Amalungelo Real komthetho wamaRoma. Concept futhi izinhlobo amalungelo endawo

Umthetho wamaRoma eyaziwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Okuwukuphela kwesizathu esenza amaRoma abameli ezehlukile, izifundiswa abaye babhekana impucuko yabo amashumi eminyaka. Ngesisekelo izinhlelo zabo ezingokomthetho zakhelwe cishe zonke imithethosisekelo we amazwe aseYurophu. Ikakhulukazi amalungelo endawo ethile e komthetho wamaRoma. Abaningi imiqondo kusuka kule ndawo ukuba Ngezinga elikhulu noma elincane asetshenziswa kube yilolu suku.

Asho ukuthini izinto?

lo mqondo "izinto" amaRoma ambulala kunencazelo ebanzi kunalokho kunathi. Ngakho-ke, lihlanganisa incazelo is izinto hhayi kuphela izinto ezibonakalayo, kodwa ngisho amalungelo ezakhamuzi ubudlelwane. Into okuthiwa "oyo". Wonke amalungelo e rem e komthetho wamaRoma akazange nje azibonayo zengqondo zezakhamizi kanye nemithetho ngomqondo impahla: Imfundo enjalo iye osakazwa kabanzi phakathi kwabo nezazi zefilosofi yaseRoma avame kwakungamadodana izishayamthetho evelele kunazo zonke (yezinto nempahla incorporeal).

Ukwahlukaniswa izinto

Nokho, umuntu kufanele siphethe ngokuthi leli umqondo kuhlanganisa konke. It bha lahlukaniswa ukuze ugweme ukudideka. Ngakho, yini likhona umqondo amalungelo impahla?

Okokuqala, zonke izifundo umthetho kaNkulunkulu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa zonke izinto zokukhulekela, kuhlanganise nalezo ezingasebenzisi ezibalulekile ikakhulukazi ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo nangokomoya. Isibalo "izinto" zonke ethempelini lalinabashumayeli wonke amazwe ngelakhe, wonke amathuna kanye eziqoshiwe esizinikezele le onkulunkulu baseRoma.

Okwesibili, "abantu" izinto zabantu. Zingena ngaphansi kwezigaba ezimbili ezibanzi:

• impahla Yomphakathi, elalingelamaFilisti zonke izigaba izakhamuzi isimo. It amathiyetha izinkundla, ezimakethe zomphakathi, loMfula imifula, amachibi nezilwandle. Aint amalungelo yangempela komthetho wamaRoma ngokumdlinzekela zifane oda ezivamile ukusetshenziswa komhlaba?
• Indawo yokuhlala yomuntu, neyayingaphansi izakhamuzi ngabanye. Ayehlukaniswe ngezigaba ezincane, kodwa lokhu akubalulekile kangako.

Yiziphi izinhlobo komthetho wamaRoma ababenomthwalo wemfanelo kule ndawo? Yiqiniso, lo mthetho ezivamile kanye nemithetho, njengoba plebiscites babengenalo igunya elinjalo.

ngezigaba enwetshiwe zezinto

Ngakho, wena bavisise wafunda ukuthi amaRoma yayikhona izinto yezinto kanye incorporeal (zazo kulotshiwe ngenhla). Kodwa empeleni, iyunithi kwaba ebanzi kunalokho, futhi okuningi eziyinkimbinkimbi:

• Ukuhlala kwegazi futhi kuhoxiswe kuwo.
• Mantsipiruemye futhi nemantsipiruemye (umqondo kunalokho eziyinkimbinkimbi, phendla it ngezansi).
• Complex futhi elula.
• Ukukhonza ukudliwa futhi okungezona abasebenzisi.
• Izinto ezingase ahlukaniswe, futhi bangamathe nolimi.
• Side, phezulu.
• Wadluliselwa yencazelo ejwayelekile futhi ngasese.
• nezimpahla ezithathekayo, awanakususwa.
• Nalapha futhi, izinto ngokomzimba futhi eqhubeka.

Manje hlandla nye of imiqondo le, ukuqonda ngokuningiliziwe. Kumele kwenziwe, ngoba umlando eRome kuxhumene kakhulu ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nalo.

