Kuyini i-microbiology. Yini ukutadisha microbiology. Kubaluleka yamagciwane

Isayensi Biology kuhlanganisa inqwaba yezigaba nabasizi of Sciences. Nokho, omunye lomncane kanye ethembisayo, ewusizo kumuntu kanye nemisebenzi yayo, i-microbiology. Esanda kutholakala sekukhona, kodwa ngokushesha kwashesha kakhulu ekuthuthukeni kwale sayensi kuze kube manje, waba umsunguli izigaba ezifana-biotechnology kanye izakhi zofuzo. Kuyini i-microbiology futhi bathinteka kanjani ezigabeni lasungulwa nokuthuthukiswa? Ake sihlole le nkinga ngokuningiliziwe.

Kuyini i-microbiology?

Endaweni yokuqala, i-microbiology - kuyinto isayensi. Ivolumu, ezithakazelisayo, isayensi abasha kodwa ithuthuka ngokushesha. I etymology kwegama elithi has ivelaphi ngolimi lwesiGreki. Ngakho, "Mikros" lisho ukuthi "okuncane", ingxenye izwi wesibili livela "bios", okusho ukuthi "ukuphila", futhi ingxenye yokugcina esiGrekini. "Izimpawu", okuyinto uhumusha njengoba imfundiso. Manje ungakwazi ukunikeza impendulo angokoqobo umbuzo yini microbiology. Le mfundiso we micro-ukuphila.

Ngamanye amazwi, kuba cwaningo owesincane izinto eziphilayo ezinayo awabonakali ngokubona okubonakala ngeso lenyama. La magciwane owumphumela yilezi:

1. Prokaryotes (anuclear eziphilayo noma bengazamukeliswanga ekhishwe nucleus):

• amagciwane;
• Archaea.

2. eukaryotes (eziphilayo ne ikhenela ehlotshisiwe):

• ulwelwe unicellular;
• lenyama.

3. Amagciwane.

Nokho, okubalulekile kunikezwa ekutadisheni microbiology-bacterium kuyinto ezihlukahlukene izinhlobo, amafomu kanye nezindlela ukukhipha amandla. Lokho izisekelo yamagciwane.

Ngendaba daba yesayensi

Umbuzo wokuthi ukufunda i-microbiology, impendulo kungaba: ke etadisha ukwehluka yangaphandle kwegciwane umumo kanye nosayizi, umthelela wabo imvelo nangemisebenzi yezinto eziphilayo, izindlela yokudla, ukuthuthukiswa nokukhiqizwa ezincane, kanye umthelela wabo umkhuba ngokwezimali nokufa kwabantu.

Micro-eziphilayo - bayizidalwa ezingaba enihlala ezihlukahlukene izimo. Kubo cishe mingcele yokuthi lokushisa, asidi ayinayo medium, ingcindezi kanye nomswakama. Ngaphansi yimiphi imibandela, kukhona okungenani eyodwa (futhi ngokuvamile eziningi) iqembu amagciwane olungakwazi ukuphila khona. Namuhla eyaziwa imiphakathi microbial ukuthi kudume izimo anaerobic ngokuphelele ngaphakathi izintaba-mlilo termoistochnikov phansi, egqoke ekujuleni izilwandle kwezimo ezinzima amadwala atshisayo nokunye.

Isayensi kukhona izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo microorganism, okuzokwenza ekugcineni tente izinkulungwane. Kodwa yathola ukuthi lokho kumane nje kuyingxenye encane ukwehluka okukhona emvelweni. Ngakho-ke, umsebenzi microbiologists eziningi kangaka.

Omunye izikhungo edume kunazo zonke, lapho kukhona ukutadishwa amagciwane futhi zonke izinqubo ezihlobene nazo, kwaba Pasteur Institute e-France. Yaqanjwa umsunguli odumile isayensi yamagciwane Lui Pastera, i-Institute of Microbiology, ukhululeka izindonga zayo eziningi ochwepheshe emangalisayo abaye benza okutholakele engengaphansi emangalisayo futhi abalulekile.

ERussia namuhla Institute of Microbiology. S. N. Vinogradskogo Academy of Sciences, okuyinto ucwaningo isikhungo ngobukhulu emkhakheni yamagciwane ezweni lethu.

