Minyaka yonke, ukuthuthukiswa emakethe umshwalense eRussia buthola umfutho. Lokhu akusona isimanga, ngoba umshwalense cishe indlela kuphela ukusekela ngokwezimali ngokwabo kanye nemindeni yabo uma eziphuthumayo. Omunye amafomu ethandwa kakhulu ukusekelwa okunjalo - umshwalense ingozi.

Patrimony

Lolu hlobo lwe-umshwalense ngokujulile ngempela simile, kepha uma kungengakho ukuzithandela kakhulu egxilile emlandweni, singasho ukuthi ukubukeka kwayo ixhunyiwe imfuneko yomthetho zasolwandle Visby, esilotshwe 1541 e-UK. Lithi umnikazi umkhumbi seagoing, ukuqasha iqembu ubophekile ukuba ukuthathelwa umshuwalense ukuphila nempilo yenduna yizingozi kungenzeka.

Kakade ekhulwini XVII, ngesilinganiso okukhethekile amasosha-amavolontiya lakhiwe eNetherlands, ngokuvumelana bekene unelungelo ezihlukahlukene ukunxeshezelwa ngokwezimali kuncike ngezinga yokulimala. Esikhathini XVIII futhi XIX eminyaka, umshwalense ingozi nako kwandile eJalimane futhi eNgilandi, lapho eqala ukwakha okuthiwa izinhlangano yokusizana.

ERussia lolu hlobo umshwalense ifikile ekuqaleni kwekhulu XX, ne ukwamukelwa 1903 yomthetho, okuyinto yibhange abasebenzi embonini yezimayini nabasebenzi izimboni ezihlukahlukene, kanye namalungu emikhaya yabo ukuthola imali isinxephezelo uma kwenzeka ukukhubazeka noma ukufa emsebenzini. Kwaphela isikhathi eside, umshwalense ingozi kuyingxenye yomshwalense kanye kuphela isikhathi, ngemva kweminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-nye, kwaba ezimele.

imiqondo eyisisekelo

Kunezinhlobo eziningana umshwalense ingozi, kodwa kungenziwa ihlukaniswe izigaba ezimbili ezibanzi: saziso (yibhange ngokomthetho) umshwalense lwezigaba ethile yezakhamuzi futhi ngokuzithandela - esakhiwa ngo ukuthola inkontileka kuzimo letihlomulisa. Esimweni sokuqala, inkokhelo izivumelwano kunesithembiso Isikhwama lomshuwalense izingozi, futhi izingozi yesibili zezimali livele inkampani yomshuwalense. Kunoma ikuphi, le into umshwalense kukhona izithakazelo impahla zezakhamizi elihlobene ne ukukhubazeka, yokulimala noma yokufa bese kuba nengozi.

Ingozi kungaba kubhekwe isimo lapho imiphumela yangaphandle phezu komzimba kwesamba yenzeka ngokushesha futhi ezingalindelekile. Ikhambi nje liwukuba into engalindelekile, sengathi umuntu aqaphele lapho kuqala nemiphumela ebuhlungu futhi ayiwathiyi, ikakhulukazi endabeni yokukhokha umshwalense ngeke ukwenqatshwa. Ngokwesibonelo, uma ukushushuluza, Wakhutshwa edwaleni, waphula umlenze, kuyoba ingozi, kodwa lapho kabi ashisiwe ngemva kokuchitha amahora ambalwa ogwini - lokho inkinga yakho, ngoba wena uyazi ngemiphumela engase, futhi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi zingayeka umphumela ezimoshayo.

ngokwezinga of icala

Njengoba izimo umshwalense ezibekwe ngokucacile kwinkontileka, lemali of icala akusho uthole ukulimala siqu ngenxa esingalindelekile ithonya zangaphandle, okungukuthi ingozi umshwalense, Yilokho inkontileka esinqunyiwe. Izinhlobonhlobo ngemiphumela kwezimo ezinjalo kungenziwa ihlukaniswe izigaba ezingu-3 ezibanzi:

• ukukhubazeka zesikhashana;
• esinqunyiwe noma ukukhubazeka Imininingwane;
• ukufa.

Konke lokhu imiphumela ukwenza umshwalense futhi kungafakwa inkontileka ndawonye eceleni (isibonelo, inkokhelo eyenziwe kuphela kokuthola ukukhubazeka) noma inhlanganisela ezahlukene.

umshwalense ayimpoqo e Russian Federation

Kwamanye imikhakha izakhamuzi isiRashiya, kuncike umsebenzi walo ukuhlinzeka umshuwalense social ngokumelene izingozi, kulawulwa isibalo uMthetho Federal 125 sangomhla Julayi 24, 1998. Isenzo saloluhlobo umshwalense umkhawulo emacaleni yokugula elihlobene ne ukulimala futhi ukulimala ngqo emsebenzini noma ngaphandle ibhizinisi, kodwa ngesikhathi sokusebenza (futhi endleleni ukusebenza nekhaya). I engavamile walolu hlobo yomshuwalense ukuthi uveza izinkokhelo umqashi kuphela.

