Yokwakha kabusha e-USSR 1985-1991: incazelo, kubangela kanye nemiphumela

Yokwakha kabusha (1985-1991) eSoviet Union kwaba ngumkhuba emikhulu empilweni zezombangazwe, ezomnotho nezenhlalo isimo. Abanye abantu bakholelwa ukuthi iqhube kwazanywa ukuvimbela wokugoqa yezwe, kuyilapho abanye becabanga ukuthi babegwedla Union ukuze ugoqe. Ake sithole ukuthi yini kwaba kabusha eU.SSR (1985-1991). Kafushane zama ukuchaza izimbangela zalo nemiphumela.

prehistory

Ngakho, lapho ukuqala kabusha eU.SSR (1985-1991)? Izizathu nemiphumela izinyathelo sizohlola kamuva. Manje sizogxila izinqubo ezandulela nale nkathi emlandweni Russian.

Njengazo cishe bonke izenzakalo ekuphileni kwethu, kabusha 1985-1991 eU.SSR has prehistory yayo. Izinkomba inhlalakahle sabantu ngawo-70 leminyaka eledlule kuleli zwe bafinyelela izinga elingakaze libe khona lezenzakalo inqobo. Nokho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi yiso ngalesi sikhathi kungokwalabo ingxenye nokwehla okuphawulekayo ukukhula komnotho, ngoba ukuthi esikhathini esizayo zonke kulesi sikhathi ngesandla ukukhanya M. S. Gorbacheva ngokuthi "inkathi yokujama tsi."

Enye mkhuba omubi kuyinto ukushoda wandile kwezimpahla, imbangela lapho abacwaningi shayela ukushiyeka emnothweni okuhleliwe.

Ngo kakhulu iwukudambisa okwehlisa ukuthuthukiswa kwamabubulo basiza uwoyela negesi ukuthekelisa. Ngaso nje leso sikhathi, iSoviet Union waba omunye abathuthi esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni ka zemvelo idatha imithombo, abasizwa ama-ukuthuthukiswa amasimu amasha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo okwandisa share uwoyela negesi e-GDP wezwe ubeka yizinkomba zezomnotho eSoviet Union ngokuphazima kwencika abalulekile kwamanani jikelele kulabo imithombo.

Kodwa zibiza kakhulu uwoyela (ngenxa ukuvimbela ku ukulethwa Arab States "igolide abamnyama" eNtshonalanga) wasiza bushelelezi iningi izigigaba ezingezinhle emnothweni Soviet. Inhlalakahle sabantu njalo njengoba liphuma, futhi iningi labantu abavamile ngisho ukucabanga zazingenakukwazi ezingase zonke ukushintsha ngokushesha. Yebo, cool kangaka ...

Nokho, ubuholi lizwe eliholwa Leonidom Ilichom Brezhnevym ayikwazanga noma engafuni ngokuyinhloko ukushintsha into ekuphatheni emnothweni. Imiphumela ephezulu kuphela embozwe ithumba izinkinga zomnotho zanqwabelana eSoviet Union, lapho esongelwa ukuphula nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, ukuba umuntu amane nje ukushintsha izimo kwangaphandle nangekhatsi.

Lokho ushintsho mibandela kwaholela inqubo ukuthi manje okwaziwa ngokuthi yokwakha kabusha e-USSR e 1985-1991.

Ukusebenza Afghanistan unswinyo olubhekiswe eU.SSR

Ngo-1979, iSoviet Union yaqala operation wezempi e-Afghanistan, okuyinto lalimisa uvezwa njengoMahluleli usizo ngamazwe kubantu lobuzalwane. Ukwethulwa amasosha aseSoviet ngo-Afghanistan ayivunywanga ngu-UN Security Council, eyasebenza njengodonga nobuqili United States ukusebenzisa uchungechunge izinyathelo kwezomnotho ngokumelene Union obani ababefaka ubunjalo unswinyo futhi athambekele ukugcina ezinye zazo esemancane eNtshonalanga Yurophu.

