Biography Nitsshe Fridriha. Amaqiniso ethakazelisayo, imisebenzi, izingcaphuno

Ngokuvamile isizathu ezifezwayo ifilosofi art akuyona ukuphila okulula. Nitsshe Fridrih, omunye zefilosofi ebaluleke kakhulu engxenyeni kwekhulu le-19 yesibili kwaba nzima ibizelo esifushane kodwa elithelayo. We bakutshele mayelana iqopha umlando Biography of the imisebenzi ebalulekile kakhulu sazi kanye ukubukwa.

Ebuntwaneni nemvelaphi

Okthoba 15, 1844 eMpumalanga Jalimane, edolobheni elincane Rekkene yazalwa sazi omkhulu esikhathini esizayo. Umlando ngamunye, Nitsshe Fridrih azihlukile iqala amadlozi. Ngakho nale ifilosofi yomlando, akucacile. Kukhona inguqulo ukuthi livela umndeni Polish wekuvana igama Nice, ke waqinisekisa uqobo Friedrich. Kodwa kukhona izazi abathi ukuthi umndeni sefilosofi sika babevela German kanye namagama. Basikisela ukuthi "version isiPolish" Nietzsche umane yasungulwa, ukunikeza ngokwabo i aura wedwa futhi strangeness. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ezimbili izizukulwane wawoyise abangu elihlobene nobupristi, phezu kwabo bobabili abazali nogogo nomkhulu babe Frederick Lutheran isikhonzi, kanye noyise. Lapho Nietzsche wayeneminyaka engamashumi 5 ubudala, uyise ebulawa isifo esibi sengqondo, futhi kufundiswe umama womfana wasebenza. Kunina wafikelwa uthando lomzwelo, futhi udadewethu Ngase ngike ubuhlobo obuseduze kakhulu futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuyinto kudlale indima enkulu empilweni yakhe. Kakade ekuqaleni kuka ebuntwaneni Friedrich wabonisa ukuthi unesifiso ukuba njengawo wonke umuntu, futhi wayekulungele izinto ezahlukene ngendlela yokusangana.

kumiswa

Lapho ngineminyaka engu-14, Fridrih Nitsshe, ifilosofi ongakaqaliswa ngisho kuqalile ukuvela, wathunyelwa sokuzivocavoca abadumile Pforta, lapho efundisa izilimi classical, umlando wasendulo izincwadi, kanye izihloko jikelele. Ngo Nietzsche ngineminyaka engu izilimi ngenkuthalo, kodwa enezibalo ukuthi mubi kakhulu. Kwakungenxa esikoleni ngesikhathi Friedrich kukhona isithakazelo esinamandla umculo, ifilosofi kanye izincwadi zasendulo. Wazama isandla sakhe lokubhala endleleni, ukufunda okuningi abalobi German. Ngemva kwesikole, ngo-1862, Nietzsche waya ukufunda e-University of Bonn ubuhlakani wezenkolo nefilosofi. Kusukela esikoleni, wafikelwa isifiso esinamandla imisebenzi yenkolo, ngisho ngiphuphe, njengoba nje nobaba ukuba ngibe ngumelusi. Kodwa eminyakeni yakhe umfundi ukubukwa sebeshintshile eziningi, futhi waba ongakholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona ukuba nenkani. Ku Bonn, ubuhlobo ofunda Nietzsche akusebenzanga futhi wathunyelwa Leipzig. Kube walindela impumelelo enkulu phakathi izifundo zakhe wamenywa ukusebenza uprofesa ezincwadini zesiGreki. Ngaphansi kwethonya uthisha wakhe intandokazi, philologist German F. Richli, wavuma lo msebenzi. Nietzsche lidlule kalula somunye isihloko udokotela wefilosofi waya ukufundisa e Basel. Kodwa Frederick akazange ujabulele ukwaneliseka ngokwazi ukuthi izifundo zabo, ngoLwesithathu philological isiqala kwalokho.

ithole uthando

Lapho esemusha, Fridrih Nitsshe, ogama ngefilosofi kuphela waqala ukuthatha ukuma, useke wabhekana ithonya ezimbili oluqinile, ngisho ukushaqeka. Ngo-1868, wazana nge Richard Wagner. Umculo umqambi Frederick umxhwele esikhathini esidlule, futhi ukwazana kwagxila elinamandla kuye. Amabili muntu omangalisayo wathola Kuningi ukufana okukhona phakathi: kokubili ziyazithanda ezincwadini zesiGreki sasendulo, kokubili wazonda fettering umoya wobugqila nomphakathi. Eminyakeni emithathu phakathi Nietzsche noWagner esungulwe kobungane nobudlelwane, kodwa kamuva waqala kuphole futhi wayeka ngokuphelele ngemva sefilosofi, yashicilela incwadi ethi "Human, bonke abantu abalapha." Umqambi kwatholakala kuwo kukhona izimpawu ezicacile lokugula ngengqondo lembhali.

