Rocket inhlekelele: TOP-10. Missile kakhulu akuphumelelanga oluqalisa emlandweni Astronautics

Ngekhulu XX, isintu siye sazama ukuba siqhubekele phambili kuzo lokhu ukwedlula e wonke umlando waso. Yasungulwa ngemoto nesitimela, ugesi ovulekile futhi ngamandla enuzi, umuntu wakhumula wawela umgoqo umsindo, owasungula le khompyutha, iselula kanye nezinye izinto ezimangalisayo. Nokho, impumelelo eyinhloko abantu kubhekwa spacewalk. Ngemva indiza Yu A. gagarina, entsha isayensi -. Ukuhlola umkhathi.

Nokho, ukuphila idinga inkokhelo ukuze zonke. Futhi Space akuyona ngaphandle. Ukuze adalule izimfihlo yonke amakhulu namadoda abanesibindi bafaka ukuphila kwabo engozini. Ngemva kwaleyo ngozi asehlele missile ezokuthutha ungahlukaniswa ngokuvamile njengenkulumo sina.

Okunikelwe ukunakwa kwakho indaba. Bona abonise ezinye ingozi rocket (TOP), kucatshangwa ukuthi loudest e wonke umlando ukuhlola umkhathi.

Ukulahlekelwa isikhala. Boris Volynov

Indaba mayelana edume kunazo rocket ingozi (TOP) ukuqala ngalesi sehlakalo. Kwaba Januwari 18, 1969. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa nje ngaphambili, sathola docking kuqala ngempumelelo "Soyuz-4" futhi "Soyuz-5". Amatilosi "Soyuz-4" ibuyise kakade. Boris Volynov kwakudingeka ngehle eyodwa.

Kuze mzuzu Ukukhipha kwaba imizuzu embalwa nje. Kube ta - shot off Pyrocartridges Uzalo gumbi engangikulo. Kungazelelwe umnyango uyangena, efana isihlalo somusa ikani ithini. Uzalo Lohleliwe yaphenduka ukuwa esingahlelekile.

Ngemuva kwemizuzu engu-10, nokuholele mkhathi waqala nemiyalezo sizungeziswe. Futhi ngalesi sikhathi ... Volynov wanquma ukuqhuba Ukusabalala bukhoma kwenzekani. Kungase kudingeke zezinkanyezi, bamlandela. Njalo ngemuva kwemizuzu engama-15, ushone emhlabathini ukufundwa, wonke amabutho uzama ngandlela-thile nomthelela isimo.

Ngezinye 90 km kusuka Umhlaba kabusha entry capsule bathinteka umkhumbi main. Yena ngiyilahle wezimpahla ngokweqile kanye ... zishiswe. Ikhamera aqala ukugcwala umusi. Ngezinye 10 km i-parachute livuliwe, kodwa imigqa yakhe waqala ukusonta. Ekugcineni, lokhu kuholele ukusonga yayo. Kodwa yokugcina akwenzekanga. Isipina bacondze etindzaweni letehlukene, idivayisi iseduze phansi.

elithambile kokwehla injini umthwalo nge ukubambezeleka. Igalelo sasinamandla kangangokuthi i waphuka astronaut imisuka amazinyo engenhla.

Boris Volynov ifike ne hhayi kuze kube sekupheleni, ukuvulwa ngokusemthethweni parachute, zonke eshayiwe, kodwa uyaphila.

nesiqalo esibi. "Soyuz-18"

Kwakungu-April 5, 1975. "Soyuz-18" waqala okukhulu lolu suku ngoba befikile ne "Salyut-4" esiteshini esemkhathini. Ebhanoyini kwakukhona umshayeli-Cosmonauts uVladimir Lazarev futhi Oleg Makarov.

njalo yesigemegeme zikhali zaseSoviet wajaha isayensi. Ezichazwe ngezansi - iyathinteka.

Inkinga yaqala kakade yesibili 289th we indiza, iqembu lapho kwadingeka yenziwe ukuba injini livaleke-off esigabeni sesibili. Ngenxa zokugwema ukuphuka isingathwe parallel edluliselwe yokusetha kabusha umyalo umsila ingxenye esigabeni sesithathu.

