Enver Pasha: Biography

Abavelele nomholi wezempi Turkish, u-Enver Pasha - omunye abaholi Young Turk revolution. Wayengumuntu advocate esebenzayo ye-Pan-Turkism kanye pan-Islamism, kanye ideologist we Genocide Armenia ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX.

Enver Pasha: Biography

Novemba 22, 1881 ku Istanbul a ujantshi isisebenzi umndeni ozalwa Ismail Enver, u-Enver Pasha esizayo. Isizwe uyise Enver - abaseTurkey, nonina - Gagauz noma Albanian. Enver kwaba ngiyizibulo ezinganeni ezinhlanu, ayenakho abafowethu ababili nodadewethu ababili. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, u-Enver wayazi ukuthi kungaba isosha, ngakho ngaya sokufunda esikoleni lempi. Ngokwezazi ezithile zomlando, wafunda yini ngempela ephelele, kodwa iziqu esikoleni ngo-1903 ne isikhundla sokuba ukaputeni, futhi kamuva eminyakeni emithathu ukhushuliwe Okukhulu.

Enver wathunyelwa ukukhonza e Thessaloniki. Lapho, waba bahileleke imisebenzi ukuhamba amabutho ezempi abizwa ngokuthi "Homeland futhi Freedom", elalihlanganyela ekusithekeni, ngaphansi kohlelo olubizwa ngokuthi isimo emikhulu nokuthula inhlangano yezombangazwe "Union futhi Inqubekela".

The Young Turks nenguquko lokuqala

Emva kwesivumelwano phakathi uNicholas II no -Edward VII ku izinguquko ezidingekayo eMakedoniya ngemvume ngo-1908, Turkey waqala imibhikisho eyingqabavu, owabangelwa amahemuhemu nezinto ezicatshangwayo mayelana division yoMbuso WaseTurkey. Movement "Ngobunye Nangezinhlelo Inqubekela" kwaba ukubiza ngokwabo Young Turks bese ubamba imibhikisho futhi iphika wezempi ukuketula uhulumeni WaseTurkey. Enver baba ngenkuthalo ahileleke imibhikisho, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana kakade, izinkulungwane zabantu zamlandela. Young, esebenzayo futhi engumthengisi, waba omunye abaholi Young Turk revolution.

Ngo-1908, emhlanganweni Salonikah Enver Bey bamemezela sokubuyiselwa soMthethosisekelo Turkish futhi yamemezela Julayi 10 usuku ekuqaleni kwenkathi ngokomthethosisekelo yoMbuso WaseTurkey yesibili. Ngemva Icebo lika, wachitha iminyaka emibili njengoba attaché Turkish eJalimane, lapho yadumisa ukuqeqeshwa lempi amabutho aseJalimane kanye kwaphawula ukuqala nokubambisana lempi phakathi Turkey kanye eJalimane.

Impi Italo-Turkish e-Afrika

Ngo-1911, e-Italy wazala emncintiswaneni ithonya Turkish e Tripolitania, esifundeni Libya yesimanje. Enver Bey kwesokunxele Berlin waya Libya ukuhola impi Turkish. Umholi wakwazi ukuchitha ukugqugquzela umkhankaso omkhulu, kubutsela amasosha angaphezu kuka-20 eziyinkulungwane, kepha waphoqeleka ukuba ashiye Libya ngenxa ukuphakama neMpi Balkan. Ngenxa yalokho, ukulawula Tripolitania waya Army Italy.

Imiphumela lolu hlobo kwaholela ekubeni Ukunganeliseki abaseTurkey kanye destabilization zamabutho zezombusazwe. "Ngobunye Nangezinhlelo Inqubekela" aqala ukuphelelwa udumo nokusekelwa kanti ngo-1912 e ukhetho lwephalamende iwine Liberal Union, zibancishe amandla Young Turks.

Impi Balkan kanye kuphakame amandla

Ngo-October 1912, ibutho WaseTurkey yanqotshwa ukunqotshwa emazweni aseBalkan, okwaholela destabilization kukaHulumeni omusha ngemuva. Lezi zisho amazwi uke wasebenzisa Young Turks, kwathi ngo-January 1913 wenza esinye kombuso, ubhubhise Liberal Union nasekumiseni ubushiqela of pashas ezintathu. A uhlobo triumvirate lalinabashumayeli:

• Umholi Young Turk Talaat Pasha, wakhonza njengephayona vizier abakhulu noma undunankulu, kanye uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphakathi;
• Jemal Pasha, ubambe ehhovisi lika Eyinhloko Navy;
• Enver Pasha, induna yempi.

Phakathi triumvirate ngokusemthethweni zicatshangelwa Sultan Sultan Mehmed V, kodwa de empeleni waba namandla kwaba ezandleni ezintathu pashas. Enver Pasha, biography of Sultan kuqinisekisa ke, ngisho waganwa indodakazi ka Prince Suleiman. Ngakho waba ingxenye asebukhosini.

