Ugunyaza Architectural: ulwazi olujwayelekile. Amagama oda yezakhiwo Greek

ugunyaza Architectural yathi chithi saka eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Eqinisweni, le-yokwakha kabusha-ugongolo isakhiwo, kulekelelwa izakhi ezithile ekhululekile. ukuze Architectural, ekuhlaziyeni eyayibonakala ebekwe kule indatshana ka Vitruvius namanje I ekhulwini BC, lalisetshenziswa eGrisi lasendulo ekwakhiweni amasonto bakha ukuma liyabonakala namuhla izakhiwo kuleli zwe.

Izakhi eziyinhloko

Vitruvius emsebenzini wakhe Izimiso oda ukwakhiwa. Ukubala nemingcele design ladliwa module isisekelo aphansi ikholomu ubukhulu. Kwakuyisikhathi elithile usayizi yonke imininingwane.

ukuze Architectural IGrisi yasendulo abe iqoqo izakhi ejwayelekile ukuthi kuhluke isilinganiso sobukhulu zabo, umhlobiso. Bona lalinabashumayeli kukholamu (ikholomu), entablature (entablature) kanye isinyathelo. Okokuqala, yena, inezigaba ezintathu:

• Fust (shaft - emgqonyeni);

• inhlokodolobha (capital);

• isizinda (Baza)

Induku amakholomu - engxenyeni elikhulu Uhlonze lwalo incipha ne ukuphakama, kodwa Ukuboshelwa. Capital yakha engxenyeni engenhla, ukuba umthwalo izici overlying isakhiwo samaqanda. semininingwane umsebenzi kucacile igama layo: ke kuyisisekelo Fust.

Entablement, engxenyeni engenhla isakhiwo, futhi likwazi isakhiwo kathathu. It siqukethe le architrave (architrave), frieze (frieze) kanye onqenqemeni (cornice). amafomu Architrave kuyendlulela phakathi amakholomu, kuba main yenethiwekhi ingxenye entablature. Freese - isici phakathi. Architectural oda Antiquity elinesimo ukubulawa ezahlukene le ngxenye: kungaba bushelelezi noma isithombe. Cornice ikholomu kubekwa, it is avame ukuhlotshiswa dentil (dentils), noma, njengoba zibizwa kanjalo, umyalo crackers - elilandelayo ziboya unxande.

Pedestal - phansi ikholomu, kwesisekelo salo, ngokuvamile akheke wangenela. Ikholomu "ikhula" kusukela stylobate (stylobate) - esigabeni engenhla.

Ama-oda ezakhiwo Ancient Greece

Kukhona oda ezinhlanu, kubhekwa yakudala. Ezintathu kuzo kwakheka kwi insimu ngesiGreki. Lokhu Doric, ionic futhi aseKorinte oda yezakhiwo. ERoma lasendulo, kwakukhona amabili ngaphezulu: Tuscan futhi Composite. Ngamunye wabo inezici ayo ehlukile isakhiwo kanye izakhi okuhlobisa.

Amagama oda yezakhiwo ngesiGreki ukunikeza umbono walokho indawo isimo lasendulo lapho kuphakama isidingo. Ukuvela endaweni yabo, in the VI ekhulwini BC Ionic namakholomu Doric izinhlobo yasheshe yonkana Greece. ukuze aseKorinte kwakungathandeki kakhulu. Sekuvele ngaphezulu funa eRoma yasendulo.

Ukuhlakulela Umbono OnjengokaKristu Ngobukhulu ngobulula

Doric oda yezakhiwo ihlukile ukunciphisa isibalo imininingwane zokuhlobisa. Ikholomu babengenalo isizinda, ngoba kusekelwe ngqo stylobate. Tapered isiqu engalingani, endaweni ethile phezu ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu ukuphakama kwaba ukuqina kancane. kukholomu ebusweni laligcwele anemifantu - evulekile. Njengomthetho, kwakukhona 20. kuphela I umtshingo waphana ngabanye imiklamo omkhulukazi zokuhlobisa: baqamba play yokukhanya nezithunzi, ongaboni okwandisa ukuphakama ikholomu. Kwakukhona okukhethwa kukho amakholomu kanye iziqu bushelelezi.

Zazingasasebenzi imikiswe isisekelo okwakhelwe kuso isikwele wayelele. It wathembela architrave bushelelezi. Freese equkethwe triglyphs - strip iqonde nge kude esingunxantathu phakathi kwabo, babeqoqana abahamba ngabathathu. Phakathi triglyphs babe ngezikhawu (izindlela) noma bushelelezi noma egcwele ngemihlobiso. Ngaphansi uphahla ngokuvamile behlaliswe eziningi ugunyaza-crackers.

Famous emhlabeni wonke

Doric kakhulu ajwayelekile yobuciko ezifana bokwakha lasendulo njengoba Parthenon kanye Nethempeli Hephaestus. amakholomu okuqinile nesibindi ehlotshisiwe nezakhiwo anikezelwe Poseidon eCape Sounion, futhi Afee esiqhingini Aegina.