Nokho, naphezu kwayo yonke imizamo, Government of the United States kwahluleka ukufeza emazweni ase-European iqhwa ukwakhiwa emikhulu wegesi Urengoi - Uzhgorod. Kodwa labo unswinyo, okuye owethulwa, angabangela umonakalo ebalulekile emnothweni Soviet. Futhi ngempela impi Afghanistan siyadingeka izindleko impahla eside, kanye ngcono Ukunganeliseki sabantu.

Kuyinto lezi zenzakalo kukhona harbingers lokuqala ukuwa kwezomnotho kweSoviet Union, kodwa kuphela impi futhi unswinyo kwaba ngokucacile akwanele ukubona zonke fragility isisekelo somnotho zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa.

Falling amanani kawoyela

Inqobo nje uma amanani kawoyela wahlala ngaphakathi $ 100 umphongolo, iSoviet Union ayizange okuningi sinake unswinyo lamazwe aseNtshonalanga. Kusukela 80s sekube nokwehla okuphawulekayo umnotho wembulunga yonke, aba nesandla ekuthuthukeni kwalo ukuwa kwamanani kawoyela ngenxa yokufunwa aphansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1983 emazweni OPEC kunqatshiwe kusuka amanani fixed ukuze umthombo, futhi Saudi Arabia ukwandisa ivolumu isizinda of izinto zokusetshenziswa. Lokhu kuye kwaba negalelo ukuqhutshekiselwa okwengeziwe ngokuwa izintengo "igolide omnyama". Uma 1979 emgqonyeni uwoyela eceliwe $ 104, bese ngo-1986 lezi zibalo iwela $ 30, okungukuthi, izindleko uwile cishe 3.5 izikhathi.

Lokhu kungaba nomthelela omuhle emnothweni wase-USSR, okuyinto namanje ku uBrezhnev inkathi wafika kwencika ababalulekile ku uwoyela nokuthengiswa. Ndawonye US unswinyo nakwamanye amazwe aseNtshonalanga, kanye kunemaphutsa ukuphathwa kahle iconsi elibukhali izindleko "igolide abamnyama" kungaholela ngokuwa umnotho wezwe.

Ubuholi abasha baseSoviet eliholwa M. S. Gorbachevym, owaba umholi isimo ngo-1985, ngaqaphela ukuthi isidingo kakhulu ukushintsha isakhiwo ukuphathwa komnotho, kanye lokufeza kwekuhlela kabusha kuyo yonke imikhakha yokuphila kazwelonke. Kutama ukuthi siqalise lezi zinhlelo kabusha okwaholela ukuvela ezinjengokungcoliswa yokwakha kabusha (1985-1991) e-USSR.

Izizathu kabusha

Yini kahle hle izimbangela lalinabashumayeli yokwakha kabusha eSoviet Union (1985-1991)? Ake sixoxe kafushane ngezansi.

Isizathu esiyinhloko esaholela ubuholi wezwe ukuba uzindle isidingo izinguquko eziphawulekayo - kokubili kwezomnotho ngokulandelana kwezenhlalo nakwezombangazwe sisonke - okwakubhaliwe, kwaba ukuqaphela ukuthi izimo zakho zamanje lelive libukene ukuwa kwezomnotho noma, kakhulu, ukwehla kuzona zonke izinkomba. Mayelana ngokoqobo ngokuwa kweSoviet Union ngo-1985, yebo, akekho phakathi abaholi yezwe akazange ngisho bacabange.

Izinto eziyinhloko babe umfutho ukuqonda we ngokucindezela izinkinga zomnotho, tekuphatsa kanye nomphakathi ukujula yilezi:

1. Ukusebenza wezempi e-Afghanistan.
2. Isingeniso lwezijeziso izinyathelo ngokumelene USSR.
3. Ukuwa kwamanani kawoyela.
4. Ukungapheleli uhlelo lokulawula.

Lawa kwakungamadodana Isizathu esiyinhloko salokhu yokwakha kabusha e-USSR e 1985-1991.

ukuqala ukuhlelwa kabusha

Njengoba kuqale yokwakha kabusha e-USSR, 1985-1991?

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ekuqaleni, bambalwa abantu bacabanga ukuthi ezintweni ezingezinhle ezikhona emnothweni kanye nokuphila emphakathini wase-USSR empeleni kuholele wokugoqa yezwe, ngakho kabusha ekuqaleni okuhleliwe njengoba ukulungiswa kwamaphutha ezithile ohlelweni.