Ngashaqeka yesibili kwakuhambisana nezinga eliphansi ncwadi Schopenhauer "Umhlaba njengoba Will futhi Ukumelwa." Waphenduka ukubukwa Nietzsche phezu kwezwe. Umcabangi Schopenhauer ayazise ngekhono layo ukutshela iqiniso kubantu ayephila nabo, ngoba ukuzimisela ukuya ngokumelene imibono owamukelwa. Kwakuwumsebenzi wakhe utshelwa Nietzsche ukubhala imisebenzi zefilosofi oshintshweni bomsebenzi - manje uye wanquma ukuba isazi sefilosofi.

Phakathi neMpi Franco-Prussian, wasebenza njengendlela ehlelekile wezokwelapha, futhi zonke ezethusayo yempi, Isimanga siwukuthi, kwagcizelela kuphela imicabango yakhe mayelana nezinzuzo futhi uphulukisa umthelela izenzakalo ezinjalo Inkampani.

impilo

Ever kusukela ebuntwaneni, ngangingeke enamandla kakhulu, kwaba yinto yesikhashana ababonayo kakhulu futhi ebuthaka emzimbeni, mhlawumbe lokhu kwaba isizathu, njengoba savela yomlando wakhe. Nitsshe Fridrih waba ufuzo ezimbi futhi ebuthaka isimiso sezinzwa. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-18 ubudala waqala ukuba neziqubu ubuhlungu bekhanda nesicanucanu, ukuqwasha, wabhekana izinkathi ezinde ithoni kwehle futhi isimo sokucindezeleka. Kamuva lo ingezwe neurosyphilis, wacosha zokuxhumana nowesifazane ondindayo. Lapho eneminyaka engu-30 waqala ukwehla elibukhali kwezempilo, esithombeni, kwadingeka bekhanda uyakhathaza. Waqala aphathe opiate okuye kwabangela ukwephulwa pheshana emathunjini. Ngo-1879 Nietzsche umhlala ngenxa yezizathu zempilo, kuzuzisa inyuvesi ikhokhwe. Waqala unomphela zokunqanda izifo. Kodwa ngalesi sikhathi-ke kwenziwa izimfundiso Fridriha Nitsshe nefilosofi yakhe kakhulu kwandisa umkhiqizo.

ukuphila Siqu

Isazi sefilosofi Fridrih Nitsshe, ogama imibono zishintshile isiko kwekhulu lama-20, yadumala lobu buhlobo. Ngokusho kwakhe, kwakukhona 4 abesifazane, kodwa 2 kuphela wabo (izifebe) baye Wamenza ngijabule ngale ndlela kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe. ebusheni bakhe bokuqala babenethemba ubunqunu bukadadewabo wakhe u-Elizabeth, waze wafuna ukumshada. Lapho ngineminyaka engu-15, uFriedrich waxhashazwa ngokobulili nowesifazane osekhulile. Konke lokhu sazi olukhulu ukuthonywa isimo sengqondo zokuhlukumeza abesifazane ekuphileni kwakhe. Wayehlala njalo wafuna bembona interlocutor kuqala. Intelligence ngaye kwakubaluleke ngaphezu nezocansi. Esikhathini esidlule, wayemthanda ngomfazi Wagner. Kamuva, wamangalelwa umxhwele owelapha Lou uSalome, nakho wayemthanda umngane wakhe, umlobi uPaul Ray. Kwaphela isikhathi baze bahlala ndawonye efulethini elilodwa. Kwaba ngaphansi kwethonya ubungane Lou, wabhala ingxenye yokuqala yakhe edumile ethi "Wakhuluma Ngakho Zarathustra". Kabili emphilweni Friedrich wenza isicelo somshado, futhi zombili izikhathi sinqatshiwe.

Isikhathi ukuyedlula yonke yokuphila

Nge umhlalaphansi, ngaphakathi spite of sifo esibuhlungu, isazi sefilosofi ithatha inkathi ukuyedlula yonke yokuphila kwakhe. Nitsshe Fridrih, okuhamba phambili kwe-okuyinto izincwadi ziye zaba zabuna wefilosofi izwe iminyaka engu-10, wabhala 11 yemisebenzi yakhe emikhulu. Iminyaka 4 ebhala futhi ishicilelwe umsebenzi yakhe edume kunazo zonke "Ngakho Abakhuluma Zarathustra". Incwadi akusho kuphela eziqukethe elikhanyayo, imibono engavamile, kodwa ngokomthetho kwaba into evamile imisebenzi zefilosofi. It okwakuthandelene zibona, Myology, izinkondlo. Kwaphela iminyaka emibili emva kokushicilelwa izingxenye lokuqala Nietzsche iba sazi ethandwa kakhulu yeYurophu. Umsebenzi kwethi yakamuva "I Will Amandla" saqhubeka iminyaka eminingana, ifake ukucabanga kanye inkathi ngaphambili. Umsebenzi yanyatheliswa ngemva sefilosofi sika ukufa ngenxa yemizamo udadewabo.

Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe

Ekuqaleni 1898 ngokucijile esebenzisa isihluku lesi sifo kuye kwaholela yokuthi kokuqendwa biography zefilosofi. Nitsshe Fridrih wabona enkundleni emgwaqweni ihhashi eshaywa udade, futhi ukuthi wayithukuthelisa kufanelekile yakhe madness. Odokotela baye ayitholakalanga imbangela ngqo yokugula kwakhe. Ngenhlonipho cishe kwaba nesandla lapha emagcekeni eziyinkimbinkimbi. odokotela Ukwelapha bengenakukwazi ukunikela futhi wathumela Nietzsche emtholampilo zengqondo e Basel. Kube yayigcinwe endaweni ikamelo upholstered e indwangu ethambile, ngakho-ke asikwazi kubangele ukuzilimaza. Odokotela bakwazi ukuletha isiguli esimweni ezinzile, okungukuthi, ngaphandle udlame nokuhlaselwa futhi wayevunyelwe Mthatheni ekhaya. Umama wathatha ukunakekelwa kwengane yakhe, uzama ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze kuxazululeke yokuhlupheka kwakhe. Kodwa yashona ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, noFrederick wahlupheka unhlangothi, okuyinto ngokuphelele kubathene kuye futhi kwenza okholwayo wangakwazi ukukhuluma. Muva nje, ngokokuqala udade sefilosofi walunguza. Agasti 25, 1900, ngemva kwenye kuhlasela, Nietzsche wafa. Wayelethwa engu-55 kuphela ubudala, wangcwatshwa emathuneni wesazi sefilosofi emzini wakubo eduze izihlobo.

imibono yefilosofi Nietzsche

nefilosofi Nietzsche sika sibonga emhlabeni wonke ukuba imibono yayo nihilistic futhi olukhulu ezaziwayo. Ubizwa ngamagama ashubile wagxeka emiphakathini yanamuhla European, ikakhulukazi isisekelo salo yobuKristu. Umcabangi ayekholelwa ukuthi njengoba izinsuku ngezikhwepha yaseGrisi yasendulo, lapho ebona njengendlela ekahle ezithile impucuko, kukhona nokwahlukana nokwehliswa kwesithunzi isiko Izwe Elidala. Yena lizokwenza uMariya siqu, kamuva esabizwa ngesizwe "ifilosofi yokuphila." Lokhu kuthambekela ukholelwa ukuthi ukuphila kwabantu uhlukile futhi eyingqayizivele. womuntu ngamunye ukuthi yini nakho zabo zenani elikhulu. Futhi isici esiyinhloko ekuphileni kwakhe, uthola hhayi umqondo noma imizwa, futhi intando. Humanity ungaphakathi kuyimpi engapheli, futhi njengabakufanelekelayo ukuphila kuphela eziqine. Yingakho kuphakama umbono ka Superman - omunye ewumgogodla Nietzsche. Fridrih Nitsshe ecabanga ngothando, injongo yokuphila, iqiniso, indima inkolo nesayensi.

imisebenzi Okukhulu

Ifa amancane sefilosofi. Umsebenzi wakhe wokugcina eshicilelwe udade, ngubani akazange anqikaze ukuhlela umbhalo ngokuhambisana umbono abanawo emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa le misebenzi babe ngokwanele ukuba Fridrih Nitsshe, omisebenzi yakhe zifakwe ohlelweni okuphoqelekile okwenziwa ezikhungweni umlando nefilosofi eyunivesithi ethile yomhlaba, usebé zakudala wangempela waleli zwe yokucabanga. Ohlwini yakhe yezincwadi ezingcono kakhulu afakiwe, ngaphezu kwalezo sekushiwo, emibhalweni "Ngale Okuhle Nokubi," "umphikukristu", "Ukuzalwa Tragedy", "Ukuze lozalo nokuziphatha."