Muva nje, umshwalense ayimpoqo kungabandakanya umshuwalense wezempilo abagibeli usebenzisa amasevisi zonke izinhlobo amanzi, umoya kanye ezokuthutha ezweni. Okwesikhathi esithile umshwalense ezifana indawo isidingo umshwalense yenethiwekhi isithiyo.

umshwalense okubalulekile impi

Lolu hlobo lwe-umshwalense ayimpoqo uvikela takhamiti tawo kabani umsebenzi okhokhelwayo ekuqaleni elihlobene ne ingozi empilweni. Ziyakwazi abasebenzi of the Ministry of Ezimweni eziphuthumayo, amasosha, abatakuli, abasebenzi Ministry Interior kanye izinhlelo zokwahlulela intela, kanye nabanye. Lwezezimali ingozi Ukuhlanganisa for umshwalense enjalo inikezwa ngokuhlwaya emithombolwazini isabelomali sikahulumeni.

Ngakho, lokho kuqinisekisa umshwalense yalwa izingozi (uMthetho Federal № 52 sangomhla 28.03.1998):

• ukulimala siqu, - 5 amaholo;
• e yokulimala (ukuhlukumezeka, ukulimala) - 10 iholo;
• ukulimala siqu (ukulimala) eholele kulokhu ukuqala iqembu ukukhubazeka III. - 25 amaholo;
• ukuqashwa kukaNksz ukukhubazeka Group II. - amaholo 50;
• ukukhubazeka mina t. - 75 amaholo;
• ukulimala siqu, okwaholela ekufeni kwabantu kwesamba, iqinisekisa 25 amaholo ngenyanga umzuzi ngamunye.

Podstrahuemsya okwengeziwe

Uma zisetshenziselwa ukuzinakekela nabathandekayo babo bebodwa, uyoba naso lapho inkontileka lomshuwalense izingozi, waphetha njalo yokuzithandela. Isici esiyinhloko kule nkontileka wukuthi ungakhetha uhlu izingozi ufuna ukuthathelwa umshuwalense, kanye lemali futhi elithi umshwalense.

Ozikhethele kungenziwa wakhipha Inqubomgomo izinsuku ezimbalwa (isibonelo, uma uya aphumule ezintabeni) noma ukhethe Ukuhlanganisa for ngokuphelele yonke izingozi yakho anganqamuki iminyaka eminingi - konke kuncike inkulu kangakanani iminikelo ungakwazi ukukhokhela.

Zonke umshwalense emakethe yokuzithandela zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu 2 - ngamunye nanjengeqembu. Yiziphi umehluko?

Njalo Man yena

umshwalense ingozi ngamunye kuhilela isivumelwano abantu zemvelo, futhi ukusebenza kwawo kuleli cala ihlanganisa kokubili kwesamba kanye namalungu omkhaya wakhe (esimweni sokufa kwesamba). Kungenzeka okuphelele noma okuyingxenye.

Esimweni sokuqala ukuthi isiqinisekiso inkontileka osebenza ku yonke imikhakha yempilo we oVikelwe (bobabili ezizimele kanye professional) kuyo yonke impilo yesivumelwano. Endabeni ka umshwalense ngokwengxenye, ungakhetha isikhathi esithile empilweni yakho: ngesikhathi iholide lakho noma ngomsebenzi, isikhathi kwezemidlalo nokunye.

Futhi kungenzeka umshwalense ingozi kuhlanganisiwe njengenhlangano owengeziwe kule iphakethe, nikela uhlu oluningiliziwe lwendlela amasevisi.

umshwalense iqembu

Zithandwa namuhla futhi uye waba umshwalense lilonke abasebenzi ngokumelene izingozi, inketho okunjalo manje ukunikela ngaphezu ukubhekana nosizo lomphakathi, izinkampani eziningi ezinkulu. I engavamile walolu hlobo yomshuwalense ukuthi kwesamba kulokhu umqashi kanye umzuzi - umuntu kwesamba noma amalungu omndeni wakhe.

Eminyakeni eyedlule, yomshuwalense ehlangene Russian Federation isibe ukuthandwa ngempela kwandile ngenxa izici komthetho endaweni intela, okuyinto yibhange kungenzeka lokubuya amaphrimiyamu , kanye nokwelashwa intela okukhethekile of izinkokhelo umshwalense. Kuze kube manje, umbuso intela kule ndawo kakhulu some, okwenza umshwalense collective muhle kangako kodwa abaqashi.