Ukuhlala kwegazi futhi kuhoxiswe kuwo

Ukuze okwesula kwegazi (res commercium extra) kuhlanganisa zonke lezo izifundo ukuthi izidingo zabantu, futhi ngenxa yalokho akunakwenzeka ukuthi ezizimele. Konke okufanayo amathempeli, imigwaqo kanye embankments, amasayithi ukumbelwa somlotha sabafileyo (columbarium), kanye eziphathekako jikelele (emoyeni, ulwandle, umfula). Ngakho, amalungelo e rem e komthetho wamaRoma maqondana akabuyisanga kusukela ukuzungeza kwempahla (res e commercio) kufakwe eziningi ezihlukahlukene izinto.

Mantsipiruemye futhi nemantsipiruemye

Mantsipiruemymi izinto (res mancipi) ngokuthi umhlaba ngqo I-ithalikhi unamathisele kubo nezigqila, abanye imikhakha izakhiwo nezinkomo ukusebenza. Ezithathelana zonke lokhu kungenza kuphela ngokusebenzisa Mancipatio. Zonke empeleni izwe okwakungokukaNkulunkulu kuphela isimo. Ngakho, amalungelo zangempela (kuleli cala) kungenzeka kuphela ukudlulisa izwe "lawo" ngofuzo.

Kungakhathaliseki umsuka yezikhulu futhi babenikezwa ukuze iqashwe izakhamizi, lezi izigaba ezweni angase aphucwe nganoma isiphi isikhathi. Lawa masayithi kuhlanganisiwe:

• Ager vectigalis. Land "iqashwe okhokhela" uhlobo. izakhamuzi Kuqashisiwe. Igama elithi kokuqala - iminyaka emihlanu, kodwa eqinisweni kwaba ukuqasha ephakade. Bangakwazi ngofuzo ngaphandle izigameko kanye izithiyo zomthetho.
• Ager zangasese vestigalisque. Nanti izwe, lapho isimo noma umphakathi awudayise kubantu ngabanye. Ngokucacile kwaba ukuthi umthengi akanayo izwe ngokwalo baba, kodwa kuphela ayenelungelo ukuyisebenzisa (kodwa zingase zidlulisele ke libe yifa lenu). Ngaphezu kwalokho, umnikazi kwakudingeka akhokhe irenti ezithile ngoba ukusetshenziswa isabelo sakhe. Le ndlela yokusetshenziswa komhlaba ethakazelisayo ukuthi kungase kubhekwe njengokwelapha isigaba zesikhashana phakathi ohlanganyelwe bomhlaba nempahla ngempela yangasese.

Yimaphi amanye isigaba umhlaba ihlanganisa umqondo amalungelo impahla? Manje sibheka isigaba ngayinye.

Ager quaestorius

Ngokuvamile, lolu hlobo ngabanikazi bomhlaba kwaba fanekiso ngokuphelele kulowo eyedlule: umthengi lithole ubunikazi bezwe kwadingeka bakhokhele ukulala indawo yokuhlala. I engavamile kangakanani ukuthi uMbuso ayengakwenza nganoma isiphi isikhathi ngaphandle kokunikeza isizathu ukukhansela kuthengiselana kufunwe ukubuya ekhishwe kokusetshenziswa komhlaba yesikhashana. Zonke lezi ubudlelwane ihanjiswa easements e komthetho wamaRoma (umthetho impahla ngokusebenzisa impahla yomunye).

Ager occupatorius

Leli zwe lomphakathi, kungagcini ngokucacile ngemingcele yemvelo (imifula, amahlathi, nezintaba). Isici yalesi sigaba yokuthi izwe akucutshungulwanga kuze kube isikhathi lapho kungukuthi idluliselwe zomninindawo yangasese. Thola lezi iziza ayengakwenza kuphela patricians, futhi ngokuvamile bamane matasa kuwo. Lesi sigaba, ngemcondvo, angase yaklonyeliswa abantu aphakeme olusemthethweni esikhathini umhlaba wabo, kodwa eqinisweni ekuthatheni izwe ngokuvamile kwaba nanini.

Kunoma yikuphi, emlandweni eRoma uyazi eziningi amaqiniso bamba, ngemva kwalokho izwe kwezintathu abavuka bazithathe babuyele langempela isimo impahla kuphela ngemva kokufa kokubili olusemthethweni futhi zonke owamlandela.

Adsignatio

izindawo Private ngezinye izikhathi badlula alinganayo ngokuphelele amaphasela square komhlaba. Lolu hlobo "angamakhulu ayisithupha" ngokuba plebs wamaRoma. Distribution izindawo egqoka ngezinga elikhulu, wabona umngcwabo uphuma esimweni esijabulisa ngokukhethekile. Into ethi ayifane kwaba impahla Ager colonicus. Lokhu kubuye izwe I-ithalikhi, kodwa engaphandle Italy. Bamakoloni ekhishelwe ilungelo ngokulandelana. Njengomthetho, nezintela ngabo okhokhelwayo kwaba okulinganiselwe ngemva kwenkathi ethile kobunikazi.

