Adam Oleary: travel, ukuphila ngemva kwabo, ukuba imisebenzi

Ngo XVII-XVIII eminyaka. BaseYurophu eyakhelwe isithombe sabo eRussia esekelwe impahla yencwadi, eyabhalwa Adamu Olearius. Lesi sivakashi esiwavakashele kathathu e Muscovy. Ngakho Russia ngokuthi baseNtshonalanga. Olearius kushiya incazelo eningiliziwe yokuphila futhi oda Russian. amanothi wakhe wenza ayezidinga lapho lenxusa, ehavshem yasePheresiya.

Ebuntwaneni kanye Nemfundo

Traveller Adamu Olearius wazalwa ngo-September 24, 1599 edolobheni laseJalimane Aschersleben. Yena uvela emndenini elula yokusebenza-class. Uyise wayengumGreki umthungi. Inhloko yomkhaya, nalapho afike ashonela khona ngemuva kokuzalwa kwendodana yakhe. Naphezu kobunzima babantu base kwansuku nobumpofu, u-Adamu, wakwazi ukuba ungenele University of Leipzig. Ngo-1627 waba Master of Philosophy.

Usosayensi Young waqala ukusebenza emzini wakhe eyunivesithi, kodwa umsebenzi wakhe zezemfundo kuphazamisekile ngenxa ukuqothulwa neMpi Yeminyaka Engamashumi Amathathu. Bloodshed abathintekayo kanye Saxony. Adam Oleary banquma ukungayisebenzisi nhlobo ukuphila kwakhe engozini, waya enyakatho, kuze lapho impi akukaze kufinyelelwe. Isazi sefilosofi bathola isiphephelo esigodlweni Duke Frederick III Holstein. Olearius akasenzanga sefilosofi kodwa futhi orientalist, isazi-mlando, sezibalo physics. Wayazi izilimi zaseMpumalanga. Duke adunyiswe lamakhono ezingavamile futhi ushiye usosayensi enkonzweni yakhe.

uhambo lokuqala

Ngo-1633, uFrederick III wathumela lenxusa lwayo lokuqala eRussia nasePheresiya. UMbusi wafuna iqale izixhumanisi ukuhweba eqinile nalaba ezweni elinothile futhi enkulu, lapho badayisa izimpahla ezingavamile nokuwusizo baseYurophu. Okokuqala amaJalimane babenesithakazelo ukuthenga ubulembu empumalanga. Ehola umsebenzi ehhovisi lenxusa sika wafakwa Philipp von Kruzenshtern futhi umthengisi Otto Brugman. Adam Oleary baba umhumushi noNobhala, konke irekhodi nalokhu okwenzeka amaJalimane ohambweni lwabo. Kuyinto lesi sici amandla kuye kamuva nokumisa amanothi yakhe eminingi futhi ukushicilela incwadi mayelana eRussia, okuyinto sekuthandwa kakhulu eNtshonalanga Yurophu.

Kwakukhona abantu 36 ku ehhovisi lenxusa. Ngokusho Adamu Oleary, indlela osomaqhinga badabula Riga, Narva futhi Novgorod. AmaJalimane efika ngokusemthethweni eMoscow ngo-August 14, 1634. Enhloko-dolobha, i-embassy uzama 4 izinyanga. Russian Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich (le nkosi yokuqala Romanov lwamakhosi) uye wavumela ezinye izizwe ukuba ngokukhululekile ukuhamba ukuze yasePheresiya. Nokho, lo mgomo eyayibekwe kakade ngaphambi lenxusa esilandelayo. Okokuqala ithimba wathola imvume esizayo, waya ekhaya futhi wabuyela Gottorp ngo-Ephreli 1635. Isazi-German Adamu Olearius, eMoscow bazamukela ngezandla ezifudumele. Mikhail Fedorovich kwaba nesithakazelo oxhumana nabantu baseYurophu, njengoba befuna ukuba ubambisane Russian. Kwaze kwaphela izinyanga ezine edolobheni futhi emasontweni ambalwa endleleni Adamu Oleary ngenkuthalo eqoshiwe ephepheni zonke elibonwayo.

Ohambweni lwakhe lwesibili njengesithunywa

Frederick III samjabulisa imiphumela lenxusa kuqala ukuthethwa kwecala. Wayengahlezi ngiyeke lapho futhi laqala ukuhlela uhambo lwesibili. Ngalesi sikhathi, isazi-Adamu Olearius wayengeyena nje unobhala-umhumushi, kodwa futhi umeluleki we-embasi. AmaJalimane ezingenamafutha kwadingeka ukuthi ahambe ngokoqobo emaphethelweni emhlabeni - e-Asia, lapho ngisho ekhulwini XVII, kwacishe kwaba akukho baseYurophu.

