Bala Panin Nikita Ivanovich: Biography, imisebenzi kanye amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Bala Panin Nikita Ivanovich - nomhlonishwa okusezingeni eliphezulu ngesikhathi iNdlovukazi Elizabeth kanye Catherine Alekseevna, ohlakaniphile obuhlakani ezicashile, uthisha we Umqhele Prince, umsunguli umthethosisekelo wokuqala Russian, eyayizoba kukhawulwe autocracy. Lena incazelo emfushane yemisebenzi yayo at egcekeni empresses ezimbili. Manje thina sihlolisise, Ukubala yini izici zobuntu possessed Nikita Panin. Umlando wakhe ugcwele ikhuluma ngokucophelela, kodwa wafa sehlazweni.

eminyakeni yokuqala

Nikita Panin wazalwa ngo eDanzig e 1718, March 31, emndenini yabakhulu, hhayi abacebile ngokukhethekile, kodwa ephephile kakhulu. Babekholelwa ukuthi okhokho babo babe amaNtaliyane kusukela emzini Lucca. Ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, lapho wayenomfowabo omncane uPeter. Bazalwane eyenziwa ubungane babo kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe. I inqaba Pernove uyise kwaba Usigaxamabhande. Akhiwe esekhulile futhi wafundiswa ekhaya. Ngokwenqubo eyayilandelwa, ngokuzalwa Ukubala Panin lwalotshwa Guards. Ngezinye 22, wayeba elisezingeni Cornet futhi wayekhonza esigodlweni.

umsebenzi zamanxusa

Ngemva lokuketula uhulumeni 1741 at zegceke zaziyilineni imikhosi okuqhubekayo. On the unogada wayesemncane futhi eyigeza, lithole elisezingeni umnumzana igumbi lokulala, wabhekisa amabombo ayo onamileyo Empress Elizaveta Petrovna. Ngokusho kwenye legend, ngemva kwalokho walala kanye usuku esimisiwe asebukhosini. Ngemva kwalokhu icala wathunyelwa Copenhagen bese e Stockholm e 1747. Mhlawumbe kwakuhlukile. Khona-ke udlale indima enkantolo nozungu, okuyinto yayiyindawo ozithandayo kwazo ukuba nibe ngabakaJesu hhayi Panin, kanye V Shuvalov wayesemncane futhi eyigeza. Noma kunjalo, inkantolo uphendukela ohlakaniphile, kakhulu ekushintsheni yomlando wakhe. Nikita Panin "Wanamathela" kokuthunyelwe ka inxusa e Stockholm futhi kwadingeka ke engu-12.

Khona-ke kwaba idolobha elincane, isidina, emakhazeni nasekuhambeni-manzi. Nikita Ivanovich abachithanga sikhathi yize. Wafunda okuningi, watadisha ohlanga Swedish, okwenza zilinganiselwe izinhlobo ePhalamende. umbono wakhe washintsha. Bala Panin baba umsekeli ohlanga ngokomthethosisekelo, ohlakaniphile ngokucophelela futhi ehlakaniphile sezombusazwe. Njengoba imibono yakhe Yokukhanyiselwa sazi athathiwe, ngaphezu kwalokho, wafika esiphethweni sokuthi IRussia ukubhekana eBrithani nethonya Baltic esifundeni.

Isenzakalo esiyingqopha-mlando entsha emsebenzini wakhe

abavikela yakhe, ishansela AP Bestuzhev-Ryumin, yawela ihlazo 1758, Panin Nikita Ivanovich futhi besula, kodwa konke kusenjalo, futhi ithole yena 1760 by u-Elizabeth I izikhundla eziphakeme - Uthisha Tsarevich uPawulu Petrovich, owayeneminyaka iminyaka eyisikhombisa.

Panin: uthisha kanye ohlakaniphile

Bala Panin wathola "ukhiye" isikhundla. Kungaba kunomthelela ekusaseni lawo le nkosi Russian. Abaningi inkantolo wayengafuni ukubona sobukhosi kowezizwe, okuyinto ziqhathaniswa uhlamvu flighty, uPetru III. Bancamela izwe ngaphansi kwegunya labo wabusa uPawulu abasha I. Kodwa kwathi ehlukile ebanjwe amandla ngosizo abazalwane Orlovyh Ekaterina Alekseevna.