Ager locatus ex lege censoria

Lezi iziza "ukuhlela ngcono" basakaza kuphela ngesisekelo ukuncintisana. Uma sikubeka kalula, uzithola nomuntu owenze sipho best, okwenza yengcebo isimo lemali iningi imali.

Okubalulekile! Yena Mancipatio nqubo umkhuba eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kwezomthetho, kanye nokuqaliswa kwalo edingekayo nofakazi abahlanu (it is ezilungisiwe easements e komthetho wamaRoma). Uma enqubeni wokwemukela iphutha okungenani eyodwa, ngisho namazwi athile, sonke kokwenziwe ngokuzenzakalela waqaphela njengoba ayivumelekile. Ngu isigaba nemantsipiuemyh kuhlanganisiwe zonke ezinye izinto.

Indlela okunhlobonhlobo mantsipiruemye nemantsipiruemye izinto?

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwabo kwaba kule nqubo ye 'idla yodwa. Nemantsipiruemye izinto yakhipha ngumuntu inqubo silula - traditio. isigaba Mancipatio yesibili kwaba nzima kakhulu (njengoba sikhulume nje). Ungacabangi kuba bethanda ezingenalutho izishaya-mthetho wamaRoma, ngokuqondene nalezi zinto iphathwa mantsipiruemym ezibalulekile izindawo zokukhiqiza. Ngakho, umqondo yomthetho waseRoma kule ndawo kube yinhlanganisela.

Uhulumeni wayenesithakazelo ekulondolozweni kwamalungelo kubo kakhulu ngazo zonke izindlela atholakalayo. oyinkimbinkimbi laqanjwa ngokunembile ukuze ugweme ukuwela isigaba abasebenzisi bomhlaba abantu okungahleliwe. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi Mancipatio njengoba enjalo wahlala kuphela kuze kube isikhathi lapho iRoma lalingumbuso i-republic. Kuntjintjela Empire zisuswe ngokushesha izinsalela umhlaba ngokuhlanganyela. Ngaleso sikhathi, ubunikazi emthethweni waseRoma kwakuyiyona umqondo elula kakhulu.

izinto ezilula futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi

Ngokusho amazwi Pomponius, izinto ezilula kuchazwa njengendlela olulodwa, umqondo indivisible. Ukuze labo kungaba labizwa ngokuthi itshe, ugodo, isigqila. Zonke eziyinkimbinkimbi impahla lezinto zahlukaniswa imikhakha ezimbili ezibanzi:

• Zonke izingxenye lezinto ukuthi yakhiwa izinto eziningi ezincane bahlobene. Babengase labizwa ngokuthi umkhumbi noma indlu.
• Impahla, eyayihlanganisa isethi awahlobene nomunye kodwa onobunye ngu ngenjongo eyodwa, izinto. Lezi izinto amalungelo indawo yayingatholakala ethulwa ngesimo izinkomo nezimbuzi nemihlambi yezinkomo.

nezimpahla ezithathekayo, awanakususwa

Ukuze nezimpahla ezithathekayo kukhona konke angashintsha zikuphi emkhathini. Lezi izinto Ungahambisa ngokuzimela (izinkomo, izigqila), futhi kubenze esikhaleni ezinye amandla (izinto, izingubo).

Ngakho, kuze kube kwempahla engagudluki ukhathazekile konke angashintsha isikhundla salo isikhala ngaphandle kokulondoloza isimo sawo wonke. Lesi sigaba lefa e komthetho wamaRoma zihlanganisa umhlaba iziza, kugcwele, yonke izakhiwo. Ngokungafani umthetho yesimanje, kuyilapho lahlobene salezi zigaba ayesetshenziswa cishe izenzo ezifanayo normative futhi umthetho, ukuze wonke yilesi sigaba kwaba bikho okuwusizo, kokuba eyenzelwe lula ukusetshenziswa.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, eRoma, ingcebo isigaba ngokuzenzakalelayo ulinganiswa zonke izinto eyisakhamuzi senziwa endaweni eyayithengwe umqashisi. Zonke impahla aba ingxenye yaleso sakhiwo, futhi zazilingana kulo siqashelwe ngokomthetho.