Ngokusho Adamu Oleary, ithimba waya eLwandle Hamburg Okthoba 22, 1635. Emkhunjini izipho eziningi Russian Tsar futhi Persian Shah Safi I. Kodwa uhambo kuthatha cishe Hogland Isiqhingi e oLwandle iBaltic, umkhumbi yaphahlazeka emadwaleni. zonke izipho izifakazo nokuthela amanzi emhlane wedada. Abantu kungukuthi abulawe, bona ngokulambisa got ukuze aqinise Hogland. Ngenxa yalokhu usizi amaJalimane kwadingeka cishe inyanga ukuba sizulazule port Baltic Sea ukuze imikhumbi.

Ekugcineni amanxusa abekade Revel. Ekupheleni kuka-March 1636 bathuthela eMoscow, kwathi ngo-June kuhanjiswe ku yasePheresiya. Indlela owawugobhoza lenxusa Kolomna futhi Nizhny Novgorod. Imbobo endawo eLübeck master pre-eyakhelwe shlezvigtsev umkhumbi behlela eVolga yangena yoLwandle iCaspian. Ngokusho Adamu Oleary, lezi zimoto futhi esetshenziswa abahwebi nabadobi, ezingelwa kule emfuleni inhlanzi-ocebile. Futhi kulesi sikhathi Embassy awuzange ezimiselwe ukuqedela nohambo lwabo ngaphandle kwenkinga. isiphepho Raffle unyakaziswa isikebhe ogwini eduze nedolobhana Azerbaijani Nizabat. Ekupheleni kuka-December, amaJalimane wafika emngceleni Shamakhi.

Hlala yasePheresiya bese ubuyela ekhaya

Kusasele izinyanga ezine, kwadingeka balindele imvume olusemthethweni Shah ukuba siqhubekele phambili. Ngokusho usosayensi German Adamu Oleary, izithunywa yayisikulungele, eqaphela ukuthi imikhuba kanye nemithetho izizwe Eastern kukhona ngokuphelele sihluke European. Ngo-August 1637 lenxusa efika e Isfahan - inhloko-dolobha yasePheresiya. Kukhona-ke ngilibele kuze kube ekupheleni kukaDisemba. Indlela emuva wawunqamula Astrakhan Kazan bese Nizhny Novgorod. Januwari 2, 1639 Adam Olearius wayibuyisela eMoscow. Russian Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich yambona yase ahlinzekwa ukuze uhlale e-Russia njengesazi nengcweti enkantolo futhi sezinkanyezi. Nokho Oleary wenqaba lolu dumo, futhi ngo-August 1639 wabuyela eJalimane. Ngo 1643 th waphinde wavakashela eMoscow, kodwa hhayi nge ukuvakashelwa eside enjalo. Lokho kwaba okokugcina Olearius wavakashela eRussia.

Lonke uhambo waba inhlekelele. Kubita imali eningi Duchy, kodwa akukho sivumelwano ku ukuhweba nge yasePheresiya inqamula Russian awuzange bavumelana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ikhanda Otto Brugman embasi abahlukumeza amandla abo, yingakho-ke kwaqubuka ukushayisana nozakwethu. Ngemva kokubuyela ekhaya, isazi-German Adamu Olearius waba umshushisi enkantolo ngokumelene kumqashi wakhe wangaphambili. Brugmann wabulawelwa imfucuza ngokweqile futhi ukwehluleka Duke bamisa ukulunga.