Isizinda esingokomlando wesayensi microbiological

Umlando yamagciwane njengoba isayensi yakhiwa zokukhula ezintathu eziyisisekelo okunemibandela:

• morphological noma okuchazayo;
• nosawoti noma isitoreji;
• yesimanje.

Ngokuvamile, umlando yamagciwane has ekuthuthukisweni iminyaka engaba ngu-400. Lokho ukuqala nesenzakalo cishe ngekhulu XVII. Ngakho-ke, kukholelwa ukuthi isayensi ngokulinganiswa ayemncane kuqhathaniswa namanye amagatsha wezinto eziphilayo.

isigaba morphological noma okuchazayo

Igama ngokwalo lithi kulesigaba lidlule, empeleni, nje ekuqongeleleni ulwazi mayelana webhaktheriya iseli morphology. Konke lokhu kwaqala kuvulwa prokaryotes. Lokhu sokunconywa kungokwalabo umsunguli wesayensi microbiological Italian Antonio Van Leeuwenhoek, njengoba ayephethe ingqondo abukhali, amehlo olukhuni kanye nekhono elihle ukucabanga ngokunengqondo futhi kuvame. Kanye uchwepheshe omuhle, ephethwe ukuqoba lens, enika nokwanda kokungabi izikhathi 300. Futhi ukuphinda impumelelo yakhe ayengakwenza kuphela phakathi ososayensi Russian XX leminyaka. Futhi akuyona vytachivaniem futhi sokuncibilikisa lens we fibre optical.

Lezi lens wakhonza khona njengenceku impahla okuyothi Leeuwenhoek wathola nezilwanyana ezincane. Futhi waqale wazimisela umsebenzi kunalokho imvelo prosaic: usosayensi yafuna ukwazi ukuthi kungani isihogo ezidla kangaka. Wagcoba izingxenye zalesi sihlahla, futhi wazihlola ngesibonakhulu ukukhiqizwa siqu, wabona konke ayeziphilisa ezweni zilwanyana. Kwakungenxa 1695. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, u-Antonio uqala ngenkuthalo ukuhlola futhi zichaza izinhlobo ezihlukene zamangqamuzana virus. Nokho uhlukanisa kubo kuphela ngesimo, futhi lokhu ungenzanga.

Leeuwenhoek kungokwalabo-20 imiqulu ngesandla, okuyinto ukuyichaza ngokuningiliziwe eyindilinga, induku, Kuvunguza nezinye izinhlobo amagciwane. Wabhala umsebenzi kuqala microbiology, okuthiwa "The izimfihlo zendalo sitholwe Antoni van Leeuwenhoek." Umzamo wokuqala ukuba ahlele futhi afingqe ulwazi zanqwabelana we morphology amagciwane basonta usosayensi O. Muller, owenza ngazo ku 1785. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi umlando yamagciwane iqala ukuba athole umfutho walo.

Ngokwendlela umzimba owakheke ngayo noma isitoreji esiteji

Kulesi sigaba ukuthuthukiswa isayensi siye safunda izindlela ezihleli umsebenzi amagciwane. Izinqubo lapho bazibandakanya, nokuthi ngaphandle kwabo akunakwenzeka ngokwemvelo. Liye lazibonakalisa ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento isizukulwane nokuguqulwa wokuphila ngaphandle iqhaza eziphilayo. Konke lokhu okutholakele enziwa ngenxa ucwaningo, abakhulu usosayensi-wemithi, kodwa ngemva lezi zinto ezatholakala futhi samagciwane Lui Pastera. Kunzima overestimate ukubaluleka lakhe ekuthuthukeni kwale sayensi. Umlando yamagciwane neze ngakwazi ukuthuthukisa ngakho ngokushesha futhi ngokuphelele, uma umuntu lo-buchopho.

