Abaphilayo bezinto eziphilayo zaseRussia kanye nokutholakala kwabo

Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zaseRussia ziye zaba nomthelela omkhulu kwisayensi yezwe. Kulesi sihloko sizokutshela ngamagama amakhulu ukuthi wonke umuntu onentshisekelo ezilwaneni nasezitshalweni udinga ukwazi. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zaseRashiya, ozozijwayeza ngezobuciko nezimpumelelo, zikhuthaze isizukulwane esincane ukuba sifunde le sayensi ezithakazelisayo.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

Lo muntu akadingi isethulo phakathi nenkathi yeSoviet. Nokho, manje akuwona wonke umuntu ongasho ukuthi uPavlov Ivan Petrovich (iminyaka yokuphila - 1849-1936) wadala imfundiso yokwenza umsebenzi ophazamisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wabhala uchungechunge lwemisebenzi kwi-physiology yokugaya nokusabalalisa. Wayengumsosayensi wokuqala waseRussia ukuthola iNkombiso yeNobel yempumelelo emkhakheni wezinqubo zokugaya ukudla.

Ukuhlolwa kwezinja

Abaningi bakhumbula ukuhlola kwakhe izinja. Kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinqola nama-anecdotes adalwe kulokhu kokubili ezweni lethu nakwamanye amazwe. Njalo lapho bekhuluma ngezemvelo, bakhumbula inja yePavlov.

U-Pavlov Ivan Petrovich usuvele ngo-1890 waqala ukuhlola izilwane. Wasebenzisa izindlela zokuhlinzwa ukuze akhiphe iziphetho zezinja. Lapho isilwane siqala ukudla, ukudla akuzange kungene esiswini, kodwa ijusi esiswini esisuka ku-fistula esakhiwe sasilokhu siphuma.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukuhlolwa kukaPavlov kwaba nzima nakakhulu. Wafundisa izinja ukuthi ziphendule ngandlela-thile ezenzweni zangaphandle, ikakhulukazi enhlokweni yensimbi, eyayixwayisa ngokudla okusheshayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, isilwane sakhiwe isimo sokucabanga: ngokushesha ngemuva kwebhele, ukudla kubonakala. Nakuba bengaboni ukudla, izinja zaqala ukufihla isiphuzo esiswini esiswini se-fistula.

Isici senqubo ye-Pavlov

Isici esikhethekile senqubo kaPavlov kwakuwukuthi wayehlobanisa umsebenzi wezemvelo ngezinqubo zengqondo. Imiphumela yezifundo eziningi ziqinisekisile ukuba khona kwalokhu kuxhumana. Imisebenzi kaPavlov, echaza indlela okwenziwa ngayo ukugaya, yaba yinto eshukumisela ukuba kuvele umzila omusha wesayensi-umzimba wezenzo eziphakeme zezinzwa. U-Ivan Petrovich wazinikela eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-35 yokuphila kwakhe kule ndawo.

Umsuka, ukuqeqeshwa

Usosayensi wesikhathi esizayo wazalelwa eRyazan ngoSeptemba 14, 1849. Okhokho bakhe emigqeni yomama noyise kwakungabapristi, banikezela ukuphila kwabo eSontweni Lama-Orthodox yaseRussia. UVavlov waphumelela esikoleni sakwa-Ryazan ngokomoya ngo-1864, emva kwalokho wangena e-seminary edolobheni elifanayo, kamuva awakhulume ngokufudumele okukhulu. Ngesikhathi esekupheleni konyaka wakhe wokugcina, wafunda umsebenzi kaSevenov "Ukuziphendulela kobuchopho". Waphenduka impilo yakhe eqhubekayo.

Impumelelo kaPavlov

Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala awushicilela ngo-1923, futhi ngo-1926 uhulumeni waseSoviet wakha isakhiwo sezinto eziphilayo eduze neLeningrad. Lapha uPavlov waqala ucwaningo lwakhe emkhakheni wezenzo zokukhathazeka kanye nezakhi zofuzo zokuziphatha kwezinkukhu eziphakeme (i-anthropoids). Ngaphezu kwalokho, wasebenza emitholampilo yengqondo.

Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi uPavlova emkhakheni wokuqashelwa komsebenzi wobuchopho uye waba nomthelela omkhulu emlandweni. Ukusebenzisa izindlela zesayensi zesosayensi kwavumela isayensi ukuba iqonde okuningi mayelana nokugula kwengqondo, kanye nokuchaza izindlela zokwelapha. I-academician, esekelwe uhulumeni we-USSR, wayenezinsiza ezidingekile zocwaningo. Lokhu kwamvumela ukuba enze ukutholakala okuguquguqukayo.

Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov

Izakhamuzi ezinkulu zeRussia ezinamagama omhlaba wonke u-Ivan Petrovich Pavlov no-Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov. Sitshele kakade ngomunye wokuqala. Ake sijwayelane nomfundi ngeyesibili.

Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich (iminyaka yokuphila - 1845-1916) - udokotela wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo waseRussia odumile, kanye nodokotela wezifo. Ngo-1908 wanikezwa umklomelo weNobel ku-Medicine ne-Physiology (no-P. Erlich). Lo mklomelo ohlonishwayo uMechnikov wathola ukuthola impumelelo emkhakheni wemvelo yokuzivikela.

Usosayensi wesikhathi esizayo wazalwa edolobhaneni eliseduze neKharkov, ngoMeyi 3, 1845. Ngo-1864 uMechnikov Ilya Ilyich waphumelela e-Kharkov University, emva kwalokho waqeqesha eminyangweni yamanyuvesi eMunich, eGöttingen naseGisen. UMechnikov naye wahamba waya e-Italy, lapho afunda khona i-embryology. Ngo-1868 wavikela ukukhulunywa kwakhe okudokotela. Kusukela ngo-1870 kuya ku-1882 usosayensi wasebenza e-Odessa. Lapha, e-Novorossiysk University, wayengumprofesa wezilwane. Usosayensi ngempumelelo wahlanganisa ukufundisa umsebenzi nomsebenzi wesayensi. Ngo-1886 kanye no-N.F. UGamaleia wahlela isiteshi se-bacteria, owokuqala eRussia. Usosayensi wathuthela eParis ngo-1887, futhi ngemva konyaka, isimemezelo sikaL. Pasteur, waqala ukusebenza esikhungweni sakhe, lapho ehola khona i-laboratory. Kusukela ngo-1905, u-Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov wayengumphathi wesikhulu salesi sikhungo semfundo.

Imisebenzi yokuqala ka-Ilya Ilyich yabhalwa esihlokweni sezinyolo ze-invertebrate zoology (ama-coelenterates kanye namapongipi), kanye ne-embryology yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Unayo inkolelo ye-phagocytelles (umsuka wezinto eziphilayo eziningi). Usosayensi wathola lo mkhuba we-phagocytosis, okungukuthi ukumuncwa kwamaseli aphilayo nezinhlayiya eziphilayo eziphilayo noma ama-phagocyte - amangqamuzana akhethekile, okufaka, isibonelo, izinhlobo ezithile ze-leukocytes. Ngokusekelwe kulo mbono, uMechnikov wakha elinye - isifo sokuqhathanisa sokuvuvukala.

Kunemisebenzi eminingi ebhalwe ngu-Ilya Ilich nge-bacteriology. Wazihlola yena, ngenxa yalokho wabonisa ukuthi ikholera vibrio iyinhlangano ye-causative ye-cholera yase-Asia. U-Ilya Ilyich washona ngoJulayi 2, 1916 eParis.

Yiziphi ezinye izazi zesayensi yaseRussia ezidingekayo ukunakekelwa? Siphakamisa ukuthi sijwayele omunye wabo.

Alexander Onufrievich Kovalevsky

Lona omunye usosayensi omuhle waseRussia, ogama lakhe alikwazi ukunakwa. UKovalevsky wayengumbhali wezilwane, wasebenza e-Imperial Academy of Sciences njengomuntu ovamile wezemfundo.

Uzalwa uKovalevsky Alexander Onufrievich ngo-1840, ngoNovemba 19. Wathola imfundo eyinhloko ekhaya, wabe eseqhubeka nokufundisa emzimbeni wabanjiniyela. U-Alexander Onufrievich washiya lapho ngo-1859 wangena eNyuvesi yaseSt. Petersburg (uMnyango Wezendalo Zemvelo). Phakathi nenkathi kusukela ngo-1860 kuya ku-1862 uKovalevsky wafunda noBronn, uCarius noBunsen eHeidelberg, base behamba eLeydig, Quenstet, eLushka noMole eTübingen.

Ngo-1862, uKovalevsky Alexander Onufrievich waphumelela eNyuvesi yaseSt. Petersburg, elandelwa ukuvikelwa kokusungulwa kwenkosi kanye nodokotela. Ngo-1868, uKovalevsky waba uprofesa wezilwane. Ngalesi sikhathi wasebenza eNyuvesi yaseKazan.

Ngesikhathi kusukela ngo-1870 kuya ku-1873, uhambo oluya e-Algeria naseLwandle Olubomvu ngenjongo yesayensi. Ngo-1890, ngemva kolunye uhambo lwangaphandle kwezilwandle, wakhethwa ukuba abe yilungu le-Imperial Academy of Sciences, futhi wathola isihloko se-academician ejwayelekile. Ngo-1891, wathatha isihlalo se-histology eYunivesithi yasePetersburg.