Ukwephula ngokwahlukana inqubo izinyathelo ezaholela ukujikeleza. Ngezinye 295 amasekhondi angu-ke okwaholela "Crash" ithimba. Lo mkhumbi lihlukaniswe wehlela. Phakathi ingozi uhlelo lokulawula Uzalo ilahlekelwe orientation emkhathini. Ngamafuphi nje, ngaqala ukudida phezulu futhi phansi, okwaholela ukudlula imiyalo eminingi engalungile. Ikakhulukazi, esikhundleni ekunciphiseni ukuminyana kulandele ukwanda yayo kuze kube 21.3 g okusongela ukuphila komuntu. Lokhu kwenzeka naphezu kokuba iqiniso lokuthi sindisa esiphezulu ejimini kwaba 15 g.

Nge osomkhathi waqala kwenzeke izinto ezimbi. Qala umbono zinyamalale. Ekuqaleni kwaba omnyama nomhlophe, wabe eseba emincane. Ngokwe-izincomo odokotela osomkhathi wazama ukuthethisa kakhulu. Nokho, umsindo wabo kwaba okufanayo kangako abantu. Nokho, wahlala isikhathi esifushane. Ngemva kwemizuzu embalwa bethandazile waqala wehlise ukuminyana. Parachute uhlelo yenziwe, futhi umshini ukhuphuka emthambekeni omunye Altai ezintabeni.

Missile "R-16". Disaster Mitrofan Nedelina

Nakuba ukuphahlazeka namarokhethi at Baikonur ayembalwa, ngoba spaceport lesiRotuma. Kwezinsizakalo 24 Okthoba, 1960 wacabangela inhlekelele embi kunazo zonke emlandweni Astronautics.

Ngalolo suku, ngesikhathi Ukwethulwa kwesayithi babe №41 umsebenzi belungiselela kwethulwa i missile InterContinental "R-16" umklami uMichael Yangelya. Ngemva refueling ephelele Ochwepheshe baye bathola iphutha ezishintshayo injini. Ezimweni ezinjalo zidinga nhlobo uphethiloli rocket, futhi kuphela emva kwalokho ukuqala inkinga. Nokho, lokhu kuzobambezela isikhathi missile qalisa, okuyinto ngabe kwaholela ekutheni izikhulu zibonise "intambo yefilakisi" kusuka kuhulumeni.

Ukuze ugweme izinkinga ezifana, Marshal M. I. Nedelin ngaphambilini ukulungisa inkinga rocket esezingomakad 'ebona. Said - kwenziwe. Akekho Kulindeleke rocket iwe, ngengozi yokuhamba noma into efana naleyo. Into wanamathela inqwaba Ochwepheshe. Sam Marshall Ubuke ngentuthuko yomsebenzi, ehlezi khona esitulweni nedlanzana amamitha ambalwa ukusuka emzimbeni missile. Le nhlekelele Namanje hhayi kulindeleke.

Nokho, konke kwahamba kahle ngaphambi nje kokuba isimemezelo isexwayiso angu-30. On the kushintshiwe Automation iyunithi is nginomdlandla. Kungazelelwe ukulayisha injini esigabeni sesibili. Kusukela ukuphakama wavele jet enamandla wokushisa igesi. Abantu abaningi, kuhlanganise ngedwa, Marshal Mitrofan Nedelin, umbani abulawe. Abanye abasebenza rassypnuju baphuthuma. Nokho, kwakunzima ukubaleka: befaka inombolo yokwakhiwa ngocingo oluhlabayo uvele zingangentaba. abantu Esihogweni Somlilo iyasha, kusale kuphela lamatshwayo izibalo, izingcezu angqongqa ibhande buckles elicibilikile yebo.

Kukholakala ukuthi le ngozi kwashona abantu abangu-92 kwalimala abangu-50. On Marshal M. Nedelina atholakala kuphela inkanyezi "Hero kweSoviet Union." Umklami Michael Yangel ngesikhathi kwenzeka ingozi iyiswe ukuphepha kwayo le ndlu, okuyinto kwasindisa ukuphila kwakhe.