Bala Panin esisekeliwe izifiso of umbusi omusha, futhi kuvikelwe umfundi wakhe futhi impilo elokuthula. Ngo parallel, ayezenza imisebenzi usomaqhinga, wamiswa njengombonisi ikhansela yangasese kanye lephalamende, inkantolo namanje ungenalwazi wezangaPhandle abasha Umbusikazi uCatherine II. Ndawonye kanye naye, waba umsunguli we-Union of aseBaltic ngaphansi kobuholi Prussia neRussia.

Panin - uthisha

Futhi kuthiwani uPawulu abasha? Cha, engakaze ukhohliwe Nikita Ivanovich. Bona ngobuqotho enamathiselwe nomunye. Panin Entela indlela avulekile uzama ukugxilisa umfundi wakhe umbono walokho okubizwa ngokuthi amakhosi ohlanga eyakhelwe ngaphezu komthethosisekelo. Friendly, njalo esehambile inqwaba amahlaya nezindaba ezifundisayo, ohlakaniphile Nikita Ivanovich ihlushwe izimfundiso Umqhele Prince wamnika okuningi inkululeko.

Eqinisweni, wayelindele salandelwa abazali bakhe. Lo mfana omncane zilalele imibono Nikita Ivanovich, ukuthi ayikuthandi Empress. Ngokushesha nje lapho uPawulu engu-17 ubudala, Panin ukuthi basuswa ezihlalweni zabo. Bobabili: futhi uthisha, futhi umfundi wakhe, ihlazo ngokujulile abanolwazi, kulungisile kahle. Wanikwa serfs anamane amawaka, ama-ruble ayizigidi eziyikhulu, isevisi esiliva, okuyinto angizisoli-ruble ayizigidi ezinhlanu, indlu Petersburg, Caterers newayini lumelele unyaka, izinceku livery, amakalishi, ukwanda yonyaka e iholo, ezingafinyelela-ruble ayizigidi ezinhlanu kuya kakade nane etholakalayo. Nokho, Panin kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwakhe agcinwayo ithonya uPawulu Petrovich, ababezijabulisa iseluleko sakhe.

Isizathu sokuba eliyigugu i-opal

Ngo 1762, Nikita Ivanovich sasisihlanganyela lapho sebebuswa inkosi angenamkhawulo engavimba ngohlaka esingashintshi, futhi iSigele lahlukaniswa laba neminyango. Ingxenye yokuqala akakuthandanga iNdlovukazi, futhi uyohlale ekhunjulwa, kanti eyesibili yena wathatha isinyathelo.

Kuvele ohlakaniphile abanolwazi

Nokho, Panin wazibonakalisa esisemqoka ezindabeni inqubomgomo angaphandle. Eminyakeni ecishe ibe ngu amabili kanye iNdlovukazi, wahola College of Foreign Affairs. Ngo 1763 waba ilungu eliphakeme College. indoda umnene futhi unomusa, yena ngakho skilfully kwaholela engxoxweni Ukuphika ayekanye naye ngizwe, futhi ukumlalela ngobumnene ngiya inkulumo, osomaqhinga angaphandle bayakhohlwa umgomo wabo oyinhloko.

Ukumela rapprochement nge Prussia kusimo okuholela eRussia, ukanye uCatherine II wadala Union kwamazwe enyakatho, lapho kuqhathaniswa England ( "Northern Accord"). Wamelana ukwahlukanisa iPoland France inzuzo.

Ngo-1765, inkontileka kwaphethwa ngokuthi nge-Copenhagen, ngo-1766 - isivumelwano neBrithani ku ukuhweba. Eminyakeni 1768-74 emva izimpi Russian-Turkish sishintshe umzila uCatherine II kwenqubomgomo, futhi Panin uyekile kudingeke ukuthi iNdlovukazi. Ngo-1769, Bala Panin ahileleke ngesakhiwo, okuyinto ilungiselela ukuba agumbuqele iNdlovukazi futhi ekubekweni Grand Duke uPawulu Petrovich, ngubani usethembise ukuhlonipha komthethosisekelo nokukhawulela kwamakhosi. Uzungu uyaziwa kodwa Panin ngobumnene asuswe enkantolo futhi Omkhulu Duke. Ngo 1780, ngesikhathi yokukhululwa Melika kusukela ikoloni laseBrithani, ayeyisebenzela isimemezelo wezwe yokungathathi hlangothi. Ngo-1781 umhlala ngokuphelele.