Iningi lomsebenzi walososayensi lunikezelwe embryology, ikakhulukazi ezingenalutho. Uphenyo olwenziwe nguye ngawo-1860 luvule izingqimba zamabriyoni kulezi zilwane. Ucwaningo lukaKovalevsky eminyakeni yamuva lugxile ekuchazeni kwezinhlangano ze-phagocytic nezama-excretory kuma-invertebrates.

U-Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov

Le ndoda ingeyomfundiso wokuzikhukhumeza kwezitshalo, kanye nemvelaphi yazo ezivela ezindaweni zomhlaba. UVavilov Nikolai Ivanovich wathola umthetho mayelana nezinguquko ezithinta izidalwa eziphilayo kanye nochungechunge lwama-homological. Le ndoda yenza isandla esikhulu ekutadisheni izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Wakha iqoqo elihle kakhulu lembewu yezitshalo ezihlukahlukene ezitshalwa emhlabeni. Lona omunye usosayensi ogama lakhe lakhazimulisa izwe lethu.

Umsuka weVavilov

UVavilov Nikolai Ivanovich wazalelwa eMoscow ngoNovemba 25, 1887 emndenini womthengisi wesigaba sesibili kanye nomuntu u-Vavilov Ivan Ilyich. Lo muntu wayengumlimi wezwe. Ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kuka-1917, wasebenza njengomqondisi we-firm Udalov noVavilov, okwakwenziwe ekwenzeni. U-Postnikova u-Alexandra Mikhailovna, unina usosayensi, wayevela emndenini womdwebi-umdwebi. Sekuphelele, umndeni ka-Ivan Ilyich waba nezingane ezingu-7, kodwa abathathu kubo bafa besencane.

Imisebenzi yokufunda nokufundisa

Imfundo eyisisekelo, u-Nikolai Ivanovich wathola isikole sokuthengisa, wabe eseqala ukutadisha eMoscow Agricultural Institute. Wayiqeda ngo-1911, emva kwalokho wahlala e-Institute eMnyangweni Wezolimo Ezizimele. UVavilov ngo-1917 waqala ukunikeza izinkulumo eNyuvesi yaseSaratov, futhi kusukela ngo-1921 wasebenza e-Petrograd. Yonke-Union Institute of Plant Production, uNikola Ivanovich wafika kwaze kwaba ngo-1940. Ukudweba ngezifundo ezenziwa ngo-1919-20, wachaza zonke izitshalo ezitshaliwe zaseVolga naseZavolzhye.

I-Vavilov Expeditions

U-Nikolai Vavilov, oneminyaka engu-20 (kusukela ngo-1920 kuya ku-1940) wahola izinkambo zokutadisha izimila zase-Asia Ephakathi, iMedithera, njll. Wavakashela omunye wabo ngo-1924 e-Afghanistan. Izinto ezitholakalayo zavumela isazi ukuthi sinqume ukuvela nokusabalalisa kwezitshalo ezitshalwe. Lokhu kwasiza kakhulu umsebenzi oqhubekayo wezitshalo zezitshalo kanye nabalimi. Ukuqoqwa kwezitshalo eziqoqwe umcwaningi kuhlanganisa amasampuli angaphezu kuka-300 000. Igcinwe ku-VIR.

Iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila

U-Vavilov ngo-1926 wathola umklomelo kaLenin ngomsebenzi wakhe wokuzivikela, umsuka wezinhlobo zezitshalo zamasiko, kanye nomthetho wezinhlamvu ze-homologous ezitholwa nguye. Wathola imiklomelo eminingi kanye nemindondo eminingana. Kodwa-ke, umkhankaso wamiswa kumsosayensi, okhululwa ngumfundi wakhe we-T.D. ULysenko futhi asekelwa ama-ideologists eqembu. Kwakuqondiswe ngokucwaninga emkhakheni wezakhi zofuzo. Ngo-1940, ngenxa yalokhu, umsebenzi wezemfundo kaVavilov wenziwa. Ubekwa icala lokuhlukumeza nokuboshwa. Usosayensi omkhulu wayelungiselele inhlekelele enzima eminyakeni yamuva. Ushone ejele eSaratov ngendlala ngo-1943.

Ukuvuselelwa kososayensi

Izinyanga ezingu-11 uphenyo ngaye. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, uVavilov wabizwa izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-400 zokuphenywa. Ngemva kokufa, u-Nikolai Ivanovich wenqatshelwe ngisho nasethuneni elihlukile. Wangcwatshwa nezinye iziboshwa. UVavilov ngo-1955 wabuyiselwa emuva, zonke izindleko zemisebenzi eqondiswa ukuguqulwa kwaphakanyiswa. Igama lakhe lagcina libuyiselwe eSikoleni Sciences sase-USSR.