Okutholakele kaPasteur Ungabonisa amaphuzu amaningana ukhiye:

• Akabanga ukuthi abantu ubudala ushukela ajwayelekile ukuvutshelwa nqubo ngenxa yokuba khona kwezinhlobo zezinto ezithile amagciwane abe nenkani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlobo ngalunye yokubola kwamazinyo (acidosis esidi, utshwala, uwoyela, kanjalonjalo) zinezikhathi eqenjini elithile kwamagciwane, nokuthi yenziwa;
• busuka umkhakha ukudla pasteurization inqubo ukuze kulahlwe imikhiqizo ephuma microflora, kubenze ukubola kanye spoilage;
• yena udumo ngcono ukungatheleleki ezifweni ngu esasikhipha umgomo emzimbeni. Okungukuthi Pasteur - ngukhokho imigomo, nguye wafakazela ukuthi izifo zibangelwa khona namagciwane abangela izifo;
• wabhubhisa umqondo ka-aerobic zonke ekuphileni futhi wafakazela ukuthi ukuphila amagciwane amaningi (udwi otshekele kwesokunxele, isibonelo) akudingeki oksijini, ngisho nelimazayo.

The main sokunconywa elingenakuphikwa Lui Pastera kwakuwukuthi zonke ezitholwe zakhe, waba Ucwaningo. Ukuze kungabikho muntu akakwazanga ukuhlala ukungabaza mayelana yiqiniso kwalesi imiphumela. Kodwa indaba Microbiology Yiqiniso, akugcini lapho.

Omunye usosayensi owahlanganyela owasebenza ngayo ekhulwini lokuthoma XIX futhi abenze banikela ngendlela ebalulekile ekutadisheni ezincane, kwaba uRobert Koch wakwazi - usosayensi German ngubani udumo kokukhipha Imigqa ehlanzekile kwamaseli virus. Lokho ubunjalo bonke eziphilayo eduze kuhlobene. Elinye iqembu enqubeni ukuphila yokudala ayizidleke nenye, nezinye asenzela eyesithathu nokunye okufanayo. Lokho, yilokho ugesi uhlangothi, futhi izinto eziphilayo ephakeme, emiphakathini webhaktheriya kuphela. Ngenxa yalokho, kunzima kakhulu ukufunda umphakathi ezinye abahlukene, iqembu ezincane, ngenxa Ubukhulu yabo encane kakhulu (1 ^-6 m noma 1 m), futhi usesimweni njalo Ukubambisana eduze nomunye, abakwazi singly kokuhlolisisa. Kwakubonakala ithuba ephelele ukuze ikhule sebuningini amaseli ezifanayo bacterium nomphakathi owodwa ezimweni yokufakelwa. Okungukuthi, uthole okuningi amaseli afanayo, ezizobonakala ngokubona okubonakala ngeso lenyama bese ibheka izinqubo lapho kuyoba lula kakhulu.

Nakhu okushiwo ukuvulwa kanye wenza Koch. Yena waqamba ukususwa amasiko okumsulwa-bacterium kwi medium izakhi, okuyinto ehlukile umphakathi ngamunye. Futhi ingumnikazi impumelelo in umdwebo amakoloni nezilwanyana ezincane kanye namalungu ayo ngabanye. URobert Koch wakwazi kuqala wathola tubercle Wand (imbewu eletha Koch sika), yisinanakazana ezilwaneni nakubantu. Lokhu usosayensi isicelo indlela kwezilwane zokuhlola itheleleke nge pathogenic (pathogenic) amagciwane ngenhloso deducing amasiko okumsulwa microorganism enjalo, futhi ithuthukiswe Izindlela magciwane nokulawula.

Yileyo ndlela zanqwabelana eziningi ukwaziswa okuwusizo kusukela amagciwane, izinzuzo zabo kanye izingozi abantu. Ukuthuthukiswa yamagciwane usephendukele ngisho indlela babubukhulu ngokwengeziwe.

Isigaba yesimanje

microbiology Modern - iqoqo izigatshana, futhi mini-isayensi okhuluma ekutadisheni nje amagciwane kuphela kodwa futhi amagciwane, isikhunta, archaea, futhi wonke amagciwane eyaziwa futhi eyayisanda kutholakala. On umbuzo yini microbiology, namuhla singanikeza impendulo egcwele kakhulu futhi enemininingwane. Kuyinto wesayensi oyinkimbinkimbi ekubhekaneni ekutadisheni ezincane, futhi isicelo sabo ekuphileni okungokoqobo emikhakheni ehlukene kanye nezindawo, kanye umthelela nezilwanyana ezincane ku nomunye, emvelweni nangemisebenzi yezinto eziphilayo.

Mayelana umqondo elikhulu kangaka yamagciwane kufanele ulethe isayensi yanamuhla ukuba ukushiyana kwezidalwa izingxenye.

