UBrezhnev okwathatha - yokujama tsi noma inkathi yokuchuma?

umthetho uBrezhnev sika emlandweni Soviet akakubangeli enjalo eshubile nokuhlolisisa akuhambisani okuphambene kanjani inkathi uStalin futhi yokwakha kabusha Gorbachev, kodwa lesi sikhathi futhi kwadingeka izici zayo emihle nemibi.

Ukuphela kobushiqela

UBrezhnev okwaqala engajwayelekile likahulumeni waseSoviet ngaleso sikhathi. Charisma nobuholi okungahloliwe phathi Lenin futhi kamuva uhlelo kukaStalin wobushiqela kusengaphambili ukuthi laba baholi babe oshayelayo wombuso kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakungeyona into futhi ayikwazanga uneminye ukukhathazeka okukhulu ushintsho kuhulumeni (ngaphandle mhlawumbe ezinyangeni zokuqala kakhulu ngemva kokufa Lenin, umholi lapho izindlalifa yangempela kubhekwe Trotsky futhi Zinoviev). Kwakukhona ukulwa, futhi ngo-1953, lapho uJosefa Dzhugashvili wafa. Nokho, ukuba khona amandla okubusa, uNikita Khrushchev sashintsha isigubhukane Inqubomgomo party yangaphakathi Yiqiniso. XX Party Congress yaphela wobushiqela ukulawula indlela ehlanganisa: umoya wokwesaba, ekubalahleni bemi esiphikisayo revolution nokunye. Ngokuyinhloko, ngenxa yokuthi lesi sinyathelo, waba umbusi wokuqala iqedwe nokuhlinza akuveli ekufeni. wokubusa uBrezhnev kwaqala ngo-1964 ne izinqumo plenum leKomiti Central we CPSU ukukhululwa Khrushchev kusuka kokuthunyelwe owayenguNobhala Jikelele.

Yokujama tsi noma inkathi yokuchuma?

Inkathi entsha, igama yokujama tsi zakamuva zesikhathi oqala izinguquko asebenzayo kwezomnotho avuselele umnotho. Reform Alekseya Kosygina, waqala ngo-1965 unyaka kwaba ngezinga elithile okuhloswe ngaso ukubeka emnothweni ibe ithrekhi emakethe. Ngakho u kwelulwe kakhulu ukuzimela kwezomnotho wamabhizinisi enkulu kahulumeni, yaletha amathuluzi yamaholo impahla lwezisebenzi abathintekayo. Futhi izinguquko kwakufanele zakwazi ukwenza lokho okulindelwe ngempela. Kakade isikhathi sokuqala yokubusa uBrezhnev laphawulwa impumelelo esikhathini esiyiminyaka emihlanu ezayo emlandweni wezwe.

Nokho, abalweli beziNguquko asiphumelelanga. Ngaphawula ushintsho oluhle okubangelwa buthakathaka ukulawula isimo, awazange eyayihambisana nenkululeko kudingekile nakwezinye izici zokuphila kwezomnotho. Reform kwaba ukuba adalule futhi imiphumela esingathandeki, esinjengokuthi lo mkhuba maqondana amanani ephakeme yezimpahla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-70s ekuseni aye atholakala eSiberia uwoyela Amasimu, okwaholela ekulahlekelweni unomphela isithakazelo ubuholi Soviet sika emizamweni kabusha. Mayelana 70-yalolucwaningo ziqala ukubonisa abanye Ukwehla komnotho yasekhaya. Ukukhiqizwa iba ngaphansi engabizi. Izingalo Uhlelo isikhala ngokuya emuva esincintisana zako ezisemqoka - US (zokugcina impumelelo enkulu zohlelo Soviet isikhala baba imoto "Mars-2", ezenzelwe lokuqala siphephile planethi ebomvu). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-lag kutholakala ngobuchwepheshe izimboni.

Lezi imikhuba emibi ngokwezinga elikhulu abe imbangela ukulungiswa okwalandela nalokho yaphela - wokugoqa likahulumeni waseSoviet. Idinga ubunjiniyela ngaphezulu nezinye izinto izimboni amasu awukwazi kuthinte okwehlisa yentuthuko umkhakha ukukhanya ukuthi umthelela ngempela ubuhlungu labantu kuleli zwe. Ukuntula ukudla nezimpahla kubalulekile - ngowokuqala, mhlawumbe, ukuthi ngokuvamile lihlotshaniswa uquqaba ezibanzi kwenkathi. Nokho, ngesikhathi kubusa uBrezhnev sika, ukuminyana okuthiwa sasiyingxenye kuphela uma kuqhathaniswa, isilinganiso emangalisayo eliphezulu ukuthuthukiswa umkhakha ezinkulu nezincane nokukhiqiza kuleli zwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo izigidi zabantu bezwe lethu, yamkhumbula njengenkathi yokuchuma. Okokuqala, kulabo Ngalizwa yokwehla kwezinga ukusebenza eziphilayo namazinga kwezomnotho ngo-1990. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuphawulwa wokubusa uBrezhnev nezinye izikhathi abalulekile: lena impi e-Afghanistan, kanti round esisha iMpi Yomshoshaphansi, futhi izinkinga zokwenza elala China ngenxa izimpi Sino-Soviet.