Kusukela kokuhlelwa kabusha kungase kubhekwe njengokuvamile ngo-March 1985, lapho uNobhala Jikelele we-CPSU ubuholi beqembu amkhethile ilungu ngokulinganiswa ayemncane ithembisa we Politburo ka Mihaila Sergeevicha Gorbacheva. Ngaleso sikhathi wayeneminyaka engu-54 ubudala, kwabaningi abonakale hhayi kancane kangaka, kodwa uma eqhathaniswa izwe odlule wayengumuntu abaholi abasha ngempela. Ngakho, L. I. uBrezhnev waba ngunobhala jikelele eminyakeni 59 sahlala kulesi sikhundla kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe sebedlula kuye eminyakeni 75. Ematasa sezigcwalisekile, ebaluleke kakhulu ehhovisi yomphakathi ezweni Yuri Andropov futhi Konstantin Chernenko baba noNobhala-Jikelele 68 73, ngokulandelana, kodwa bakwazi ukuchitha kuphela nje unyaka ngamunye emva eza namandla.

Lesi simo sibonisa yokujama tsi abalulekile kwabasebenzi kule echelons ephakeme iqembu. Ukuqokwa noNobhala-Jikelele we ngokulinganiswa ayemncane nasemaqinisweni indoda ubuholi beqembu, uMikhail Gorbachev kwaba ngezinga elithile kuthinte ikhambi lenkinga.

ngokushesha Gorbachev wakwenza kwacaca ukuthi wayezomvusa afeze izinguquko eziningi ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene kuleli zwe. Nokho, ngaleso sikhathi namanje akukacaci ukuthi kude kangakanani konke lokhu ngeke uhambe.

Ngo-April 1985, uNobhala Jikelele wathi ngesidingo kuyashesha ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wase-USSR. Ukuthi igama elithi "ukusheshisa" ngokuvamile okubizwa ngokuthi isigaba sokuqala kabusha, eyathatha kuze 1987 futhi akusho ushintsho olukhulu ohlelweni. imisebenzi kuso babehlanganisa ukwethulwa kwekuhlela kabusha athize kwezokuphatha. I ukusheshisa ngebelo ukuthuthukiswa kusho ukwanda ubunjiniyela kanye umkhakha esindayo. Kodwa ekugcineni nezenzo zikahulumeni musa nemiphumela ebesiyilindele.

Ngo-May 1985, Gorbachev wathi ukuthi isikhathi sokwakha kabusha yonke into. Kuyinto kusukela kulesi sitatimende futhi kwakungekho igama elithi "ukuhlelwa kabusha", kodwa ngayo ukuqala kwakhe ukusebenzisa ukusetshenziswa olubanzi isikhathi kamuva.

Mina isigaba ukulungiswa

It akadingi ukuba singaphethi ngokuthi ekuqaleni zonke emigomweni ezabonakala, okumele ukuxazulula yokwakha kabusha e-USSR (1985-1991). Izinyathelo zingahlukaniswa zibe ngezikhathi ezine.

Isigaba sokuqala sale kabusha, okuyinto namanje ngokuthi "yashesha", ungathatha isikhathi kusukela ngo-1985 kuya ku-1987. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, zonke ezintsha ke kodwa kwanhlanga zokuphatha. Khona-ke, ngo-1985, waqala umkhankaso anti-utshwala, umgomo ukubeka ukwehla izinga zokusetshenziswa kabi kotshwala kuleli zwe ifinyelele sikhathi esibucayi. Kodwa kulo mkhankaso uthethe eziningi izinyathelo engathandwa phakathi abantu abangakwazi kubhekwe "ukweqisa." Ikakhulu, labhujiswa lenqwaba izivini, yaqalisa de empeleni waba kuvinjelwe khona utshwala emkhayeni nezinye imikhosi ziqhutshwa amalungu enhlangano. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhankaso anti-utshwala kwaholela ukushoda sotshwala izitolo kanye nokwanda okuphawulekayo value abo.

