Nefilosofi Lasendulo: Democritus. Atomism ka Democritus futhi akhe ayisisekelo isikhundla kafushane. Democritus futhi atomism nefilosofi kafushane

Democritus, atomism whose biography sibheka - isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki abadumile kusukela endulo. Iminyaka yokuhamba kwakhe - 460-371 BC. e. Nguye owokuqala waqaphela ukuthi izwe akugcini nokuthi kuyinto ekuqongeleleni ama-athomu - izinhlayiya ezincane kunazo ezakha, futhi zonke uhlamvu lwenhlabathi emhlabeni futhi konke inkanyezi esesibhakabhakeni.

Kwazalelwa Democritus, izimfanelo siqu wesazi sefilosofi

Democritus wazalwa ngo yaseThrace, emzini waseGrisi lasendulo ka Abdera. Le ndawo eGrisi kubhekwa nje isifundazwe akude, ngisho edolobheni weziwula. Nokho, ibizo ezivamile "Abdera" kusho "isiwula", "simpleton", "simpleton" baba igama loqobo ungomunye wongqondongqondo enkulu endala, Democritus. Kusukela zinganekwane eziningi kanye nobufakazi sifunda ukuthi Abdera kwaba "sefilosofi elihlekayo".

Kwakubonakala unserious konke okwenziweyo kancane. Indaba ngaye abonisa ukuthi Democritus besihambisana nesiminyaminya ukuhlakanipha okujulile zezwe, onolwazi olunzulu, observation.

Ujwayele zefilosofi impumelelo

Damasipp, uyise, kwaba nesinye sezakhamuzi zalelo acebile kakhulu. Ngakho-ke Democritus athola imfundo enhle ngesikhathi sawo. othisha Ikusasa babe Persian sefilosofi zo lapho akusalanga owayehlala Abdera Ahashiveroshi, inkosi yasePheresiya. Nokho, uthisha yangempela Democritus Leucippus, nhloko wesikole wasekhaya wefilosofi. Kuyinto ngiyabonga kuye, futhi ngajwayelana emibhalweni isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki Democritus. Atomism kusekelwe balifundisise ipumelelo ababengaphambi kwakhe. Ucwaningo ngemisebenzi zefilosofi ingxenye yemfundo yakhe akagcinanga lapho. Democritus, atomism iluphi okuzoxoxwa ngalo ngezansi, ungathanda bajwayelane impumelelo yokucabanga emhlabeni, ngakho waqhubeka nohambo.

Lolu hambo lokuqala Democritus

Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile uyise eshona. Washiya ifa ezinkulu indodana yakhe, Democritus sesinquma ukuhamba uhambo. Isazi sefilosofi waya eBabiloni, bese eGibhithe. Nobe ngabe ngukuphi lapho wahlangana ongqondongqondo abajwayelene kanye ne Izanusi kwaseBabiloni futhi Abapristi baseGibhithe. It kulandela inqubo yakhe kwamiswa bedle Emiphakathini eminingi kokubili izwe lasendulo futhi entsha. Democritus ayithatha ngamunye wabo ezinye izinto futhi wadala isimiso sakhe siqu zefilosofi.

Ukufundisa, imisebenzi esemqoka

Ukubuyela Abdera, wafundisa nefilosofi, kanye ukudala izingoma zabo. Diogen Laertsky kamuva ihlanganiswe ibhuku imisebenzi Democritus. Linamagama imisebenzi engaphezu kuka-70. Phakathi kwabo ebaluleke kakhulu angumsebenzi lokhu okulandelayo: "ubuhlakani, noma Isilinganiso", "diakosmos Small" "diakosmos Omkhulu". nobubanzi Yisimanga izintshisekelo wesazi sefilosofi. Kwakungekho ulwazi, wayezobe kwesokunxele ngaphandle ukunakwa.

Isazi sefilosofi Democritus, njengoba sazi, kungenzeka babejabulela udumo omkhulu kuleli dolobha phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe. Ngo ukubonga ngenxa yosizo lwakhe kwabakhileyo Abdera wamnika isithombe sethusi. Futhi, satshelwa ukuthi he was fike of the izimbongi edume kunazo zonke ngaleso sikhathi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi Democritus wafunda kolimi, wadala Umhlahlandlela eloquence.