Ukufa "Union-11"

Leli cala kufakwe ohlwini "Rocket inhlekelele: TOP-10", ngakho akunakwenzeka ukuba ushaye sengathi awuboni.

Ezichazwe ngezansi iyona nhlekelele senzeka-June 30, 1971. Ngalolu suku, le osomkhathi G. Dobrovolsky, volkov futhi V abafana, wasebenza ebhodini esiteshini esemkhathini "Salyut-1" izinsuku 23, wabuyela emhlabathini. Ophezulu on izihlalo zabo futhi amabhande ukuphepha ziboshelwa, baqala ukuhlola nokusebenza kwezimiso ugibelile. kwakungekho ukuphambuka kutholwa.

Ngo emkhathini woMhlaba, "Union-11" Uzalo module afakwe isikhathi elilinganisiwe. Ukudalula parachute udonsa 9 km ebusweni, kodwa ukuxhumana crew akazange aphume. Radio antenna, ithungwe endwayimaneni yakhe, ngokuvamile wenqaba lokubikezela, ngakho MCC engaqaphile. enkingeni enjalo ngokuvamile ephelezelwa enhlekeleleni Soviet rocket, kodwa kwakungeyona ebulalayo. 2 amaminithi ngemuva kokufika kuya pod yokuphunyuka abantu bagijimela. Ngezinye kungqongqoza odongeni yayingekho impendulo. Ivula umnyango, bathola kwakungekho zimpawu zokuphila zezinkanyezi. Ngokushesha basuka baqala yokusiza umuntu ukuba aphefumule. Imizamo ngivuselele nezisebenzi baqhubeka isikhathi esingaphezu kwehora, kodwa imiphumela ungazange ayithelanga - babulawa i-zezinkanyezi.

Kuvele Uphenyo luveze ukuthi ukufa kwezingane zethu kwaba umphumela ukuvulwa okungagunyaziwe omunye eshisayo emoyeni, ogama msebenzi kwakumelwe kube nokulingana umfutho womoya ngaphakathi module ekwehleleni. Yena nemiyalezo wavula endaweni engamamitha angaba ngu-150 km. Air ushiye gumbi imizuzwana embalwa.

Isikhundla izidumbu zezinkanyezi eveza khona imizamo yokuthola futhi ukuqeda le nkinga. Kodwa kule nkungu, ukugcwalisa gumbi emva depressurization, kwakunzima ukwenza. Lapho G. Dobrovolsky (ku nenye idatha, B. Patsaev) uthole umphini ovulekile futhi wazama ukuyivala, wavele akabanga nesikhathi esanele. Zonke emoyeni isivele out.

"Soyuz-1". Ukufa uVladimir Komarov

Njalo inhlekelele imicibisholo eSoviet Union kwaqhubeka ngesisindo esifanayo. Nakhu esinye isibonelo.

"Soyuz-1" léthulwa Ngobusuku buka-April 23, 1967. Ngakusasa ekuseni wonke amaphephandaba zaseSoviet Union ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa bakubika Amakhasi phambi, okuwenza aqondane, ngaphezu ulwazi, izithombe Cosmonaut uVladimir Komarov. Ngakusasa reappeared endaweni efanayo, kodwa yembethe Uhlaka ukulila - Cosmonaut wafa.

Ukudlondlobala "Soyuz-1" uye ayibangelwa libalahla. Sokuqalisa waletha umkhumbi ku-orbit ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Baqala kamuva. ukuvulwa Akuphelele isipele telemetry uhlelo antenna kanye nokwenqaba uhlelo izinkanyezi orientation sasisincane kunazo zonke zazo. Awuvulanga yesibili solar panel - lokho lapho inkathazo. Ukuzama Orient iphaneli yokusebenza on the Sun akuphumelelanga, sekulinganisa iphukile. Lo mkhumbi aqala ukuphelelwa amandla, okuyinto wasongela ukubhujiswa kwalo. Kodwa ngesandla Komarov ingaziqondisa umkhumbi ukushiya emzileni bese uqale zokutshala.

