaDarwin yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Omunye umphumela lapho kwemukelwa isayensi-non-classical kwaba umsebenzi omkhulu esikhathini sikaCharles Darwin, izinto zokwakha kanye nokucwaninga kwalokho kuqoqwa 1809 kuya 1882. Manje le mfundiso isekelwe cishe zonke biology theory. Yena systematized imibono yakhe, wabe usuthola ukuthi izici eziyinhloko e inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyinto ufuzo futhi ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo. Darwin wathola ukuthi ushintsho uphawu zinhlobo inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuncike ezintweni ezithile futhi akuqinisekile. Ezithile kwamiswa ngaphansi kwethonya imvelo, okungukuthi, kanye nomphumela ofanayo kwezimiso yemvelo ku iningi labantu ziyashintsha izici zawo (ukushuba kwesikhumba noma ijazi, lesikhumba, njll). Lezi zinto ziyizenzakalo oluhambelana ngokwemvelo futhi ayihambi esizukulwaneni esilandelayo.

izinguquko Alaziwa futhi kuphakama ngaphansi kwethonya yizici zemvelo, zenzeka ngezikhathi kodwa nabanye abantu. Ngokuvamile ngofuzo. Uma ushintsho yayinenzuzo zilwane, it is ilungiswe inqubo kwemvelo, futhi adluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ezilandelayo. UCharles Darwin wabonisa ukuthi kwemvelo kufanele zihlolwe usebenzisa ezihlukahlukene izimiso nemibono, eqhuba ezihlukahlukene cwaningo imvelo nokuqaphelisisa. Lomlomo waso is nishaye Emaceleni inazo izinkolelo ezingokwenkolo ngendawo yonke ngaleso sikhathi.

theory ka-Einstein ye kwezinto

Ngakusasa ukuvulwa abalulekile nendlela ye isayensi-non-classical odlale indima enkulu. Sikhuluma umsebenzi u-Albert Einstein, okwathi ngo 1905 wanyathelisa mbono kwezinto yemizimba. essence yayo kwaba ukutadisha ezinyakazayo zemizimba ezihambayo isihlobo komunye nomunye nge speed njalo. Wachaza ukuthi kuleli cala ngokungalungile ukuqonda umzimba ngamanye njengoba isimo inkomba - ke kubalulekile ukucabangela izinto isihlobo komunye nomunye futhi acabangele ijubane kanye trajectory kokubili izinto.

Okwazekayo Einstein, zikhona 2 izimiso eziyisisekelo:

1. Isimiso wokuhlobana kwezinto. Ithi wonke ezivamile inkomba izinhlelo, ezihambayo isihlobo komunye nomunye ijubane lokukhanya alishintshi futhi siye ohlangothini olufanayo ezosebenza imithetho efanayo.
2. Umgomo we ngejubane lokukhanya. Ngu ukukhanya kangakanani ijubane eliphezulu kakhulu yini, kungokwenduduzo zonke izinto nemicimbi okufanayo futhi akuxhomekile ukuthi lingakanani ijubane lokuya yabo. Ijubane lokukhanya uhlala ingashintshiwe.

Albertu Eynshteynu udumo waletha beshisekela sciences isahlolwa futhi ukwehluleka yolwazi theory. Wenzé banikela ngendlela ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni isayensi-non-classic.

I Heisenberg Ukungaqiniseki Isimiso

Ngo-1926, Heisenberg athuthukile quantum yakhe theory siqu, izinguquko ubuhlobo macrocosm emhlabeni evamile impahla. Umuzwa jikelele umsebenzi wakhe lwalulinganiselwe yokuthi izici iso babantu abakwazi ongaboni noma sebenzisa (isibonelo, ukunyakaza futhi indlela zama-athomu), e izibalo ungafaki. Kwasekuqaleni ngoba electron ihamba, nezinhlayiya futhi njengomnikelo wokuzuliswa. Ezingeni yamangqamuzana iyiphi ukuxhumana lwento nesihloko, eshintsha kulengqungquthela zama-athomu, okuyinto ingengaakwazi.

Ososayensi wathatha ukuze uthumele iphuzu classical Ngenxa ezinyakazayo izinhlayiya ohlelweni izibalo ngokomzimba. Wayekholelwa ukuthi izibalo kufanele asetshenziswe kuphela izinto eziningi ukuthi ezihlobene ngokuqondile a umile into uthi, nalesi kwezifunda, nokukhanya ebonakalayo. Ukuthatha isimiso izincwadi, kwaba matrix izinombolo, lapho inani ngalinye assigned lalo. Njalo lapho ungenela ethebuleni has a isimo umile noma okungezona umile (iyaguquka esimweni esisodwa kuya kwesinye). Izibalo kumele kukhiqize uma kudingeka, kusukela inombolo timphawu kanye isimo sayo. isayensi Non-classical kanye nezici zayo ziye kakhulu isistimu yamaphuzu, okuyinto waqinisekiswa Heisenberg lula.