incwadi Oleary

Ngo 1647 incwadi yanyatheliswa Oleary "Incazelo Izikhangibavakashi ukuba Muscovy" lapho echaza njengesisekelo esinembile sokubalwa kwezikhathi ephelele uhambo lwakhe oluya eMpumalanga. ngokushesha Incwadi eyathandwa kakhulu. Ukumelwa abaMhlophe mayelana Russia kwakungamadodana usithe kakhulu, futhi baqala ngokuzimisela wazishwabadela yiluphi ulwazi ngalokhu ezweni elikude. Sekuyisikhathi eside Kokuqamba Olearius kwaba imininingwane okuwusizo kakhulu kuyo futhi ecebile. Ekhasini yencwadi ngayinye wambulile ulwazi lakhe, erudition nokuqaphelisisa. Lo msebenzi wawubhekwa lahunyushelwa ezilimini eziningi zaseYurophu. Ingxenye yencwadi Olearius yaba umthombo ekhuthazelela eyeqisayo mayelana Muscovy ngemiyalo yakhe okungekuhle futhi ongaziwa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-value ekhethekile atholwe wabulawelwa imidwebo zethusi esibonisa ongabazi baseYurophu imidwebo zokuphila Russian. umbhali wabo wayenguNkulunkulu ngokwakhe Adamu Oleary. Ezokuthutha kanye uhambo okudliwa avunyelwe ukuthatha wonke amathuluzi adingekayo. Imidwebo zadalwa ngokuqondile phakathi nohambo ezinyathelweni okuvelayo fresh. Thina baqeda kakade eJalimane. EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani yaqedwa imidwebo, esibonisa abakhileyo Muscovy. Ikakhulukazi lokhu Oleary alethwe ekhaya zokubhukuda kazwelonke Russian, kanye nemvelo esetshenziswa onobuhle Bakwethu begqoke umphako sigqoka futhi kaftans.

ukubukeka Russian

incwadi Oleary lahlukaniswa laba izahluko eziningi, ngayinye eyayikhuluma eyodwa noma esinye isici ekuphileni Russian. Endaweni ehlukile, umlobi echazwe ukubukeka nezimpahla zokugqoka izakhamuzi Muscovy. izinwele ezinde wathembela kuphela babe ngabapristi. Ezicukuthwaneni kwadingeka haircuts njalo. Abesifazane walithanda reddening futhi belitsya, nokunye evropeek ngaphezulu ukuthi uthathwa eJalimane bomdabu.

Menswear Oleary kubhekwe kakhulu efana esiGrekini. Yande babe amahembe ububanzi ibhulukwe ukuthi bakhathele jackets eside kaJesu, uhlanganyela emadolweni. Umuntu ngamunye egqoka isigqoko elibukeka ezingase ukuhlonza ungubani komuntu nomphakathi. Izikhulu nabeluleki uhulumeni wathwebula kubo ngisho nasemihlanganweni yomphakathi. Ofeleba ngabo zazenziwe impungushe ezibizayo noma Sable. izakhamuzi ezivamile ehlobo babefaka izigqoko ka wawungathi ezimhlophe, futhi ebusika - indwangu.

Russian esifushane futhi ngensimbi phambi amabhuzu yesikhumba Russian noma Morocco wakhumbuza izicathulo Polish. Ngokusho usosayensi u-Adamu Oleary, amantombazane wahamba izicathulo ne High Heels. zokubhukuda zabesifazane kakhulu bafana nabesilisa, kodwa izembatho zabo wawuthe ebanzi futhi ezisika nhlangothi zombili lace umbala negolide eluka.

Nutrition nenhlalakahle Muscovites

Usosayensi German wenze eningi amanothi ekuphileni futhi inhlalakahle Russian. Zonke lezi sikuthanda kakhulu ikuyo yonke indawo-Adamu Oleary. Ngokusho usosayensi isiJalimane, abakhileyo Muscovy babe ampofu kakhulu ukwedlula amaJalimane. Ngisho basebukhosini kuphela, eyayinawo Terem nezigodlo, wakha kubo kuphela wokugcina koleminyaka engamatshumi amathathu langaphezulu, kanti ngaphambi kwalokho, futhi wayehlala kuhle ezimbi. Ukukhuluma ngale nkathi, Olearius wayebhekisela Isikhathi Nezinkinga, lapho eRussia bahlukunyezwe impi yombango futhi zilekelele Polish.

abavamile ukudla nsuku zonke lalinabashumayeli turnips, okusanhlamvu, iklabishi, ikhukhamba, usawoti kanye izinhlanzi fresh. Nakuba baseYurophu isilinganiso babe "izitsha ngokuthi untekenteke futhi uthambile," akekho lokhu Russian angazanga futhi abazange bazame. Oleary waphawula ukuthi amadlelo omangalisayo Muscovy wanikeza ezinhle iwundlu, yenkomo kanye ingulube. Nokho, Russian kancane edla inyama, njengoba yafika cishe isigamu kusuka okusheshayo esiqinile ekhalendeni yabo Orthodox. Ushintsha izitsha ezahlukene izinhlanzi exutshwe imifino.