1. Jikelele.
2. Inhlabathi.
3. Amanzi.
4. Ezolimo.
5. Medical.
6. Veterinary.
7. Isikhala.
8. Survey Geological.
9. Virology.
10. Ukudla.
11. YEZIMBONI (technical).

Ngayinye yalezi zingxenye waziphatha ucwaningo eningiliziwe ezincane, umthelela wabo ukuphila impilo yabantu nezilwane, kanye kungenzeka ngokusebenzisa amagciwane ngoba izinjongo ezifanele, ukuthuthukisa izinga lempilo abantu. Konke lokhu ndawonye yilokhu uyafundelwa microbiology.

Umnikelo enkulu ekuthuthukiseni izindlela zesimanje yamagciwane, izindlela yokuzalanisa futhi ukutshalwa nezilwanyana ezincane ezenziwe izazi ezinjengo Wolfram Tsillig uKarl Stetter, uKarl Veze, uNorman Peys, Watson, Crick, Pauling, Zuckerkandl. Of ososayensi ezifuyiwe yikona amagama ezifana I. I. Mechnikov, LS Tsenkovsky, DI Ivanovsky S. N. Vinogradsky VL Omelyanskii, SP Kostychev, Ya Ya futhi Nikitinsky F. M. Chistyakov, A. I. Lebedev, VN Shaposhnikov. Ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi lezi ososayensi Kwamiswa izindlela zokubhekana nezifo ezimbi bezilwane nabantu abavela (-anthrax, isifo sikashukela umkhaza, unyawo nomlomo isifo, ingxibongo, nokunye). Kwamiswa izindlela zokuthuthukisa amasosha omzimba ezifweni ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye ezibangelwa amagciwane, amagciwane e-nezilwanyana ezincane etholwe uyakwazi kucutshungulwa uwoyela, ukwakha mass ngesikhathi impilo izinto ahlukahlukene organic, nihlanze kanye nokwenza ngcono izimo, okungezona uwohloka ukubola zamakhemikhali, nokuningi.

Umnikelo laba bantu ibalulekile ngempela, ngakho ezinye zazo (Mechnikov I. I.) bathola uMklomelo KaNobel ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe. Namuhla, kunamabandla ezingaphansi yesayensi, kwakheka ngesisekelo microbiology, okuyizinto eziphambili kakhulu emkhakheni wezinto eziphilayo - kuba i-biotechnology, Bioengineering ne-genetic engineering. Umsebenzi ngamunye wabo ihloselwe ukunikeza eziphilayo noma amaqembu eziphilayo ne izakhiwo elinqunyiwe, indoda Ukugunda. On the ekuthuthukiseni izindlela ezintsha zokusebenzisa amagciwane, ukuthola inzuzo egcwele ukusebenzisa amagciwane.

Ngakho, izigaba yentuthuko yamagciwane nakuba bembalwa ngesibalo, kodwa ngolwazi futhi egcwele izenzakalo.

Izindlela sokutadisha nezilwanyana ezincane

izindlela zesimanje yamagciwane zisekelwe ukusebenza amasiko okumsulwa, kanye ngokusebenzisa yakamuva ubuchwepheshe kwentuthuko (optical, electronic, laser, njll). Nazi ayinhloko.

1. Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe encanyana. Ngokuvamile, nangezibonakhulu ukukhanya kuphela yi umnyuziki alinikwa, kuyakuba njalo luminescence, laser nawe-elekthronikhi.
2. Izitshalo zama-bacterium kwimidiya ekhethekile izakhi ukuze culturing futhi ukuzalela amasiko okumsulwa ngokuphelele amakoloni.
3. Bokuphila-kwamakhemikhali izindlela ukuhlaziywa isiko amagciwane abe nenkani.
4. Yamamolekhula izindlela ukuhlaziywa kwezinto eziphilayo.
5. amasu ukuhlaziywa kwezakhi zofuzo. Kuze kube manje, sekungenzeka umkhondo ziyizizukulwane zika-cishe wonke amaqembu evulekile nezilwanyana ezincane. Lokhu kwenziwa Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba umsebenzi Carl Woese, owakwazi wokufunda isayithi zofuzo zama-bacterium amakoloni. Nale okwatholakala kwakhiwa uhlelo phylogenetic prokaryotic.

