I-Battle of Narva ngoNovemba 30, 1700 ("I-Narva Confusion"). Ukubaluleka komlando wempi

Impi yaseNarva yayiwukuhlola kokuqala okubalulekile kwebutho laseRussia eNyakatho neMpi. Kulo-1700 akekho owayelindele umkhankaso wokuhlala iminyaka engamashumi amabili. Ngakho-ke, "I-Narva Confusion" kwabaningi kubonakala sengathi ihluleka ukubulala.

Ingemuva yempi

Impi yaseNyakatho yaqala ngoba uPetru wayezama ukukhululeka amachwebeni e-Baltic Sea. Lawa mazwe ayekade engumbuso waseRussia, kodwa alahlekile ngesikhathi sezinkinga zekhulu le-XVII. Ngumuphi umnyaka i-Narva Confusion eyenzekayo? Ngawo-1700. Ngalesi sikhathi, inkosi encane yaseRussia yayakha izinhlelo eziningi zokuphendula i-Russia ibe umbuso wezwe wangempela.

Ngo-1698, uPeter I wakwazi ukufeza impumelelo. INkosi yasePoland kanye nomakhethi waseSaxony Augustus II yaqeda ukusebenzisana ngasese neSweden ngokumelene naye. Kamuva, inkosi yaseDenmark, uFrederick IV, yajoyina isivumelwano.

Ngabo ababambisana naye, uPetru wayenethemba lokuthi uzokwenza ngokumelene neSweden. INkosi yalesi sizwe, uCharles XII, inyuke esihlalweni sobukhosi esencane kakhulu futhi ibonakala ibhekene nomphikisi obuthakathaka. Umgomo wokuqala kaPetru kwakuyi-Ingermanlandia. Le nsimu yindawo yesimanje ye-Leningrad. Inqaba enkulu kunazo zonke esifundeni kwakunguNarva. Yilapho amabutho aseRussia ahamba khona.

Ngo-Ephreli 22, 1700, uPetru wachaza impi eSweden, ngokushesha ngemva kokuzwa ngesiphetho sesivumelwano sokuthula noMbuso Wase-Ottoman, okwamsindisa ekungqubuzaneni emaceleni amabili. Noma kunjalo, wayengakazi ukuthi ukudideka kukaNarva kwakumlindele.

Isimo sebutho laseRussia

Ukulwa nomakhelwane wasenyakatho kwakulungiswa kusengaphambili. Noma kunjalo, lokhu akuqinisekisi impumelelo. Ibutho laseRussia lahlala ekhulwini leshumi le-17 futhi lahlehlisa ngemuva kwezempi zaseYurophu ngezikhali. Sekuphelele, kwakukhona amasosha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-200 emiphakathini yayo, okwakunzima ngempela. Kodwa-ke, bonke babengenalo ukwesekwa okungokwenyama, ukuqeqeshwa kanye nesiyalo esinokwethenjelwa.

UPeter wazama ukuhlela ibutho ngokwemodeli yaseNtshonalanga yesimanje. Kuze kube sekugcineni, wabiza ochwepheshe abavela emazweni aseYurophu, ikakhulukazi amaJalimane neDutch. I-vector ikhethwe kahle, kodwa ngo-1700 imilayezo emibili kuphela yayihambisana nayo yonke imigomo nezimfuneko. Ukuzivuselela kanye nokubuyisela kabusha kudinga isikhathi esiningi, futhi uPetru washesha ukuqeda izitha zakhe, enethemba lokuthi kuyamangalisa lokho okwamnika inzuzo.

Ekuqaleni kweMpi YaseNyakatho, iRussia yayingakaze ikhiqize ama-muskets ayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibutho kusukela ekuqaleni labhekana nenkinga enjalo njengendlela yokuthutha engathuthuki. Esikhathini sezulu esibi, imigwaqo ezindaweni ezisenyakatho yaba yivivinyo langempela lamasosha ayefanele anqobe amakhilomitha angaphezu kwenkulungwane. Lezi zici nazo zanikezela kulokhu okwenzekayo, okwaziwa ngokuthi iNarva Confusion.

Isimo sebutho laseSweden

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umakhelwane waseRussia osenyakatho waziwa kulo lonke elaseYurophu ngenxa yebutho lakhe elihlelekile. U-reformer wakhe wayeyiNkosi edumile uGustav II Adolf, owahlupha izitha zakhe phakathi neMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu (1618-1648).

Amahhashi aseSweden ahlanganisa amasosha enkontileka ahola umholo omkhulu. Abasolwa baqashwe ngokusho komshini ophoqelekile wesifundazwe esithile, kodwa abashayeli nabo bazuza kahle. Ibutho lahlukaniswa laba ngama-squadrons nama-battalions, asebenza kahle empini. Wonke amasosha wayejwayele ukuqeqeshwa okuqinile, okwamsiza ngesikhathi sempi. Phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, ibutho laseSweden liphumelele ukunqoba kuphela, futhi kubonga kuye ukuthi leli zwe laqala ukwanda kwalo eNyakatho Yurophu. Kwakungumphikisi onamandla, ongaphansi kwamandla akhe ayiphutha elibulalayo.