Ubuhlobo umhlabathi

Nokho ingcebo kubhekwa isigaba eziyinkimbinkimbi. Roma yayiqaphe isimo wezomthetho mhlaba. Ngakho, bedla ifa nezimpahla ezithathekayo kuvunyelwe ngemva konyaka owodwa, kuya kwempahla engagudluki, nkathi kabili. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ngenkathi printsipiata ukwaba uhlelo ehlukile yomthetho waseRoma, okuyinto nje okufanayo ukuze alawule ubudlelwane kule ndawo.

izinto IsiZulu futhi ngamunye ezithile

Ukuze izinto ejwayelekile zihlanganisa yonke impahla okwakuyoholela eyakhe kuphela ubudala, azange abe ubuntu babo siqu. Yiqiniso, kulesi sigaba kwakunenzuzo ethile ukungaqiniseki, kodwa ngoba abameli Roman alethwe umthetho elula angabacwasi ngokushesha: uma isicelo ukukala izinto (umthamo, isisindo) lingasetshenziswa lapho kubhekiselwe ke kwakungekaNkulunkulu clan. Nge ukulahleka kwale impahla, kwakungase njalo esikhundleni umkhiqizo ofana.

Ngakho, uhluke luyinto ngamunye kuchazwe. Le mpahla, okuyinto yaziwa njengenye esiyingqayizivele emvelweni yayo, asikwazi indawo okuthile okufana nalokho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, into enjalo yayingenziwa kalula kwehlukaniswa ubuningi efanayo (vase olulodwa). Uma konakala nempahla ngamunye kuchazwe, inkontileka kobunikazi ku-ke kuyazimela njengoba okweletayo namanje ayikwazanga ukunikeza into efana nalokho.

Ukuze uqonde kangcono okushiwo lesi simanga, kungenzeka ukuzibiza ngokuthi izinto ezinjalo ezibalulekile futhi engabalulekile. Lo mqondo kusho lukhulu, kusukela uhlelo yomthetho waseRoma okusekelwe kuso wakha ubuhlobo lesibopho.

Idliwe impahla unimproved

Ngu isigaba ukusetshenziswa kuhlanganisiwe zonke izinto kwalahleka ngumnikazi lapho zidluliselwa komunye umuntu. Lokhu sigaba zingafaka imikhiqizo ukudla nemali. Ngokuphathelene nalokhu kwesibili, khona-ke umnini, ubani okhokhela kubo, zibancishe izindlela zabo.

Ngakho, yinhlangano engenzi-abasebenzisi izinto eguga noma elahlekile ngokushesha, kodwa ngemva kwesikhathi satholana.

Kohlangothi impahla esemqoka

Ikakhulu neyaziwayo mhlaba ukuthi ngokomthetho subordinated kwezinye izinto. Ngenxa yalokho, i-waqaphela impahla abazimele, okuyinto ngezinga elingakanani sincike izinto eziyinhloko. impahla Side uhlukaniswe izigaba:

• Ingxenye yesakhiwo.
• Abanye-accessory ehlukile.
• Izithelo.

Labo izingxenye izinto azikwazanga ahlukaniswe kuyo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukusebenza imithetho Umthetho wamaRoma alimazanga impahla ndaba. Ngale kwalokho, ingase kubhekwe aspect enjalo (ukufulela impahla azigcina ukusebenza walo lapho zihlukana indlu). Ngenxa ezinye ukudideka yomthetho Roma isehlane izimo ezikhethekile zokujoyina Kwezinye izingxenye ukuze wonke into.

Uphenyo lokuxhumano lonke into

Ngakho, uma ingxenye ngokujoyina iba engenamsebenzi, noma ukuthola izakhiwo elisha noma abe nolimi kusuka kwenye into, isihloko walahlekelwa ilungelo ubunikazi ke. Kodwa uma izinto ezimbili namanje abakashintshi emva ekubumbaneni, futhi ingxenye unamathisele kungenziwa lingaxhumani ifa, lingasuswa isuswe futhi ibuyiselwe ngokugcwele isimo salo zomthetho. Kunoma ikuphi, izindlela yokuvikela amalungelo impahla kuleli cala kufaka sikhalo elula inkantolo.

Izesekeli kanye izithelo

Ubulungu ubizwa nangokuthi into ecaleni, kodwa exhunywe impahla eyinhloko ayikona ukuhlanganisa ngokomthetho nangokwezimali. Yena kungaba ngokuphelele bebodwa, kungathathwa njengesigwebo amalungelo into akancike. Nokho, kuphela ngesikhathi kunikezelwa izakhiwo ukwabelana nezinto eziyisisekelo kungafinyelelwa elamukelekile. Njengomthetho, yonke imithetho esemthethweni esebenza impahla esemqoka, baba sisebenza maqondana zonke "ziboshelwe" izesekeli wakhe.