Kuyaqhubeka ukuthungathwa injongo yokuphila

Ukucabanga ngalokho okushiwo ukuphila futhi umlando elitsheni - umongo oyinhloko wefilosofi European, kungabalula kude nabo, Fridrih Nitsshe. Mayelana nenjongo yokuphila, uthi, amaningana imisebenzi yakhe, bephika ngokuphelele. Uthi ubuKristu ziwumthwalo abantu ngengqondo okusho nenjongo, eqinisweni, abantu abadukisayo. Life is kuphela kuleli zwe, futhi awuthembekile yesithembiso ezinye uhlobo umvuzo ngesikhathi esizayo yokuziphatha zokuziphatha. Ngakho, uthi Nietzsche, inkolo ilawulwe indoda, kumenza bukhoma imigomo neorganichno emvelweni yomuntu. Ezweni lapho "uNkulunkulu ufile", umuntu ngokwakhe unesibopho uziphatha futhi esintwini. Futhi lena yobukhulu yomuntu ukuthi izakuhlupheka ngokuningi "kungagcwala indoda" futhi izilwane ezisele. Futhi, injongo yokuphila sazi nazibona intando amandla, indoda (indoda) kufanele silwele ukungabheki ukungafani uwine, kungenjalo ukhona alusho lutho. Nietzsche wabona umqondo umlando emfundweni Superman, akusiyo ngisho kwemvelo yezenhlalakahle kufanele kuholele ukubukeka kwayo.

Umqondo superman

Encwadini yakhe ethi emaphakathi "Ngakho wakhuluma Zarathustra," Nietzsche bakha umqondo superman. Le ndoda ekahle ochitha wonke kwezinkambiso kanye nemigomo, yena efuna ebusa izwe kanye nabanye abantu, ngize ngiyishumayele ngesibindi ongawajwayele kuye inhliziyo zamanga futhi inkohliso. Bokungafani lokhu ophakeme ungubani lo 'muntu wokugcina ", ngubani, esikhundleni sibambe ulwe engaguqukiyo, wakhetha indlela wenduduzo, khona isilwane. Ngokusho Nietzsche, izwe wesimanje utshalwe lezi "wokugcina ngci", ngakho wabona okuhle izimpi, ukuqothulwa futhi ithuba kabusha. umqondo Superman bayazisa by A. uHitler bangamukela njengomuntu ukulungisiswa ngemibono ngoba wobushiqela. Nakuba lutho sefilosofi ngakho futhi ngicabange. Ngenxa yalo msebenzi, igama Nietzsche kwakuyisipho mthetho categorical eSoviet Union.

izingcaphuno

Izingcaphuno sefilosofi Nietzsche okuyinto wahamba emhlabeni, yakwazi nokukhuluma ngamafuphi futhi gnomic. Ngakho-ke, abaningi zezinkulumo zakhe ziyazithanda ngakho phambili Izikhulumi ezehlukene kunoma iyiphi izikhathi. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke lesisho sefilosofi lothando kwakubhalwe la mazwi: "Abantu abakwazi futhi uthando lweqiniso noma ubungane obuqinile, njalo ukugembula umshado", "Othandweni kukhona njalo kancane madness ... kodwa nobuhlanya kukhona njalo umuntu ohlakaniphe kancane . On wobulili obuhlukile, wakhuluma bitingly kakhulu: "Uya abesifazane - thatha isiswebhu." Isiqubulo sakhe siqu kwaba: "Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi akusho ukungibulala - yenza kimi namandla."

Okusho Nietzsche isiko

Namuhla, izingcaphuno Friedrich Nietzsche emisebenzini engatholwa emisebenzini eminingi zefilosofi yesimanje, ayisekho esivusa enjalo impikiswano enkulu nokugxeka ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Khona-ke, inkolelo-mbono yakhe kwaba izinguquko kanye ikhiqize eziningi izindawo ezazikhona inkhulumomphendvulwano Nietzsche. Naye bewukwati ungavumelani phikisana, kodwa kwakunzima indiva. imibono sefilosofi waba nethonya elinamandla endleleni isiko kanye nobuciko. Ehlabeke umxhwele ngenxa yezinguquko imisebenzi Nietzsche, isibonelo, Thomas Mann wabhala 'kwezinto zakhe Doctor Faustus. " isiqondiso saKhe we "ifilosofi yokuphila" wakhala emhlabeni ezifana zefilosofi ezivelele ezifana Dilthey, Bergson, Spengler.

amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

abantu Bright njalo wavusa ilukuluku labantu, hhayi ukuyigwema futhi Fridrih Nitsshe. amaqiniso athakazelisayo yomlando wakhe ufuna abacwaningi, abantu uwafunde ubumnandi. Yayiyini nefilosofi engavamile zokuphila? Ngokwesibonelo, konke ukuphila kwakhe wayelithanda umculo, wayengumuntu wopiyano ezinhle. Futhi ngisho nalapho walahlekelwa ingqondo, wadala umculo ngokurhaba izingcezu umculo endaweni yokwamukela izivakashi esibhedlela. Ngo-1869, wakushiya yisakhamuzi Prussian kanye ukuphila kwakhe konke ayephila, akuyona eyakhe babe kunoma isiphi isimo.