Imicimbi ebusweni bempi

NgoNovemba 17, uBoris Sheremetev utshele inkosi ukuthi abaseSweden baqhubeka futhi basondelene kakhulu. Akekho owayeqhuba ukuhlonishwa okuvamile, futhi ekamu laseRussia eduze kwaseNarva wayengazi ngobukhulu obuqondile bebutho lezitha. UPetru I, efunda indlela esondela ngayo isitha, waya ku-Novgorod, kanye no-Alexander Menshikov noFedor Golovin. Insimu-Marshal uCharles-Eugene Croix waba ngumlawuli. UMbusi (okunjalo kwakuyisiqu sakhe) wazama ukumelana nalesi sinqumo senkosi, kodwa wayengenakuqiniseka uPetru.

Kamuva, i-Tsar yachaza isenzo sakhe ngokuthi kwakudingeka ihlangane nenkosi yasePoland, futhi igcwalise lezi zikhulu kanye nezinqolobane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, emva kokunqoba kwabo, abaseSweden bazama ukuhumusha lesi siqephu njengokwesaba kwe-tsar. Ukudideka kweNarva yamaRussia kwaba yisizathu sokukhipha imindeni ekhumbulayo ebonisa uPetru okhaliphayo.

Ukwakhiwa kwebutho laseRussia

Amasosha ngaphansi kobuholi beCroix enza konke ukuziqinisa emagqumeni eMfula iNarva. Ngalesi sizathu, izakhiwo zakhiwa ohlangothini olusentshonalanga. Wonke amabutho ahlukaniswe abe izingxenye ezintathu. Inhlangothini elungile lithatha izingxenye zombolo yeGolovin's Autonomo cishe ngabantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-14. Phakathi kwaphakathi kuka Prince Trubetskoi nenqola yakhe. Ngaphansi kwabaphathi bakhe babengabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingu-6. Ngakwesobunxele kwakukhona amahhashi, ayengaphansi kukaSheremetev.

Lapho sekucacile ukuthi abaseSweden base bevele besondelene kakhulu, de Croix wayala ibutho ukuba libhekane nezikhundla zokulwa. Ukuxhumana kwatwelwa amakhilomitha ayisikhombisa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo amabutho ayemi emgqeni omncane. Ngaphambi kwabo kwakungekho indawo yokugcina noma ukugcina ibutho.

Isu likaCarl

Ekuseni ngoNovemba 30, 1700, ibutho laseSweden laya ezindaweni zaseRussia. Ukuhlazeka kukaNarva kwasekusondele. Usuku lwempi lwaziwa emithonjeni emithathu. Uma ukubhekisela ekhalendeni langaphambi kokuguqula, le mpi yenzeke ngoNovemba 19, ngesiSwidi - ngoNovemba 20, kulolu suku - ngoNovemba 30.

Ukuvela kwabaseSweden kwakungalindelekile, naphezu kwazo zonke izilungiso zangaphambili. Emkhandlwini wezempi uSheremetev uphakamisa ukuhlukanisa ibutho. Ingxenye yayo yayizoya ekuvinjweni kukaNarva, kanti enye - ukunikeza impi jikelele eSweden ensimini. UMbusi wayengavumelani nalesi siphakamiso futhi wanquma ukushiya isinyathelo sokuya enkosini yaseSweden eyisikhulu, yena ngokwakhe owayehola amabutho akhe. UDe Croix ukholelwa ukuthi ibutho laseRussia lizosebenza kahle uma lihlala ezikhundleni ezidala.

AbaseSweden babesazi kahle isimo sesitha, ngakho bakwazi ukuthuthukisa isu eliphumelelayo kakhulu. UCharles XII wanquma ukucindezela amaRussia, ngoba isikhungo sempi sasinamandla kakhulu futhi singanqoba inkosi. Futhi kwenzeka ukuhlazeka kukaNarva. I-Northern Great War, mhlawumbe, izoba nemiphumela ehlukene, uma kungenjalo kulabo abahle kakhulu beSweden - uCarl Renschild no-Arvid Horn. Banikeza iseluleko esihlakaniphile kumfana osemusha, owayesibindi, kodwa ngaphandle kokusekelwa kwabe-ojenenja bangenza iphutha.

Ukuhlaselwa kwabaseSweden

Ukudideka kukaNarva akuyona nje ukulungisa okubi amaRussia empini, kodwa futhi isiteleka somlilo sesitha. AbaseSweden bafuna ukucindezela isitha sabo enqabeni. Ngakho isikhala somsebenzi wokuphendula sanyamalala cishe. Indlela kuphela yokubuyela emuva eya emfuleni obandayo waseNarva.

Lezi zilwane zazigcwele izikhali zomlilo, okwakhiwa amaSweden egqumeni eliseduze, okuvela kuwo umbono omuhle wendawo. Isiqhwa esinye isizathu esenza ukuthi ukudideka kukaNarva kwenzeke. Lokhu kwaba impumelelo kwabaseSweden. Kwavunguza umoya ebusweni bamasosha aseRussia. Ukubonakala akuzange kudlule izinyathelo eziyishumi nambili, okuyinto eyaphazamisa kakhulu ukubuyisela umlilo.