Ngo esigabeni sokuqala kwathiwa njengoba befeza siqinise impi yokulwa nenkohlakalo futhi unearned engenayo izakhamuzi. Ezicini ezinhle kulesi sikhathi kufanele kuchasiselwe ukumnika abalulekile Izishoshovu entsha ubuholi beqembu, ababefisa ukuba afeze kabusha abalulekile ngempela. Phakathi laba bantu ungabahlukanisa Yeltsin futhi Ryzhkov.

EChernobyl inhlekelele, owenzeka ngo-1986, yabonisa ukuthi nokungakwazi kwalolu hlelo ekhona, hhayi kuphela ukuvimbela enhlekeleleni, kodwa futhi ukwazi ukubhekana ngokuphumelelayo nemiphumela yayo. Eziphuthumayo eChernobyl kwezinsuku ezimbalwa ukufihla iziphathimandla, engozini izigidi zabantu abahlala eduze indawo inhlekelele. Lokhu kwabonisa ukuthi ubuholi wezwe usebenza usebenzisa izindlela ezindala, okuyinto, ngokwemvelo, akakuthandanga abantu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwenziwa kuze Izinguquko ezithile ziye zaba oboniswa ingase ingaphumeleli, njengoba izinkomba zomnotho yayiqhubeka, njengoba Ukunganeliseki ezingasho ezikhulayo nobuholi Inqubomgomo emphakathini. Leli qiniso nomthelela ukugcwaliseka Gorbachev namanye amalungu ubuholi beqembu yokuthi izinyathelo isigamu ungaphenduki, futhi kubalulekile ukuba bafeze kwekuhlela kabusha olukhulu ukulondoloza usuku.

imigomo yokuhlela kabusha

Isimo ngenhla echazwe zezinto nomthelela yokuthi ubuholi wezwe ayikwazanga ukusheshe sithole imigomo eqondile yokwakha kabusha eSoviet Union (1985-1991). Ithebula elingezansi kafushane ziluhlobo.

sphere	imigomo
umnotho	Ukwethulwa izakhi izindlela emakethe ukuba ngcono umnotho
ukuphathwa	I yeningi zokubusa
umphakathi	Yeningi emphakathini, nokuvuleka
kwamaZwe	Kokulinganisa ka elala amazwe waseNtshonalanga

Injongo eyinhloko okwakufanele eSoviet Union phakathi neminyaka yokwakha kabusha ka 1985-1991, kwaba ukudala i kahle ezisebenza ukulawula isimo indlela zokulungisa letindzala.

esigabeni II

Lokho izinkinga ngenhla bebelokhu eziyisisekelo ngobuholi be-USSR esikhathini kabusha 1985-1991. esigabeni sesibili yale nqubo, okungase kubhekwe ekuqaleni konyaka 1987.

Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi ibilokhu kakhulu dambisa ukucwaninga, okuyinto sabonakala inqubomgomo okuthiwa sokukhululeka. It sihlinzekela admissibility kwengxoxo emphakathini nalabo ngaphambili azinakwa noma bavinjelwe. Yiqiniso, lokhu kwaba isinyathelo esibalulekile ekufezeni yeningi kohlelo, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo njengoba sekube nesicelo inani imiphumela engemihle. Vula ukugeleza ulwazi iNkampani kukhona emashumini ngemuva "yensimbi kwesihenqo" kwaba nje ayikalungi, kwaba nomthelela ukuthi kubuyekezwe olukhulu izimiso ubukhomanisi, amanyala ngemibono kanye zokuziphatha, ukuvela inhliziyo ubuzwe futhi separatist kuleli zwe. Ikakhulukazi, 1988 okwaqala ngalo inter-yobuhlanga sempi yezikhali Nagorno-Karabakh.

Futhi uqhuba ezinye izinhlobo self-emisebenzi, ikakhulukazi ngesimo ama cooperatives bavunyelwa ukuba.

Ngo inqubomgomo angaphandle, iSoviet Union waya ezivuna eside US ethembeni oqeda unswinyo. Kaningi, kwakuba nemihlangano phakathi Gorbachev futhi uMongameli US uRonald Reagan, phakathi kwesikhathi lapho isivumelwano kwezikhali ayekade izuzwe. Ngo-1989 e-Afghanistan wagcina kuhoxiswe amasosha aseSoviet.