Alexander Leonidovich Vereshchaka

Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zaseRussia zanamuhla zithembisa kakhulu. Ngokuyinhloko, i-A.L. Vereshchaka, enezimpumelelo eziningi. Wazalelwa eKhimki ngoJulayi 16, 1965. I-Vereshchaka yi-oceanologist yaseRussia, uprofesa, udokotela wezesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, kanye nelungu elihambelana ne-Russian Academy of Sciences.

Ngo-1987, wagcwalisa izifundo zakhe eMoscow State University, e-Faculty of Biology. Ngo-1990, usosayensi waba udokotela, ngo-1999 - uprofesa e-MIIGAiq, futhi ngonyaka ka-2007 wahamba ebhodini labasebenzi be-Institute of Oceanology ye-Russian Academy of Sciences, eMoscow.

Vereshchaka u-Alexander Leonidovich uyinhlangano emkhakheni we-oceanology ne-geoecology. Unayo imisebenzi engaba ngu-100 yesayensi. Impumelelo yalo enkulu ihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezindlela zanamuhla emkhakheni we-oceanology ne-geoecology, njengezimoto ezijulile ezakhiwe "Mir" (ama-dive angaphezu kuka-20, izinkambo ezingu-11).

I-Vereshchaka nguyena umdali we-hydrothermal system (i-three-dimensional). Wathuthukisa umqondo wemvelo yemingcele (benthopeligial) eyakhiwe yizilwane ezithile futhi ehlotshaniswa nengqimba engezansi. Ngokubambisana nabalingani bakhe abavela kwamanye amazwe, wakhetha inqubo yokunquma indima ye-nano- ne-microbiota (ama-prokaryotes, ama-archaea nama-eukaryotes) asebenzisa impumelelo yanamuhla kuma-genetic yamangqamuzana. Unakho ukutholakala kanye nencazelo yemindeni emibili yezinhlanzi, kanye nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingu-50 nezigungu zama-crustaceans.

Rosenberg Gennady Samuilovich

Usosayensi wazalwa e-Ufa ngo-1949. Waqala umsebenzi wakhe njengenjiniyela, kodwa ngokushesha waqala ukuphatha i-laboratory e-Institute of Biology yegatsha laseBashkir le-Academy of Sciences. UGennady Samuilovich Rosenberg wathuthela e-Togliatti ngo-1987, lapho esebenza njengomunye ucwaningo oluphakeme e-Institute of Ecology yaseVolga Basin. Ngo-1991, usosayensi wahola lesi sikhungo.

Unayo ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokuhlaziya ukuguquguquka nokuhlelwa kwemvelo. Wabuye wadala uhlelo lokuhlaziywa kwemvelo yezifunda ezinkulu.

Ilyin Yury Viktorovich

Lo ososayensi wazalwa e-Asbest ngoDisemba 21, 1941. Ungumuntu wezinto eziphilayo ze-molecular biological molecular molecular molecular molecular molecular molecular molecular molecular molecular molecular molecular molecule. Impumelelo yakhe inkulu, ngakho-ke usosayensi ufanelwe i-akhawunti eningiliziwe ngaye.

U-Yuri Viktorovich Ilyin ngokukhethekile ekuzalweni kwezakhi zofuzo kanye ne-biology yamangqamuzana. Ngo-1976, usosayensi waxosha izakhi zofuzo zeselula, eziyizifo zomsindo we-eukaryotic zohlobo olusha. Ukubaluleka kwalokhu kutholakala kwakukhulu kakhulu. Lawa kwakuyizinhlayiya zokuqala zeselula ezilwaneni ezitholakala. Ngemva kwalokhu, usosayensi waqala ukutadisha izakhi ze-eukaryotes. Wakha inkolelo mayelana nendima yezinhlobo zomzimba ezihlakazekayo ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo, i-mutagenesis ne-carcinogenesis.

Zinaida Sergeevna IDonetsk

Izazi eziphilayo ezinkulu zaseRussia azizona nje amadoda. Kubalulekile ukutshela mayelana nososayensi onjalo njengoZinaida Sergeevna Donetsk. Ungudokotela weSayensi, uProfesa weZoology kanye ne-Ecology yaseYaroslavl State University.

Ngo-1953, uZinaida Z. Donetsk waphumelela e-Kiev State University, ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile wavikela i-Ph.D. yakhe kanye nesikhungo sokudokotela. Kusukela ngo-1978 usebenza e-Yaroslavl State University. UZinaida Sergeevna wasebenza ekutadisheni imvelo nemvelo yezinhlanzi zezinhlanzi emgodini waseVolga. Unayo izincwadi ezingaphezu kuka-100 ezincwadini zezesayensi ezehlukene.

Yiqiniso, kunabanye ososayensi-izazi zezinto eziphilayo zezwe lethu, ezifanele ukunakwa. Sikhuluma kuphela ngabacwaningi abakhulu nabaphambili okuwusizo ukuyikhumbula.