UMthethosisekelo lokuqala Russian

Wawunamabhodi izingxenye ezimbili.

Esikhathini sokuqala, ezethula, uchaze ukuthi kungani izwe lidinga uhulumeni ukuthi uyalalela imithetho. Yeka ukuthi kubaluleke kangakanani iyakhiwa ngaso sonke isikhathi Panin Nikita Ivanovich. Umlando Russia yesimanje - ubufakazi obucacile ngokunemba we ukubukwa izinqubomgomo kwekhulu XVIII. Authority uphathiswe umbusi sokuthatha isinyathelo esihle kwezikhonzi zakhe, umbusi wabantu Kufanele ukhethe. Lesi sisekelo lesingiso, kwamandla - ukhetho wakhe. isisekelo Political yena njengento yomuntu siqu. Futhi kulokho eyayiyikho esikhathini kwaqala? Lokhu Panin akashongo, kodwa impendulo isobala: kwelifa loonyana serfs. Uma ukubhubhisa feudalism futhi bavumela ukubuswa ke kuzokwenzekani? Siyayazi impendulo yalo mbuzo ngoba 1862, kodwa ke akucaci.

Ukubala Landelayo Panin Nikita Ivanovich umqondo ocacile ayikwazanga akusebenzanga. Yena sketched out isihloko kusuka kulo kwacaca ukuthi umbusi walelive kumele abe um-Orthodox, kodwa zonke ezinye izinkolo not cindezela. Kuyadingeka ukuba uhlele ngokulandelana, okuyinto kamuva uPawulu Petrovich. amalungelo Estates awazange esibekiwe, kodwa kwaba isihloko. Izinkantolo kufanele kuphela isinyathelo obala. Izintela yethulwe kuphela emva izingxoxo kuhulumeni. Lomthethosisekelo, ngemva kokufa kwakhe, washiyela indlalifa, umfundi wakhe intandokazi, kodwa ukuthi akuzange wathola. Panina mfowethu, uPetru Ivanovich, kokubona izinguquko uhlamvu sikaPawulu, akamnikelanga idokhumenti. Ukuze ezisekhona kuphela izingcezwana irekhodwe ngalokuhlelekile nonobhala wakhe D. I. Fonvizinym.

Lapho N. I. Panin washona ngo 1763 lapho eseneminyaka engu-65, lapho-ke wahlala embhedeni wakhe, uPawulu Petrovich ngesandla sakhe. Kwake kwathi ngo-amandla, wabeka komfundisi wakhe isikhumbuzo esontweni St. Magdalena e Pavlovsk.

nobuntu Ukubala Panin futhi amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngokuphila kwakhe

Uhlobo nemnene ngokwemvelo, wayengumuntu sybarite okukhulu. Angisitholi embhedeni emini, ungalokothi ezisheshayo, yakhombisa ubuvila kakhulu futhi zonke khengikukarekele ukufunjathiswa. Wayengumuntu ongahaheli, asinikezwa serfs Nikita Ivanovich zahlukaniselwa onobhala bakhe, kuhlanganise isabelo sakhe yatholwa D. I. Fonvizin, wemidlalo esizayo.

I N. I. Panina, umthandi ukudla okuhle babe labapheki best emzini. Nokho, yena ngokwakhe kungathatha wokulungiselela ukudla: ukupheka oyster in ubhiya futhi bashise ngokwakho kuyilapho cuff. Kodwa akakwazanga babe abaphilile ekuseni, Friend too kusihlwa emva kokudla amakhabe. Ushadile, wayengekho, kodwa enakekela ingxenye enhle lwesintu ubumnandi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayengumuntu Mason.

Ukuze kithi sonke, inzalo yakhe, Bala Panin wahlala imemori njengenhlangano ohlakaniphile oluvelele owakhuphula inzuzo eside Russia futhi kwaqinisa isikhundla salo phakathi kwamazwe entshonalanga.