Cicero - sezombusazwe, eyiqaphuqaphu, sage

Cicero ... tiphawulo cha ngokwanele of isiRashiya ukuze uchaze eyiqaphuqaphu omkhulu wamaRoma, sikahulumeni, sage isimanga.

I impumelelo

Ngenxa imisebenzi wabhala Cicero, - isimo, inqubomgomo bababusi futhi amakhosi abacwaningi banamuhla bangakwazi ukuchaza ngokunembile izenzakalo isikhathi.

Nomfundisi omkhulu wamaRoma wafundisa ifilosofi nencazelo yalo ekhethekile, futhi kuye kwaletha eziningi imiqondo emisha. Ngokwesibonelo, incazelo - iqoqo izimpawu ochazayo banoma iyiphi into; inqubekela - ukugibela, liqhubekela phambili, njalo njalo.

I ekuqaleni kwenkathi ka Stoicism

Omunye abameleli ovelele nefilosofi owabhalwa kwaba Cicero. Yayixoxa okuningi mayelana lokuthi kuphela umthombo wenjabulo lutho kodwa enhle womuntu. Izimfanelo ezinhle ukuqonda Cicero ukubeka lezo zici zobuntu njengoba ukuhlakanipha, isibindi, ubulungisa, ukuba silinganisele kuzo zonke emitameni.

Ngakho, ngokusebenzisa izimfundiso zakhe nemicabango ayisi- Roman Ngazama ukuqonda, liyini ikhambi lenkinga ngxabano lwenzuzo siqu kanye nesibopho zokuziphatha. Ukuqonda kule ndaba, Cicero wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi cwaningo wefilosofi esisebenzayo.

Isiko waseRoma sidilizwa: sobuhle bayo, ubuhle lekufundzisa

isikhundla sefilosofi Zokuziphatha kanye nasemakhonweni okuhlakanipha lalihlanganisa ubunye indissoluble phakathi ngobugagu nezokuziphatha okuqukethwe eziphakeme zokuziphatha yomuntu. Kususelwa ukutholakala nobuntu idatha, ngokusho Cicero, afike impela eyiqaphuqaphu ezinhle.

Ngesikhathi inhliziyo njengezisulu zakhe ngefilosofi Roman kubeka isisekelo esiqinile isiko yamaGreki asendulo. Cicero wakhuluma ngesimo kuvisisa okuyiqiniso umcabango yefilosofi mayelana nomqondo nezindaba kwesimangalo encike ukuqephuza bangempela - kumele zithole zonke Roman self-ukuhlonipha. Ukufunda ukuba nekhono lokukhuluma - lokho okudingekayo ukuze zomphakathi wamaRoma.

Kanye sefilosofi obucacile wagandelela ukuqakatheka kweLizwi ubuhle zokuziphatha. "Akunakwenzeka ukuba sifinyelele imicabango ejulile futhi ulwazi lweqiniso, uma imicabango yakho zenza kanjalo ngokungayeki baxoshana nezinjongo ezingelutho", - uthe Cicero.

ifa etemibhalo

Ngaphezu ukucabanga okujulile Cicero ushiye amagugu ecebile etemibhalo. Akunakwenzeka ukuchaza ngevolumu eseyi, izinkulumo kanye namagama; abaningi zaqashelwa phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe, abaningi eshicilelwe eminyaka ambalwa nje. Iningi imisebenzi eshiwo abacacisiwe - abangane eyiqaphuqaphu Thithu Pomponius futhi Marcus Tullius Tiro. Linani selilonkhe lebantfu labange imibhalo yesandla engaba ngu-57 walondoloza, bufakazi yabantu ebonisa okuningi lalahleka.

Ilifa izwe elikhulu imisebenzi ezimbalwa zokuqukethwe zefilosofi: incwadi "Ngo eyiqaphuqaphu", "isikhulumi" futhi "Brutus". Lapha Cicero izinkulumo mayelana indlela ekahle ukuqeqeshwa wokugxilisa amakhono ubugagu, kanye imibuzo we isikhulumi uyacabanga isitayela ngabanye.

Kuyinto ikakhulukazi imisebenzi esiphawulekayo Okuqukethwe kwezepolitiki. Ezaziwa kakhulu namuhla angumsebenzi "On the State", "Imithetho". Lapha Cicero, ogama biography kuhlanganisa ukuphathwa isipiliyoni, ukhuluma isakhiwo isimo ekahle. Imibono usiphathise ngamunye umsebenzi walo, ziye lwenteke ngokusebenzisa umthethosisekelo wamaRoma: inhlanganisela ngempumelelo anjenge Senate isikhundla futhi umhlangano wezwe lonke.

Ukubhala kamuva usebenza Cicero wasebenzisa ulimi Latin njengendlela eyinhloko kokufuna izixazululo zezinkinga zefilosofi yamaGreki asendulo. Ulwazi oluningi kungenziwa podcherpnut izincwadi sefilosofi ukuthi yalotshelwa ubuntu owaziwa. Zonke lezi mayelana 4 izincwadi inhlangano.

Inani namafilosofi esikhathini esizayo

Ngenxa sefilosofi we zangenkathi yamaGreki namaRoma wazalwa yakudala eqanjiwe Latin elifakwe wisdoms ka ubugagu, kanye umcabango yefilosofi ezijulile. Uma ekuqaleni kule ukunyakaza etemibhalo yasinamathela esincane ukunakwa, kodwa ngekhulu elandelayo lalibhekwa okuyisibonelo elungile kakhulu.

Ngemva kokufa Cicero kuqhathaniswa nenani elikhulu izikhulumi, phakathi kobani Demosthenes abadumile - kummeleli isiko lamaGreki futhi ubugagu. Ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwengu-100, lesi siqhathaniso ingenye impikiswano kakhulu futhi ezithakazelisayo.

Amafilosofi Marcus Tullius baziswa hhayi kuphela e enkathini yesimanje, kodwa Ephakathi, finicky, nenkanyezi okusha Times, lapho ukuqashelwa imibono esidlule njengoba wamanje kwaba rarity. Cicero babekholelwa ukuthi umbandela eyinhloko ukubaluleka obuntu lasungulwa, ezingasetshenziswa kuphela banikelwe isiko lamaGreki. Waqale wasebenzisa igama elibhekisela kuso humanitas bafundile, kahle ukufunda futhi wafundiswa umuntu wonkana, unezimfanelo esithile sokuziphatha.