Doric - elula kakhulu ngokuya Decor oda yezakhiwo. Lesitshalo ukuvela kokuthi Ionia, bese eKorinte, inani elikhulu imihlobiso ezahlukene kanye nemininingwane kwezobuciko.

Ubufazi, owawusekelwe itshe

Dorian kobukhulu wayephikisa umsungulo nesisa, ngisho ezinye oda ionic. Amakholomu yalolu hlobo ahlule round base elibukeka okusikhumbuza ambalwa embondelene nomunye izindandatho. A insika lungaphezu samuntu Doric. Kule ikholomu kubonakala usinamathelise xaxa. Umtshingo ezijulile (zikhona 24), futhi inhloko-dolobha ehlotshiswe zezimali (curls).

entablature ionic kuyinto ngempela emincane futhi siqukethe izingxenye ezintathu ovundlile: architrave ethafeni, frieze, esingeyena triglyphs, futhi kancane ophumile cornice nge dentil esilandelayo. Ingxenye phakathi entablature ngokuvamile ehlotshiswe imifanekiso.

Ngokwakha ikholomu ezifana, abakhi lasendulo wafanisa owesifazane wakhe nge okhalweni encane, izinwele wavy, zezimali kanye emphethweni egeleza zokugqoka - evulekile.

umsuka

Vitruvius, e indatshana yakhe, wabhala ukuthi ionic oda yezakhiwo wasuka lapho kwakhiwa ibandla lase-Efesu. Isidingo ifomu elisha kwaphakama isifiso uthole isitayela ukuthi kubonisa umoya zezizwe ngesiGreki abahlala endaweni, nekuphikisana ngayo Dorian. I samuntu wakhulelwa ukuletha izithelo othandekayo: ionic oda eyaziwa engengaphansi kwengu sabafowabo esiqinile, futhi omunye zakudala.

Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ukwakheka uhlobo olusha ikholomu ibilokhu iwohloka kancane kancane, futhi ithempeli Efesu baba kuphela quintessence kuzo zonke izigaba odlule. Noma kunjalo, i-oda ionic futhi ngempela kubonisa ubunkimbinkimbi kanye obugagu. Akumangazi-ke ukuthi lalisetshenziswa ukwakhiwa Temple Athena Nike kanye no-Arthemisi, lona wamuva wagcina isihloko sinye sezimangaliso eziyisikhombisa zezwe.

nomfowabo omncane

ukuze aseKorinte, njengoba sekuphawuliwe kakade, ukusatshalaliswa ekhethekile wathola eRoma yasendulo. EGrisi kwakubhekwa njengesenzo uyihlumela ionic. Ngempela, lawa ma-oda Ziningi izici ezifanayo. induku okuphezulu nge 24 zezitsha evulekile kwi round isizinda. Umehluko omkhulu - kuba ezincane, ehlanganisa eyishumi nesithupha zezimali ephelezelwa amahlamvu acanthus, wahlela imigqa emibili.

Entablement efanayo kungxenye okuhambisanayo isakhiwo ionic:-ke yakhiwa ihlukaniswe architrave, frieze, ukukhululeka okuphelele futhi cornice ngamazinyo. Ngokungafani izakhiwo usebenzisa amakholomu ezinjalo musa ukuphasa uphahla gable, flat.

Uma siqhubeka isingathekiso wesilisa futhi njengabesifazane, oda lwesithathu ngesiGreki kunalokho has izici isici intombazanyana, a coquetry nothando imigexo eyinkimbinkimbi. Amasampula zokuqala amakholomu aseKorinte wathola abhekwa ithempeli lika-Apholo at Bassae.

abamukelayo

NgesiGreki oda yezakhiwo wayeqhubeka ephila endaweni laseRoma lasendulo. Basebenzisa wizadi, kudale isimo sokungqubuzana emadolobheni ezingxenyeni ezikude zombuso. Ngo parallel, kuye kwavela amafomu amasha: Tuscan futhi oda Composite yezakhiwo. Futhi igama izingxenye, futhi ukwakhiwa isiyonke logic balondolozwa.

ukuze Composite - "ozalweni" we ionic futhi laseKorinte. izici Tuscan esingokwemvelo ezenza kube nokuzwelana sobala ne Dorian: ikholomu nse ngaphandle bofeleba, architrave bushelelezi futhi frieze round dolobha unadorned.

Ngemva kokuwa koMbuso WamaRoma, isithakazelo amafomu yezakhiwo ezifana kancane kancane kudamba futhi lavuselelwa ukubonwa ngekhulu xv, lapho kutholakala indatshana Vetruviya. Izakhiwo isitayela classic, okwakuthatha ukuma kamuva, futhi ngempela aqukethe ikholomu noma izakhi ezifanayo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi namuhla oda lathumela, okuyinto Usufike nathi ngokusebenzisa ukujiya kwekhulu, ngokuvamile sisetshenziswa ekudalweni futhi umhlobiso yobuciko amasha.