Ohambweni lwakhe lwesibili njengesithunywa

Ngemva kwesikhashana wanquma ukwenza olunye uhambo, kulokhu aye e-Athene. Ngaleso sikhathi lapho wasebenza zefilosofi edume kunazo ngesiGreki. UDiogenes batshelwa ukuthi Democritus wahlangana uSocrates Anaxagoras. Noma kunjalo, akazange ayamukele imibono yakhe. Ngempela, ebukhoneni bonkulunkulu sebekubeke inqatshelwe Democritus. Atomism ke alivumelani onkulunkulu ngomqondo ezivamile.

"Diakosmos Omkhulu"

Ukubuyela wakubo, isazi sefilosofi wadala umsebenzi "diakosmos Omkhulu". Lo msebenzi inikeza umbono oda emhlabeni. Democritus ayekholelwa ukuthi zonke izinto zenziwe ngama-athomu, izinhlayiya ezincane kunazo. Nakuba babembalwa, bakhululekile ukuba ukuthutha. Kancane kancane, la ma-athomu baba bakhangane nanjengezinyoni ezibanjwa ubuthe imihlambi - Cranes nge Cranes, amajuba nge amajuba. Lena yindlela Earth.

Atomism Democritus Basics

Tinhlobo letimbili izakhiwo izenzakalo Democritus zihlukaniswa. Omunye - "izinto ngokwabo" - i value isithombe, ubulukhuni, ezinyakazayo, mass. Ezinye izindawo ze-izenzakalo ezihlobene ne izitho ezihlukahlukene izinzwa womuntu - iphunga, umsindo, ukukhanya, umbala. Ngokusho sefilosofi, ukunyakaza kwama-atom bangachazela konke okwenzekayo emhlabeni wethu. Lesi sitatimende kusekelwe atomism ka Democritus. Chaza kafushane uhlele kabusha imicondvo lemcoka wesazi sefilosofi, okuyinto ukulandela kusuka lo mbono.

Democritus wayekholelwa ukuthi ama-athomu ziyahamba njalo, njalo inqanyulwa ke ukuxhuma kubo. Inqubo nokunqamula nokuxhuma kuholela ukunyamalala nokubukeka izifundo ngabanye. Ngenxa ekusebenzelaneni kwabo uphendulela ukwehluka okukhona. Okungaguquki emhlabeni - maphakathi yonke. Ukuma kuba isilinda flat okuyinto lizungezwe emoyeni. Lo moya ezihambayo imizimba ehlukahlukene yasezulwini. Isazi sefilosofi babekholelwa mass umzimba efana ezisebusweni isimo ashisayo futhi abanothando okusezingeni eliphezulu okusheshayo motion isiyingi. Zakhiwa into efana Earth. Atoms komlilo igcwale zonke izingxenye yonke. Ziyakwazi bushelelezi, round futhi lincane kakhulu. Lezi ama-athomu zinendima eqakathekileko ekufanele - usenze yonke. Ngo indoda, ikakhulukazi eziningi kubo.

Yiqiniso, siye Waphawuleka atomism ka Democritus kafushane. Ukukhuluma kungaba eside, kodwa sidinga ukukhuluma mayelana neminye impumelelo yale sefilosofi.

Lapha sibona indoda igama emibhalweni Democritus

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umuntu zaba isihloko esivelele yasendulo izifundo isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki. Wagomela ukuthi isakhiwo somzimba wethu ingamanzi kwetfulwe ngemalengiso. Esihlalweni ukucabanga ubuchopho, esihlalweni izinkanuko - inhliziyo. Nokho, umzimba, ngokuvumelana Democritus, a "Isitsha umphefumulo." Isazi sefilosofi kubhekwe duty ebaluleke kakhulu zonke ukukhathazeka komuntu ekuthuthukiseni sakhe sengqondo.

Democritus wagomela ukuthi sezwe esishintshayo imihlola - emhlabeni isithunzi. Isifundo yemiphumela yayo abakwazi ukuhola abantu ulwazi lweqiniso. Democritus, siqaphela emhlabeni ghostly izinzwa, wacabanga, like Heraclitus, lowo muntu kumelwe abe nokuthula kwengqondo, noma ngihlezi kanjani. Lowo kungaba ukuhlukanisa ezibalulekile kusukela ngephutha, ngempela kusukela injabulo luyakhohlisa yokubheka e anelisa izinkanuko zenyama, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke ukunikeza inkambo efanele yokuphila kwakhe ngemilingo.