Oleary wazibuza ngohlobo olukhethekile amabhisikidi isiRashiya, okwakubizwa ngokuthi i amakhekhe. Ngo Muscovy ke kwadingeka eziningi Sturgeon nezibiliboco, okuyinto zithutha imiphongolo ezinqoleni futhi sleds. Ngokusho usosayensi u-Adamu Oleary, lezi zimoto futhi esetshenziselwa ukulethwa neminye imikhiqizo ukuthi zenziwe emizini.

polity

Ikakhulukazi Oleary echazwe Russian kweluhlelo lwahulumende ngalokuyimphumelelo. Endaweni yokuqala, waphawula isikhundla oyisicashalala yamakhosi ophakeme maqondana inkosi yakhe, okuyinto yena, idluliselwe izikhulu aphansi eliphansi, ekugcineni, ngabe kuya kubantu abavamile.

Ekhulwini XVII kwakuvamile e Russian kuhlawuliswa ngekushaywa. Zisetshenziswa ngisho maqondana aristocrats futhi abathengisi ocebile abhekana nabo lapho, isibonelo, unexcused ngiphuthe nakowodwa wemihlangano izilaleli nombusi. Isimo Sengqondo enkosini njengonkulunkulu safaka kusukela zisencane. Abadala ephefumulelwe ngaleli lungiselelo lokubiza izingane zabo, futhi baphakela izingane zabo. EYurophu lehla ngokushesha inani oda kakade esikhathini esidlule.

Oleary, ukutadisha yokuma boyars, waphawula ukuthi, awakhonzi nje kuphela enkosini ezindabeni zomphakathi, kodwa futhi izinkantolo kanye namahhovisi. Ngakho-German kwaba umkhuba wakhe ngokuthi oda - Ministries Russian ngaphambili. Ubude abalwa 33 ihhovisi Oleary. Waphawula kobukhulu izinkantolo eMoscow. Uma umuntu ngamanga ukweba, ke iqala ukuyithola uma akuntshontshile okunye. Obhusha wabhaxabulwa, emakhaleni wadonsa futhi t. D.

Izinkantolo ezivamile babe izinkantolo izikweletu futhi abakweletayo. Njengomthetho, abantu abanjalo siqokwa isikhathi ngesikhathi lapho ungakwazi ngokomthetho akhokhe lemali edingekayo. Kweleti lingatholi lesi sikhathi, wabe ngisejele ekhethekile okweletayo sika. Lezi iziboshwa zathathwa nsuku zonke emgwaqeni phambi Chancellery futhi bajeziswa eshaya izinti phezu shins.

Ibandla Orthodox

E-Moscow ekhulwini XVII, kwakukhona isibalo enkulu amasonto ukuthi kusho u-Adamu Oleary. Ababhishobhi minyaka okuqaliswe ukwakhiwa amabandla amasha. Oleary libalwa dolobha isiRashiya, 4000 nabapristi sebebonke abantu kungathi izinkulungwane 200. Izindela lihambe phakathi nedolobha endaweni amajazi amnyama eside, phezu okwakukhona okufanayo umbala amajazi. Okunye izimfanelo saziso babe hoods yabo (nezigqoko) nezinduku.

Ukuze ube ngumpristi, indoda kwadingeka ukuba eqinisekisiwe, okungukuthi, sidlule izivivinyo kanye ukukholisa Commission ukuthi ukwazi ukufunda, ukubhala kanye nokucula. Izindela Muscovite wayemude kakhulu kunezinye amazwe aseYurophu. Lokhu kushiwo ngu-Adam Olearius. ababhishobhi eMoscow anakekela zezindela abaningi nje kuphela eMoscow kodwa futhi asakazeke ezweni lonke ngaphandle amadolobha. German encwadini yakhe wagcizelela ukuthi abapristi Russian agcwaliswa kusukela WaseByzantium eSontweni Lobu-Orthodox, kanti ingxenye oda zabo nendlela yakulawo lamaKatolika. Ngokwesibonelo, abapristi ashade futhi bakhulisa izingane, kanti entshonalanga ukuqala umndeni kwakungenakwenzeka. babhapathizwa Izinsana ngokushesha emva kokuzalwa. Futhi lokhu akwenziwa ngezinkulumo nje kuphela kubefundisi imindeni yabo, kodwa futhi wonke abavamile. Ubhapathizo olunjalo onamawala kwakudingekile ngenxa yezakhi ukuthi bonke abantu bazalwa esonweni, futhi kuphela ezelaphayo ungagcina umntwana ukusilaphazeka.