Isithelo okuthiwa into etholakala impahla kulo ongaveza (isikhumba, uvolo izithelo). Ngokulandelana, zazilingana izithelo kanye engenayo ukuthi abantu bathole kusukela ukudayiswa yabo. Njengasendabeni yabase nge izesekeli, angaphansi yonke imithetho zomthetho yokutholwa maqondana izinto eziyinhloko. Ngenxa yalokho, indlela, ngaphuma ethi: ". Isiphetho izesekeli kuxhomeke ezintweni"

Uyini izinto athelayo kuzinhlobo izithelo division

Zonke izimpahla athelayo (res fructiferae) libhekene yokuthi kungaletha ezinye izithelo-like ngenxa, umsebenzi wayo siqu organic, futhi ngenxa yalokho isicelo kubo bokusebenza komuntu. Lezi angase asetshenziswe welithi "isakhiwo" kanye namanye amalungelo nokuphathelene elawula inqubo sako. Njengoba sesifundile kakade, zonke izinto eziye ezitholakale umninindlu phansi, awathathe ngokuzenzakalela izindlu zakhe wamnika ilungelo lokufuna isabelo sabo sales zabo.

Izithelo, okuyinto zazitholakala ngenxa yazo zonke lezi izinqubo, ihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili ezinkulu.

Izithelo komthetho we-civil (fructus civiles). Kuyinto ngazo siye nje wathi, ukuthi zibangelwa yemihlobo ehlukeneko impahla ukuthengiselana. Ngomqondo zanamuhla engenayo lisuselwa ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba efanayo. Lokhu inzuzo kungaba njalo, kodwa inkathi (isivuno kanye nokuqaliswa kwalo okwalandela), kanye short-term, okwenzeka uma ukudayiswa yesikhathi esisodwa zezinto othela izithelo.

izithelo Yemvelo (fructus Naturales). Bakhandwa sizila inhlanganisela abantu abasebenza kanye ezinye zezici ukunikela. Futhi ihlukaniswe izinhlobo:

• Izithelo okuye exhunywe kwi-into esuka lapho kwakuvela (fructus pendentes).
• Impahla, okuyinto sesivele ahlukana nayo (fructus separati).
• Ezizimele othile izithelo (fructus percepti).
• Impahla, okuyinto sesivele kusetshenzwe (fructus consumpti).
• Labo izithelo kakade walungisa ngokugcwele, kodwa lapho kuyadingeka ukuqoqa (fructus perci piendi).

Uma umnikazi ngasizathu simbe edingekayo ukubuyela othela izithelo zakhe into, zonke izithelo kwadingeka ukuba ibuyiswe ehambisana nesiphithiphithi. + Nokho, lokhu akusebenzi ezimweni lapho impahla ibilokhu isetshenziswa ngandlela-thile.

Ezisonga izinto futhi impahla lungekho ngaphansi inzuzo

Izinto kwegazi (res e commercio) - kuba impahla ezingaba iqhaza ezihlukahlukene ukuthengiselana phakathi kwabantu (exchange, ukuthengwa nokudayiswa). Ngakho, nazo zonke izinto ngenxa impahla yayo engokwemvelo enqubeni abafaneleki, impahla okungakwazi umklomelo. Izinto ezinjalo asikwazanga iqhaza exchange, kodwa waqaphela izinto kwesokudla.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthetho civil Roman kusho ukuba khona izinto, okuyinto kunganikeza izithelo ezithile, kodwa zibe seMtatsheni zonke izigaba zezakhamizi. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa:

• Air.
• River (ukuthi, amanzi agobhozayo).
• Pacific nasolwandle nazo zonke izithelo, yimuphi kubo ingatholakala.

Ekuphetheni

Njengoba singakuqonda ngokubheka kokufunda lesi sihloko, umthetho baseRoma ngaleso izinto kwaba ezahlukene kakhulu futhi ukucabangela kakhulu iphuzu lomthetho umbono. Ezinye imithetho kule ndawo kungase kubonakale kuxaka umuntu wanamuhla, kodwa bake ngokuphelele ukwenza imisebenzi yawo. Kuyinto akukho ngozi ekwakhiweni kwemithetho Roma nanamuhla sifundwa kuwo okungcono umthetho izikole emhlabeni wonke.