Yini kungaba isenzakalo umshwalense

Kusukela izinkokhelo ngaphansi umshwalense inkontileka ingozi ngokugcwele noma ingxenye zafaniswa nesenzakalo isenzakalo esithile imele wedwa ukugxila kulokho kuyinto icala umshwalense. Lezo zenzakalo neyaziwayo, ebekiwe inkontileka kanye esenzeka isikhathi sokusebenza yayo, okwaholela ekufeni komuntu kwesamba noma ukulahlekelwa esinqunyiwe noma ephelele ukukwazi kwabo ukusebenza.

Lezi zihlanganisa:

• ukulimala (ukulimala) etholwe ngenxa yezingozi;
• ubuthi nolwazi of amakhemikhali, izitshalo ezinobuthi, izidakamizwa, abampofu ukudla izinga (ngaphandle izifo toxicological - uhudo, salmonellosis, njll ...);
• Ukugula ne-polio, umkhaza ezithwalwa encephalitis;
• ukhulela ethunjini noma lapho ebeletha ngoba engalutholanga zokugula ezaholela kokususwa yangaphakathi izitho zangasese (amaqanda, kwesibeletho, amashubhu fallopian);
• Ukwenyela, waphuka, ukusha, ukuphatheka kabi kakhulu izinyembezi izitho zangaphakathi ezenzeke ngengozi, kanye amacala ukususwa kwezitho ngenxa izinqubo zokwelapha eyiphutha;
• amacala ngephutha we zokuphefumula ipheshana imizimba angaphandle, ukushaqeka anaphylactic, ominzayo;
• hypothermia, okuyinto kuhilelani nemiphumela emibi (ngaphandle ukufa emakhazeni);
• kokufa oVikelwe sezizathu efakwe ohlwini ngenhla senzeka ngesikhathi eside yesivumelwano.

Yini umshwalense ungayeki

Kukhona uhlu izenzakalo, okuvela kuyo ezingasetshenziswa kungathathwa njengesigwebo umcimbi kwesamba:

• uma ukulimala (ukuhlukumezeka) ziye zamukelwa kwesamba ngesikhathi ikhomishana izenzo ezingekho emthethweni;
• lapho olimele inflicted ngenhloso yi oVikelwe yena;
• ubuthi noma ukulimala zazitholakala ngenxa yokuzama ukuzibulala;
• uma ukulimala, ukuphatheka kabi kakhulu ukulimala zazitholakala ngokulawula iyiphi imoto izidakamizwa, ezinobuthi noma utshwala, kanye endabeni yokulawula ukudluliselwa komunye umuntu esesimweni esinjalo;
• lapho nemiphumela emibi emzimbeni ziye zenzeka ngenxa izinyathelo zokuvimbela, isifo noma yokwelapha, olwenziwa ekuthatheni isinyathelo kwesamba futhi ayihlobene ekwelapheni isifo ekhiqizwa ngenxa umcimbi insured;
• ukufa ngenxa yezizathu ngenhla.

Ukuthi kubiza malini

Omunye izindaba ezibaluleke kakhulu ezikhathaza izakhamuzi abafisa uvikele impilo nempilo yabo, kuyinto umbuzo kungakanani lomshuwalense izingozi. Imali yokugibela lapha encike ngqo kwi uhlu izimangalo umshwalense eyenziwe inkontileka futhi ungubani ngomshuwalense. Ububanzi libanzi impela - kusuka 0,10%, uma oVikelwe kuphela ingozi yokufa, kuze 12-15% ngenxa spectrum ezibanzi nezinqubomgomo.

Ngu inani premium umshwalense kungathinta:

• ubulili nobudala we oVikelwe - kukholakala ukuthi amadoda abe nengozi yokulimala, kanti izakhamuzi yokuguga ngaphezulu jikelele bayanqikaza ukuthathelwa umshuwalense;
• yokuphila - ozithandayo izinhlobo kakhulu ukuphumula noma umsebenzi, lihlotshaniswa anda kuhlasimulise;
• umsebenzi - lokho kuyingozi ngaphezu, ayanda tariff;
• isimo impilo iklayenti - uma uhlushwa izifo ezingathi sína kwababhemayo, isilinganiso singamaphesenti andisa;
• inani izingozi insurable - kulapho, le ezibizayo;
• umshuwalense wokuphila kanye njengobunengi bemiphefumulo oVikelwe - izinqubomgomo umkhaya ngokuvamile eshibhile muntu;
• nezinye izinto - kuncike inqubomgomo inkampani yomshuwalense sika.

Imvamisa lezinkokhelo njengoba kubekiwe inkontileka - iminikelo zingenziwa alahlwayo, yonyaka, njalo ngenyanga noma emva kwezinyanga ezintathu. Izinkampani zemishuwalense namuhla ukunikela ngempela anhlobonhlobo izinhlelo kanye amanani, ngakho ukuthola ilungelo akunzima.