Umbono ka-Big Bang

Umbuzo we kanjani yonke elaliphambi kwenzeka futhi ngalokho okuyokwenzeka ngemva, ayinandaba njalo ukhathazekile manje akuyona ososayensi kuphela, kodwa futhi abantu abavamile. isigaba Non-classical ukuthuthukisa isayensi ivule inguqulo ye umsuka impucuko. Lena imfundiso yokuziphendukela odumile we Big Bang. Yiqiniso, lokhu ingenye imibono eyayisinesikhathi nesenzakalo zezwe, kodwa ososayensi abaningi bayaqiniseka khona njengoba inguqulo kuphela efanele nokuvela kokuphila.

Ingqikithi yalo mbono kanje: yonke futhi konke okuqukethwe kuyo ngesikhathi esifanayo kwaphakama ngenxa yokuqhuma kwebhomu iminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 13 edlule. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, akukho esasingakwenza ngaphandle - i kuphela abstract ibhola compact ndaba, nokuba lokushisa okungenamingcele kwabantu. Esikhathini esithile ibhola waqala ukwandisa ngokushesha, kwakukhona ikhefu, futhi kukhona yonke siyazi futhi ngenkuthalo ukuhlola. Lo mbono futhi uchaza izimbangela ukunwetshwa yonke futhi uchaza ngokuningiliziwe zonke izigaba ezalandela Big Bang: ukunwetshwa kokuqala, Ukupholisa ngomoya kanye ukubukeka amafu izakhi lasendulo, eziqalisa kumiswa izinkanyezi nemithala. Zonke ekhona kuleli zwe eligcwele ndaba sidalwe sibonga kuqhuma omkhulu.

Nenhlekelele Theory Rene Toma

Ngo-1960, isazi sezibalo French René Thom waveza inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela kokuphela. Usosayensi waqala ukuhumusha ku zezibalo ulimi mkhuba, lapho umphumela okuqhubekayo kule ndaba noma into kudala yi discontinuous. ithiyori Kwakhe kusivumela ukuba baqonde umsuka ushintsho futhi okhuphuka ezimisweni, naphezu kwesimo yayo zezibalo.

Inzwa okulandelayo: Noma yiluphi uhlelo has state esitebeleni yokuphumula, lapho usesikhundleni ezinzile, noma ezinye ezahlukene zawo. Lapho uhlelo ezinzile echayeke ngaphandle, amandla ayo yasekuqaleni uzobe kuvinjelwe lo mphumela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, it uzozama ukubuyisela isikhundla yayo yasekuqaleni. Uma ingcindezi ohlelweni sasinamandla kangangokuthi esimweni engaguquki ngeke bakwazi ukuza emuva, kuzoba noshintsho inhlekelele. Ngenxa yalokho, uhlelo amukela isimo esisha engaguquki ezahlukene kulokho eqale iyikho.

Ngakho, lo mkhuba uye wafakazela ukuthi kukhona hhayi kuphela non-classical wesayensi lobuchwepheshe, kodwa futhi Mathematics. Asiza ukuba uqonde izwe engengaphansi kwengu neminye imicikilisho.

isayensi postnonclassical

Okuvela isayensi post-nonclassical kwakubangelwa gxuma enkulu ekwakhiweni kwamathuluzi for ulwazi kanye processing zabo eyalandela USB. Kwasekusithi 70-yalolucwaningo ka XX leminyaka, lapho amakhompyutha lokuqala, futhi wonke ulwazi zanqwabelana adingekayo ukuze ibe elekthronikhi. Waqala ukuthuthukiswa esebenzayo izinhlelo zocwaningo edidiyelwe kanye imikhakha eyahlukene, isayensi kancane kancane ahlangane umkhakha.

Nkathi abashe isayensi, akunakwenzeka ukuziba indima abantu entweni ukuhlolwa noma mkhuba. Isigaba esiyinhloko ekuthuthukisweni isayensi izama ukuthola ukuzwisisa iphasi njengenhlangano uhlelo oluhlangene. Kwathi orientation kumuntu, hhayi kuphela endabeni yokukhetha izindlela zocwaningo, kodwa futhi umbono jikelele zomphakathi nefilosofi. Ocwaningweni postnonclassical into iba izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi angakhula ngokuzimela, futhi izakhiwo zemvelo, okuyinto iholwa indoda.