Kodwa kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi isigaba ukuhlelwa kabusha yesibili awazange ukufeza izinhloso zalo wokwakha ngesimiso sokusebenzela uhulumeni wentando yeningi.

Isinyathelo III ukuhlelwa kabusha

Isigaba sesithathu kokuhlelwa kabusha, eqale e-Engxenyeni yesibili 1989, kuphawulwa yokuthi izinqubo ezenzeka kuleli zwe, baqala siphume ngaphansi kokulawulwa uhulumeni. Manje waphoqwa kubo kuphela ukuzivumelanisa.

Izwe isidlulile a idunyiswe ka sovereignties. Iziphathimandla Republican bamemezela lesembili imithetho yangakini elawula phambi Zonke-Union, uma kungqubuzana nomunye. Futhi ngo-March 1990 Lithuania limenyezelwe sokuhoxisa ukuphuma ngaphansi kweSoviet Union.

Ngo-1990, ihhovisi kamongameli, okuyinto zamaphini akhethwe uMikhail Gorbachev yethulwa. Ngokuzayo kwakuhlelwe ukuba nokhetho umengameli ngevoti ngqo ethandwayo.

Nokho, kwaba sobala ukuthi ifomethi yangaphambilini ye ubudlelwane phakathi ayengaphansi kweSoviet Union asekelwe yisiphi isikhathi eside. Bahlele ukuyisa kabusha kube "inhlangano ezithambile" ngaphansi kwegama Union of EnguMbusi States. 1991 Icebo lika ngonyaka abasekeli abafisa ukulondolozwa kwalesi simiso esidala, uqede lo mbono.

post-yokwakha kabusha

Ngemva ukucindezelwa we kombuso, republic kakhulu Soviet yamemezela ehoxile ubulungu bayo futhi imemezele ukuzimela. Futhi uba yini umphumela? Yini eye yaholela kabusha? Ukuwa kweSoviet Union ... iminyaka 1985-1991 wayichitha inhlahla akuphumelelanga ekulinganiseni isimo kuleli zwe. Ekwindla ka-1991 kwazanywa zidlulisela ukubangisana kwemibuso emikhulu wangaphambili ibe ukuhlanganyela of CCV, okuyinto kushabalele.

Tincabhayi letisembili ebhekene esigabeni sesine kokuhlelwa kabusha, olubizwa nangokuthi ama-post-yokwakha kabusha, kwaba yimali ye-USSR futhi ekwakhiweni ubudlelwane phakathi republic ezwe elaliyiSoviet Union. Lokhu umgomo empeleni lokuzuziwe Bialowieza Ihlathi emhlanganweni we abaholi eRussia, Ukraine kanye Belarus. Kamuva lahlangana iningi namanye ama-republic yezivumelwano Belavezha.

Ekupheleni kuka-1991, elase-USSR ayisekho ngisho ngokusemthethweni abasekho.

Imiphumela

Siye safunda izinqubo ezenzeka e-USSR ngesikhathi yokwakha kabusha (1985-1991), kafishane izimbangela kanye izigaba zalesi simo. Manje sekuyisikhathi sokukhuluma ngale miphumela.

Okokuqala nje kumele ishiwo wokugoqa ukuthi wahlupheka kabusha eSoviet Union (1985-1991). Imiphumela abenzi inqubomgomo kokubili futhi izwe lilonke iye yadumaza. Izwe lahlukaniswa laba izifunda eziningana ezimele, zinqobe kwaqala ngo ezinye zazo, kube nephutha kwehla ngo yizinkomba zezomnotho, liye ehlisa ngokuphelele umbono lamakhomanisi, neQembu LamaKhomanisi sekuqediwe.

Kodwa imigomo esemqoka esabekwa kabusha, ungazange izuzwe. Kunalokho, isimo kwabhebhethekiswa nakakhulu. I okuhle kuphela kungabonwa kuphela umbuso wentsandvo yelinyenti umphakathi futhi umsuka ubudlelwane emakethe. ISoviet Union ngesikhathi ukuhlela 1985-1991 kuyinto State ukuthi akakwazi ukumelana nezinselelo zangaphakathi nezangaphandle.