Ababhishobhi waya eMoscow ku nezibhulo ekhethekile, embozwe ngendwangu emnyama. Ngokusho Adamu Oleary, lokhu ezokuthutha wagcizelela isikhundla nomuntu okhethekile. Ngemva kwesikhashana, kakade ngaphansi Aleksei Mikhailovich uvele umqeqeshi, owaqala ukusebenzisa izinzalamizi nababhishobhi basemasontweni. Uma wonke amadoda enkosi wayekhulekelwa njengonkulunkulu, futhi le nkosi ngokwakhe kwadingeka ngokuqinile bathobele bonke imicikilisho of the Church, futhi kule wayengesona sihluke izikhonzi zakhe. Russian XVII ekhulwini wayilandela ikhalenda. Njalo ngeSonto service wentokozo ethempelini, ngisho nenkosi abakwazanga ukuya khona, noma esontweni emboze ikhanda.

iVolga

Ngo Nizhny Novgorod, ekhulwini XVII wahlala isiRashiya, AmaTatar namaJalimane. Ngaleyondlela, kwakungemva empumalanga nedolobha lapho iSonto LamaLuthela futhi sakwazi ukuqhuba ngokukhululekile inkolo yabo. Lapho u-Adamu Oleary efika khona, umphakathi German kwakuba kwekhulu. Abezinye Izizwe got Nizhny Novgorod ngenxa yezizathu ezihlukahlukene. Ezinye babehilelekile yokuphisa, abanye kwezikhulu zempi, abanye ezingelwa distillery.

Ngo Nizhny Novgorod imikhumbi zivela wonke iVolga. Ngokusho Adamu Oleary, lezi zimoto zisebenzisa "Cheremis AmaTatar" (ie, iMari), owayehlala phansi iVolga. Usosayensi German wabashiya indzaba ukwazi. Cheremis, zivela ibhange kwesokudla iVolga, ngokuthi upland. Babehlala maqhugwane elula, badla umdlalo zasendle, uju, futhi ngenxa nemfuyo.

Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi incwadi Olearius abomdabu lendawo ngokuthi "abantu okuzingela, ekhohlisayo nobuthakathi." Ngokuqinisekile asithwala phansi ephepheni labo amahemuhemu, ezazithandwa kakhulu phakathi Russian iVolga abavamile ngubani owayelesaba Cheremisses. notoriety okunjalo kwaba ngenxa yokuthi abaningi babo, kwathi ngekhulu XVII babe namaqaba.

Eminyakeni yokugcina Adamu Oleary

Oleary kakhulu ekuphileni kwakhe wachitha Schleswig. Waphila kwaze kwafika futhi esigodlweni Duke, kwaba sezibalo yezincwadi. Ngo-1651 yena eyalwa luba iphrojekthi - ukudalwa Gottorp wonke. Ngesikhathi nesenzakalo kwaba enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni (ubukhulu baso bafinyelela amamitha amathathu). Uzimele, umthwalo esindayo izakhiwo futhi kwenziwa amalungiselelo ngaphansi kokuqondisa Oleary iminyaka eminingi. Frederick III, baba umqalisi yephrojekthi, akazange aphile isikhathi eside kuze kube kuvulwa wonke. Wethulwa umphakathi elandelayo iNkosana Christian Albrecht.

Globe ine umgodi lwangaphakathi okuyinto wabekwa etafuleni kanye ebhentshini abantu 12. Ngenani ungakwazi esebenzisa umnyango. Ohlangothini olungaphandle kumephu Umhlaba lasetshenziswa. Ngaphakathi izinkanyezi ne imilaza. Umklamo yayingavamile. amakhadi amabili kungaba kanyekanye uphendukisa. Ngaphansi uPetru mina wonke kwakunikelwa ngendawo-Russia. Wayegcinwe le Kunstkammer lushiswe emlilweni 1747. Kusukela isimangaliso ubunjiniyela kanye geospatial wacabanga kuphela ukugcina umnyango, ngaleso sikhathi lagcinwa emiphongolweni. Kamuva idaliwe ikhophi imodeli sokuqala.

Ngaphezu izincwadi mayelana Russia nasembulungeni yonke-izinkanyezi Adamu Oleary babe neminye imizamo. Wabhala temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba, elihunyushwe eqanjiwe, ngisho wenza umbhalo wesandla ka-isichazamazwi WasePheresiya. Kodwa isazi sesayensi esidumile kakhulu kwaba yingenxa kohambo lwakhe oluya eMpumalanga, futhi amanothi mayelana Russia. Adam Oleary washona ngo 1671.