Ngokusho Democritus, ngenjongo yokuba khona kwethu injabulo. Nokho, akuyona nezinjabulo zangaphandle kanye nezinzuzo, futhi ukuzola njalo umphefumulo e nokwaneliseka. Lokhu ibangelwa izenzo okumsulwa nemicabango, ukuzithiba, ukwakheka kwengqondo. Ngokusho Democritus, injabulo kumuntu ngamunye kithi kuncike ngendlela aziphatha ngayo. Onkulunkulu ukusinika ezinhle kuphela, kodwa oyisithutha uyayidiliza bomuntu uqobo esenza sibe okubi. Isicelo izimo zokuphila ezimele kanye nekahulumeni ingqondo kuyinto ngokusekelwe kumafilosofi kokuziphatha Democritus.

amabutho Laphezulu izimfundiso Democritus

Kungokwemvelo ukuthi onkulunkulu akunandawo emhlabeni njengoba sazi ukuthi iyiyo. Atomism Deomkrita elahla kungenzeka ukuthi zikhona. Isazi sefilosofi babekholelwa ukuthi abantu ngokwabo kukhuphukele nabo, zingabantu samuntu izakhiwo womuntu kanye izenzakalo yemvelo. UZeyusi, isibonelo, Democritus ezihlonzwe ne Sun, futhi u-Athena, wayekholelwa - samuntu ingqondo.

Ngokusho izimfundiso zakhe, amabutho laphezulu - amabutho yingqondo yomuntu kanye nemvelo. Futhi unkulunkulu wadala inkolo, noma izipoki, ngezifiso indlela abantu bacabanga mayelana amandla emvelo, noma imimoya ( "amademoni"), - nezidalwa ofayo.

ukusebenza zezibalo

Lokhu sefilosofi, njengoba kufakazelwa ezincwadini zasendulo, futhi wabhala imisebenzi eminingi zezibalo. Ngeshwa, izingcezu ezimbalwa kuphela eze ngayo nesikhathi sethu. Ziqukethe eziningi ivolumu Formula bobunjwa, isib, imibhoshongo kanye Izigaxa, bona etholakala.

Okuphathelene nokuphilisana iphendulwa Democritus

Baningi umcabango nezinkinga zenhlalo Democritus. Futhi ifilosofi atomism, kafushane echazwe ngenhla, kanye nabanye imibono yakhe abangu kamuva yamukelwe ongqondongqondo abaningi. Ngokwesibonelo, indlela engcono kakhulu yo- apharathasi isimo, ngokusho lokhu sefilosofi, inqubomgomo State. Democritus wabona umgomo wokuphila womuntu ukufeza evtyumii - isimo ekhethekile lapho abantu ungenalo uthando futhi ningesatshiswa nokukodwa okwesabisayo.

izithakazelo Anhlobonhlobo Democritus

okukhipha yomkhiqizo, ingqondo anokuqonda, ulwazi oluningi Democritus kwakuphakeme cishe zonke izazi, kokubili esikhathini esidlule besikhathi sakhe. Kakhulu enemisebenzi kwaba umsebenzi wakhe. He qamba azibhala ku isayensi yemvelo, izibalo, sobuhle bayo, isayensi, amakhono obuchwepheshe, lolimi.

Umthelela kwamanye ongqondongqondo

Democritus futhi atomism nefilosofi ngokukhethekile baye owaba nethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni isayensi yemvelo. Leli thonya sinolwazi ezingacacile kuphela, ngoba abaningi imisebenzi yakhe elahlekile. Nokho, kungaba bazitshela ukuthi njengoba semvelo kwaba Democritus kufike komkhulu ababengaphambi Aristotle ezwakalayo. Lesi sakamuva kakhulu abalamacala kuye wayekhuluma ngomsebenzi wakhe ngenhlonipho enkulu.

Njengoba sishilo, abaningi imisebenzi wayecabangisisa nokuthela amanzi emhlane wedada ke, sazi ngazo kwezinye izincwadi zezazi-nezefilosofi ngekuhlanganyela nobe uphikise imibono yakhe kuphela. Kuyaziwa ukuthi atomism ka Democritus kanye ukubukwa wesazi sefilosofi lasendulo babeba nethonya elikhulu kubantu Tita Lukretsiya Carus. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Leibniz futhi uGalileo Galilei, ngubani kubhekwa umsunguli entsha kudivayisi umqondo emhlabeni, bancika emibhalweni yakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uMdali physics-athomu Niels Bohr wake wathi idivayisi Wabanikeza athomu elandelayo ngokuphelele umsebenzi wesazi sefilosofi lasendulo. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela atomism ka Democritus, ngakho kakhulu eye yasinda kumdlali.