Ukuhlanganyela kweMpi Yezwe I

UMuntu Germanophile futhi sizana eJalimane, u-Enver Pasha, cishe owodwa handedly udonse Turkey ku kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, uya ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngisho ngokumelene umbono nozakwabo. Ngaphandle kwemvume IKhabhinethi Wongqongqoshe of Turkey, futhi wanika imvume yempi ezimbili German ukungena iDardanelles aphunyuke phambi kwamehlo ukushushiswa ngoxhaxha French. Ngemva kwalokho, lezi imikhumbi emibili kwanikwa Navy-Turkish, okwakusho esiphethweni ongenakugwenywa umfelandawonye eJalimane futhi Turkey Ukuhileleka empini.

Ekupheleni kuka-October, imikhumbi langena oLwandle Olumnyama bashaya nezimbobo Russian e Odessa, Sevastopol futhi Feodosiya. Ngenxa yalokho zokuhlasela, zaseRussia zamemezela impi ku Turkey. Enver Pasha wahlela ukugqugquzela jikelele, futhi waqokwa uNgqongqoshe neMpi.

Lokhu kuqothulwa kohlanga base-Armenia namaGreki

Njengoba le-oshisekayo pan-Islamism, u-Enver Pasha harbored ubutha maqondana Armenia namaGreki abahlala yoMbuso WaseTurkey futhi ababethi bangamaKristu. Nakuba lokhu akazange akuvimbele ukukhandwa Pasha ukwamukela amasosha Armenia ebuthweni lakhe.

Phakathi kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala on the front lwesithathu ibutho Russian-Turkish Turkish iphansi kwesandla sika-Enver Pasha lahluleka kabuhlungu eMpini of Sarikamis. Khona-ke, ngemva kwalokho abuyela inhlokodolobha, u-Enver Pasha, amasosha Armenia osolwa wobugwala bese zokungazimiseli ukulwa, futhi hung kubo obhekene impi elahlekile. Ukuthi lokho kunqotshwa kwaba isizathu kohlanga labantu base-Armenia.

Massacre wayencisha izimpilo zabantu ezingaba yingxenye yesigidi, phakathi kwabo, ngaphandle Armenia babe nakumaGreki, eyayithunjwe abaseSiriya. Kuze kube namuhla, Armenia yoMbuso WaseTurkey ngokuthi isenzo kummelwane 1915 Grand ubugebengu. Isilonda, okwabangela abaseTurkey kubantu Armenia, lwalujulile ukuze ngo-1919 emhlanganweni we-Armenian Commonwealth Revolutionary kwanqunywa ukuba ahlele ukusebenza "Nemesis".

Enver Pasha: "Nemesis" kanye indiza esuka Turkey

Phakathi "Operation Nemesis" abantu abangu-40 ababehlanganyela akhethiwe, abantu ababenze leli inhlangano nasekubulaleni kohlanga. Isizathu salokhu siwukuthi yonke ukubulala eyengeziwe futhi ngokucophelela lelungiselelwe. Abaculi imisebenzi wayencisha izimpilo abameleli ababili triumvirate: Talaal Pasha kanye Cemal Pasha, Nokho, u-Enver Pasha wabulawa kubo, futhi iyathinteka retribution kokushiya Turkey. Wachitha isikhathi esithile e Moscow, wasebenza uhulumeni kwamaBolshevik futhi wayehlela esebuyele kwelakubo.

AmaBolshevik, esikhundleni salokho, okulingana ukusekela iqembu Enver Pasha kanye Republican Yabantu Party Kemal. Uma Kemal kuphelile revolution yayo ngempumelelo, u-Enver Pasha ilahlekelwe ukusekelwa amaBolshevik. obengumholi Turkish wathunyelwa eBukhara mpi Basmach ukunyakaza.

basmachi

Ukuzizwa ngabantu abangafuneki GRATA kuhulumeni obomvu, u-Enver Pasha wanquma siye ngaphesheya Basmachi. Kusukela Turkestan, wathumela incwadi eMoscow nemfuneko ukuhoxisa ibutho amaBolshevik, futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela yesifunda.

Nge engasenathonya, ukuzethemba kanye nolwazi indawo esithekile iRed Army esifundeni, u-Enver Pasha rose ngokushesha ku abaholayo phakathi Basmachi futhi baqhuba imisebenzi eminingana yimpumelelo. Nokho, isifiso sakhe nolaka ukuthatha wonke amandla futhi abe Basmachis umholi hhayi kwayisiza ukuba nobuhlobo nabanye abaholi. Bona ngokuphindaphindiwe wenqaba Enver Pasha in aid namabutho, Ibrahim Bey, enqabe khona ukuqaphela igunya we pasha, kanye ngisho ahlasela amabutho akhe, okubangela umonakalo ongalungiseki. Enver Pasha wabulawa noma alimele, kodwa ayikwazanga ukuqhubeka umsebenzi wayo.

I obengumholi waphoqeleka ukuba abalekele ukuba Baldzhuan, lapho ayecashe nge ibutho elincane eduze edolobheni. Ekuqaleni kuka-August, abe esezama amaBolshevik, futhi wathumela ihlukane ka-KGB ngenhloso uthwebule noma ukumbulala. Agasti 4, 1922 ngesikhathi belwa ihlukane ka amaBolshevik wadutshulwa Enver Pasha. Umholi Murder Basmachi waqinisekisa George Agabeyov, ukukhomba umzimba Headless.