Uqweqwe eMhlabeni - engenhla igobolondo kanzima Zomhlaba

I engenhla kanzima igobolondo Zomhlaba libizwa kuqweqwe ingxenye lithosphere, okuhunyushwa kusuka esiGrekini, ngokwezwi nezwi lisho "enamadwala" noma "ibhola kanzima". Lihlanganisa futhi ingxenye isiphuku engenhla. Konke lokhu itholakala ngokuqondile ngenhla asthenosphere ( "ibhola abangenamandla") - phezu ungqimba viscous ngaphezulu noma plastic, sengathi lithosphere ecashile.

Isakhiwo sangaphakathi Zomhlaba

iplanethi yethu ine ukuma i ellipsoid, noma ngaphezulu ngokunembile, lo geoid, okuyinto umzimba ngakuthathu weJiyomethri kuyinto ukuma avaliwe. Lona umqondo obaluleke kakhulu we geodesic ngokwezwi nezwi ehunyushwa ngokuthi njengoba "Umhlaba-like". Kubukeka sengathi iplanethi yethu ibukeka. Ngaphakathi kuwo kuhlelwe kanje: - The Earth yakhiwa izingqimba ahlukaniswe imingcele, ezithinta siqu igama labo ethize (ecacile them - Moho discontinuity, noma Moho ehlukanisa kuqweqwe isiphuku). Umnyombo, okuyinto isikhungo le planethi, igobolondo (noma isiphuku) nebhalsamu namagxolo - engenhla igobolondo kanzima Zomhlaba - kukhona izingqimba main, ezimbili zazo - umnyombo futhi isiphuku yena, ihlukaniswe ezimbili sub-ungqimba - kwangaphakathi futhi yangaphandle, noma phezulu kanye phansi. Ngakho, umnyombo sphere ogama engaba ilingana 3.5 izinkulungwane amakhilomitha, yakhiwa core kanzima kwangaphakathi (engaba 1.3) kanye ketshezi zangaphandle. A isiphuku noma igobolondo silicate ihlukaniswe yaba izingxenye engezansi bese engenhla, okuyinto ndawonye akhawunti 67% we mass kule planethi yethu.

Isendlalelo thinnest planethi

Phezulu eqinile Zomhlaba kuyinto kuqhathaniswa mncane isikhumba yangaphandle (umhlaba - 40-80 km ngaphansi kwamanzi - 10-15). It ebangela% 1 kuphela mass Zomhlaba. I uqweqwe liqukethe izinhlobo ezimbili - omiswe limelela ulwandle luqala ukujula kakhulu yezwekazi - wasolwandle. Kukhona inguquko esishintshashintshayo elise ikakhulukazi ogwini kwezilwandle - siqhingi arc. Ayisebenzi, ingxenye thickest we uqweqwe ewela ezintabeni, ikakhulukazi ezintabeni zaseHimalaya (75 km), maphakathi nolwandle - kuba ingxenye thinnest (5-7 km). I ukushuba we lithosphere efanayo on zwe futhi on indawo esekujuleni kolwandle kulingana ngokulandelana 25-200 futhi 5-100 amakhilomitha. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lithosphere akufakiwe yonke ungqimba phezulu kuye isiphuku sakhe sokuthunjwa, kodwa kuphela ingxenye encane ukuba emashumini ambalwa amakhilomitha, kuyilapho ungqimba uqobo ifinyelela 500 kuya 900 km.

Ebonakalayo futhi amakhemikhali ukwakheka Zomhlaba

Igobolondo kunzima Zomhlaba siqukethe izinhlobo ezintathu rocks - sedimentary (detrital,
zamakhemikhali, biogenic), igneous noma magmatic (lokulandisa 95% of the lithosphere: kusezweni ubuswa egwadle, ezansi - basalts) kanye metamorphic (kwakheka eMhlabeni mkhulu). Ngaphansi kolwandle amanzi ikholomu uqweqwe liqukethe izingqimba ezimbili. 99,5% of the ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, okuyinto has a igobolondo emhlabeni engenhla kanzima iwela hydrogen nomoya-mpilo, i-aluminiyamu, i-silicon nensimbi, magnesium, i-calcium ne-sodium - kuphela eziyisishiyagalombili ishadi lesikhathi izakhi. Lonke ulwazi mayelana idivayisi eMhlabeni yangaphakathi kuyinto izixazululo yesayensi theory. Ukuze ucwaningo ngqo iyatholakala kuphela engenhla igobolondo kanzima Zomhlaba, ngoba phambi ungqimba elilandelayo yomuntu yesimanje ayikwazi ngokomzimba ukufinyelela. Ngakho-ke, yonke imibuzo ephathelene isakhiwo iplanethi yethu, impikiswano. Nokho, phezu, akubona bonke neshaya wafunda. It uhlala impikiswano ngisho umsuka ungqimba lomhlaba. Ngakho-ke, zonke izinkomba ezifanele ukutadisha lithosphere. It sigxile imithombo yemvelo iyatholakala, futhi engxenyeni engenhla kukhona phansi, ngakho okubaluleke kakhulu ekuphileni kwebantfu.

Izici Ezihilelekile Kule lithosphere

Ngakho, imingcele lithosphere bungabonakala esibonakalayo, okuyinto yaqanjwa geophysicist Serbian Moho, futhi lapho kunqunywa ukwahluka velocities zokuzamazama komhlaba. Futhi ngaphakathi kwalemincele zenzeka nokhahlo, esongela inhlekelele izinqubo zemvelo - izinguquko, kuhlanganise zomhlaba, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi kanye mudslides, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi. Sami nenhlabathi wasuka kanye kanye ukuphila Emhlabeni siwumkhiqizo wokuziphendukela nomthelela wendawo ezungezile kubantu - amanzi, umoya nangemisebenzi yezinto eziphilayo futhi izitshalo. Kuye izimo ezehlukene (Geological, ezindawo kanye zezulu) le nsiza zemvelo ezibucayi has a ukushuba kusuka 15 cm kuya ku-3 m. Inani ezinye izinhlobo umhlabathi kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, Ukraine abamnyama umhlaba amaJalimane ngesikhathi eshelela umsebenzi zithunyelwa eJalimane. Ekhuluma uqweqwe, angeke sikhone kusho ngalokucondzile mayelana amapuleti lithospheric, kuyinto izindawo ezinkulu okuqinile, beya ku uketshezi isiphuku izingqimba futhi ezihambayo isihlobo komunye nomunye. indlela yabo yokwenza izinto "kuphangwa" ukusongela amashifu zomhlaba ukuthi kungabangela izinhlekelele emhlabeni.