Ithathwe ndawonye, lezi zindlela ukwaziswa okugcwele nokubeka enemininingwane mayelana nanoma yisiphi kwala magciwane asanda kuvulwa noma isivuliwe kakade futhi uthole isicelo ngendlela efanele.

Microbiology izigaba ukuthi isidlulile sokugcwaliseka kwaso njengoba isayensi akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi zihlanganisa isethi baphane futhi olunembile izindlela. Nokho, kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ephumelela kunazo ngaso sonke isikhathi kuyindlela zokuhlola, wakhonza njengephayona ngesisekelo ekuqongeleleni ulwazi namakhono njengendlela ukusebenza microcosm.

Microbiology kwezokwelapha

Enye yezindlela ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi okuphawulekayo ngayo impilo yabantu microbiology microbiology yezokwelapha ukwahlukanisa. Isihloko cwaningo kwaba amagciwane abangela izifo namagciwane adala izifo ezinzima. Ngakho-ke, inselele odokotela, microbiologists: ukuhlonza lwegciwane, ukuhlakulela umugqa elizungezile kuhlanzekile, ukutadisha izici zokuphila futhi izizathu ukuthi ziyingozi umzimba womuntu, futhi ukuthola indlela ukuqeda lo msebenzi.

Uma isiko oluhlanzekile pathogen etholwe, kubalulekile ukuqhuba kokuhlaziya yamangqamuzana begazi. Ngokusekelwe imiphumela ukuhlola ukumelana lomzimba antibiotic, ukukhomba ukubhebhetheka kwalesi sifo futhi ukukhetha ukwelashwa okuphumelelayo kakhulu ngokumelene lokhu silwanyana.

Lokho-microbiology zempilo, ezihlanganisa wezilwane, wasiza ukuxazulula izinkinga eziningana esiphuthumayo lwesintu: ukudala wokugoma ngokumelene umbendeni, amarabi, ubuso Equine, imvu Pox, anaerobic izifo, tularemia nomkhuhlane neparatyphoid ebangelwa, kwakunokwenzeka ukuqeda inhlupho kanye parapnevmonii nokunye.

Ukudla microbiology

Kubaluleka yamagciwane, ukukhucululwa kwendle nenhlanzeko yiwona asondelene esihlobene futhi bonke bamunye. Ngenxa Amagciwane ungasabalalisa isheshe futhi ngokwezinga elikhulu lapho ukukhucululwa kwendle nenhlanzeko izimo zingezinhle. Ngokuyinhloko, lokhu kubonakala endaweni yokudla, e ekukhiqizweni kokudla.

idatha yamanje phezu morphology futhi physiology ezincane, izinqubo kwamakhemikhali kubangelwa kubo, kanye nethonya yizici zemvelo phezu microflora asathuthuka ukudla ngesikhathi zokuthutha, isitoreji, ukudayiswa kanye processing of izinto zokusetshenziswa, ekugwemeni izinkinga eziningi. Indima nezilwanyana ezincane inqubo kwetinhlavu kanye ushintsho izinga ukudla ukuvela eziningi izifo ezibangwa zinhlobo pathogenic futhi ezingena ngentuba, kubaluleke kakhulu, futhi ngenxa yalokho umsebenzi ukudla microbiology, ukukhucululwa kwendle nenhlanzeko indima ukuhlonza aphendukele inzuzo yomuntu.

Ukudla microbiology futhi uhlakulela lwegciwane olukwazi ukushintsha kusuka amaprotheni namafutha, isebenzisa nezilwanyana ezincane ukubola ukudla, ukwelapha imikhiqizo eminingi ukudla. Ukuvutshelwa izinqubo ngokusekelwe acidosis acid kanye icwecwe amagciwane isintu eziningi imikhiqizo ezidingekayo.

Virology

ahlukene ngokuphelele, futhi iqembu elikhulu ezincane, okuyinto kude waqonda kakhulu kabi - kungcono amagciwane. Microbiology futhi Virology - izigaba ezimbili eduze ezihlobene wesayensi microbiological, okuyinto ukufunda namagciwane abangela izifo futhi amagciwane ukuthi ungase udale umonakalo omkhulu empilweni eziphilayo.

Virology sigaba ebanzi kakhulu futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngakho-ke, ifanelwe cwaningo ehlukile.