Ukuze isisekelo sivunyiwe ukuqonda ubuqotho, lapho yonke, uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, abantu kanye nomphakathi wonkana bakha uhlelo olulodwa. Umuntu ngaphakathi kule yunithi ebalulekile. Yena ihlola ingxenye yayo. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, natural sciences nezokuhlalisana eduze kakhulu, izimiso zabo wasithatha humanities. isayensi Non-classical nangemuva nonclassical esenze intuthuko e izimiso ukuqonda umhlaba jikelele futhi inkampani ngokukhethekile, ekhiqizwa revolution izingqondo zabantu futhi kanjani ukufunda.

isayensi yesimanje

Ekupheleni kwekhulu XX kwakukhona intuthuko entsha ekuthuthukiseni kanye kuqale ukuthuthukiswa isayensi walo wanamuhla nonclassical. Sikhanyisiwe uxhumano yokufakelwa kwemizwa, elaba isisekelo ukwakheka amakhompyutha amasha smart. Machines manje ongaxazulula izinkinga elula nokuthuthukisa bebodwa, ukuthuthela imisebenzi more xaka. I database kuhlanganisa systematization we isici womuntu esisiza ukunquma ukuthi kusebenza futhi ukuthola ubukhona uchwepheshe izinhlelo.

isayensi Non-classical nangemuva nonclassical efomini yesimanje jikelele abe nezici elandelayo:

1. ukusabalalisa Active imibono zomphakathi ubuqotho, kungenzeka ukuthuthukiswa ezimele lezinto kanye izenzakalo yanoma yiluphi uhlobo. It kuqinisa inkolelo yokungafi nezwe wonkana othuthukayo uhlelo kokuba ngesikhathi esifanayo ukuthambekela ukuntengantenga nalezo zinxushunxushu.
2. Ukuqiniswa kanye nokusabalalisa ebanzi umqondo wokuthi eshintsha e esikhula ezingxenyeni ezithile zesimiso kuhlobene futhi moya nomunye. Efingqa zonke izinqubo ekhona emhlabeni, lo mbono uqalile cwaningo kanye ukuqonda kwemvelo embulungeni yonke.
3. Ukusetshenziswa zonke sciences nomqondo kwesikhathi, abacwaningi banxuse umlando lo mkhuba. Ukusabalala imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukuthuthukiswa.
4. Izinguquko enkulu ekukhethweni kuka ubunjalo ucwaningo, bezibona indlela edidiyelayo ekutadisheni othembeke kunabo.
5. Ukuhlanganiswa zomhlaba inhloso kanye nezwe womuntu, ukuqedwa umahluko phakathi kuncike futhi into. Umuntu ngaphakathi ohlelweni ngaphansi cwaningo, hhayi ngaphandle.
6. Ukubona ukuthi umphumela wanoma isiphi amasu nesebenzela isayensi nonclassical lilinganiselwe futhi akuphelele uma indlela eyodwa kuphela esetshenziswa esifundweni.
7. Distribution wefilosofi njengoba isayensi zonke izivivinyo. Ukuqonda ukuthi ifilosofi - ubunye ekuqaleni theory ne practical wendawo yonke futhi ngaphandle kwakhe kokuqaphela lokhu kuyinto bezibona kungenzeki besayensi yanamuhla.
8. Ukuqala kokusetshenziswa izibalo e-mbono zesayensi, oluqinisayo yabo nokukhula okuqonda abstract. Ukwandisa ukubaluleka wezibalo yezamakhompyutha, njengoba iningi Imiphumela yocwaningo liyadingeka ukweneka ifomu zezinombolo. Inani elikhulu eyeza nezazi zezinkanyezi ezikhuluma abstract kwaholela yokuthi isayensi isibe uhlobo uhlobo yesimanje womsebenzi.

Ngo ucwaningo lwamuva izimfanelo isayensi-non-classical bathini mayelana buthakathaka kancane kancane uhlaka eqinile nakho ngeke kusize okulinganisela ngaphambilini descriptiveness impikiswano yesayensi. Kukhethwa ikakhulu non-okunengqondo ukucabanga indlela futhi ukuxhumana ukucabanga okunengqondo ne ucwaningo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo okucatshangwayo okunengqondo zisekhona abalulekile, kodwa ziqondakala ku abstract futhi kuncike sokuphinda kuxoxiswane futhi reinterpretation.