Ngehora lesibili ntambama, ama-wedges amabili aseSweden ajulile ahlasela amabutho aseRussia. Ngokushesha kwakukhona izikhala ezindaweni ezintathu, lapho ukushaya kukaKarl kwakungenakuphikiswa khona. Ukuvumelana kwamaSweden kwakuyisibonelo, ukudideka kukaNarva kwase kuyiseduze. Ukubaluleka kwalo kunzima ukugcizelela, ngoba emahoreni ambalwa isitha sasiqhamuka ekamu laseRussia.

Ukuhlukunyezwa nokuzamazama kwaqala. Ababaleki babengenakukhetha ngaphandle kokuzama ukuhamba ngeNarva. Cishe abantu abayizinkulungwane bamanzi ngamanzi abandayo. Ngaphambi kwalokho, ibhuloho elincane le- pontoon laphonswa ngaphesheya komfula , okwakungakwazi ukulwa nokuhlaselwa kwababaleki futhi kwawa, okwakwandisa inani lezisulu. U-Narva ukudideka, usuku okwaba ngalo usuku olumnyama ngomlando wezempi yasendlini, kwacaca.

Abaphathi bamazwe angaphandle, ababekwe nguPeter enhloko yebutho, baqala ukubuyela emuva, okwaholela ekuthunjweni kwamaphoyisa aseRussia. Phakathi kwabo kwakunguCroix ngokwakhe, kanye noLudwig Allart. Bazinikela kwabaseSweden, bebalekela amasosha abo.

Ukumelana okukhulu kunakho konke. Lapha, amasosha aseRussia azizungezile ezitheni nama-slingshots nama-carts. Noma kunjalo, lokhu akukwazanga ukushintsha umphumela wempi. Lapho kuqala ubusuku, isimo sasiba nzima kakhulu. Isiqephu sisaziwa lapho amabutho amabili aseSweden ebumnyameni ethathelana amaRashiya futhi avule umlilo. Isikhungo siphukile, futhi ngenxa yalokhu, lezi zimbulunga ezimbili ezivikelekile azikwazanga ukuxhumana.

Ukuzinikela

Lokho kwakuwukuqala kweMpi YaseNyakatho. Ukudideka kukaNarva kwakuyiqiniso elingathandeki kodwa elingenakugwemeka. Njengoba kusasa ekuseni, amasosha aseRussia asele, anquma ukuqala izingxoxo ngokuzinikela. Iphhalamende eliyinhloko kwakunguPreya Yakov Dolgorukov. Wavuma nabaseSweden endaweni engena mahhala eya ogwini oluphambene. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ibutho laseRussia lalingenanto yokuthutha kanye nezikhali, kodwa kwakunamabhanantshi nezikhali.

AmaSweden athola ama-trophies abalulekile: ama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezingu-32 ezivela kumgcinimafa we-tsarist, ama-musketeers ayizinkulungwane ezingu-20. Ukulahlekelwa kwakungavumelani. Uma abaseSweden balahlekelwa ngu-670, amaRussia alahlekelwa ngu-7 000. Amasosha angu-700 ahlala ekuthunjweni, ngokuphambene nemigomo yokuzinikela.

Okushoyo

Ukudideka kukaNarva kwavela kumaRussia? Ukubaluleka komlando kwalesi senzakalo kwaba nomphumela weminyaka eminingi. Okokuqala futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, idumela laseRussia lahlupheka. Ibutho lakhe alizange lithathwe ngokungathí sina eYurophu. Phezu kukaPetru wahleka usulu, futhi ngemuva kukaKarl inkazimulo yomholi wezempi onesibindi yayimisiwe.

Noma kunjalo, isikhathi sibonisa ukuthi kunqoba kwaPyrrhic kwabaseSweden. UCarl wanquma ukuthi iRussia ayingozi, futhi yaqala ukulwa nePoland neDenmark. UPetru wasebenzisa inhlanhla enikeziwe. Wenza izinguquko ezempi kuhulumeni, waguqula ibutho wabe esetshala imali eningi kuyo.

Lokhu kuye kwaletha izithelo. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva izwe lafunda ngokunqoba kwamaRussia eBaltic. Impi eyinhloko yenzeke ngasePoltava ngo-1709. AbaseSweden bahlukunyezwa, futhi uKarl wabaleka. Kwacaca ukuthi kulo lonke elaseRussia, ngokungaqondakali, ukudideka kukaNarva kwaba usizo. Impi yaseGrengham yagcina inqabela iSweden isimo esimisiwe samandla aphezulu eBaltic Sea. Ngo-1721 kwasayinwa isivumelwano sokuthula, lapho iRussia ithola khona umhlaba nezindawo eziningi ezikulo ndawo. Lapha iSt. Petersburg yasungulwa - inhloko entsha yezwe. I-Poltava empini, i- Narva ukudideka, iMpi yaseGrengham - zonke lezi zenzakalo zaba uphawu lwePetrine eliqhakazile futhi eliyinkimbinkimbi.