Enye ingozi e-9.5 km kusuka emhlabathini, lapho inzwa usiyale ukukhulula parachute. I "Soyuz-1" ezintathu kubo: the qeda, wazihlephula, eziyisisekelo. Abokuqala ababili baphuma ngempumelelo, eyesithathu kwakungu simile. I module Uzalo waqala ngesivinini esikhulu. I-astronaut unqume kusebenze parachute Reserve. Waphuma enhle, kodwa lona ukudalulwa izitilobho yayo laqina uyahlanganyela ukubopha. Futhi ukucisha Dome.

Komarov wabulawa kweso. Kusukela module umthelela ushiye isigamu imitha walihlanganisa nomhlabathi phansi. Kwavela umlilo ucime ngokushesha, ngakho wangcwatshwa odongeni ezibiyele kwadingeka kuphela izinsalela angqongqa we-astronaut.

Ukuwa kwe-rocket at Plesetsk

April 23, 2015 abezindaba Russian kanye angaphandle Izitolo ayeshesha ukubika ukwethulwa kuhlulekile i rocket zokuhlola. Kufanele kuqashelwe, emaphephandabeni Western amazwi anjengokuthi "enye inhlekelele" "rocket ukuqhuma", "Plesetsk" Sike sabhekana nezingqinamba ngesikhathi imiyalezo. Nokho, bayikhohlwa into ebalulekile. Izingozi ezicitshwayo eRussia akuyona njengoba njalo njengoba e-USSR. Ngakho kwenzekani?

Ngokwe-Russian uhulumeni cindezela inkonzo Arkhangelsk esifundeni, wethulwa kusukela cosmodrome ka Plesetsk rocket zokuhlola itholwe 7 km kusuka pad qalisa. Njengoba kwabika i-services ezikhethekile, yesehlakalo ezithathwe ukuthuthukiswa yokuvivinya Ochwepheshe. Usongo lwezigebengu imizana eseduze entulekayo.

Lo rocket yasetshenziselwa ukubonisa emzileni satellite, ifakwe yokulinganisa imishini. Umyalo Missile Amandla ka amasu wawuthi lutho kulesi sigameko kungaqali futhi akazi lutho. Ngemva eziningi okutholakele-yabe seyaziwa ukuthi divayisi eka omunye amabhizinisi embonini yezokuvikela, ikakhulukazi isitshalo, okuyinto ukwakha, "yars" imicibisholo kanye "Topol". Ngakho we ezintathu njalo uzwakalise ngamagama anjengathi "nenhlekelele", "rocket ukuqhuma", "Plesetsk", ungakwazi kuphela ibhekwe kweqiniso muva.

Ukufa ngaphambi kokuqala. "Apollo 1"

It kuvela ukuthi kweminsalo iphahlazeke ekuqaleni nokujaha hhayi kuphela hlelo Soviet isikhala. Ezichazwe ngezansi indaba empeleni kwakungafanele athethwe kuze kube sekupheleni okunjalo, nokho hhayi rocket yagcwala ukubonga.

Igama elithi "Apollo 1» (Apollo-1) babelwa ex okuthunyelwe empeleni waba ukwethulwa kuhlulekile lika-Apholo kanye rocket Saturn IBA204. Kwaba ukuba ngendiza yokuqala bavimba imigwaqo. kuhlelwe yakhe ngoFebhuwari 21, 1967. Nokho, ngo-January 27 ngesikhathi ukuhlolwa phansi 34 kwethulwa eziyinkimbinkimbi emkhunjini kwaba khona umlilo omkhulu, ngenxa okuyinto wonke iqembu V Grissom, White no E. R. Chaffee wafa.

Njengoba isimo Apollo uchungechunge imikhumbi-mpilo okuhlanzekile kwamiswa akhishwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi encishisiwe. Ukusetshenziswa Its uye wakwenza hhayi kuphela kulondoloza isisindo, kodwa futhi nekhono ukuphungula isimiso esisekela ukuphila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lula ukusebenza spacewalk, ngoba kwendiza gumbi ingcindezi kwadingeka ukuba atm 0.3 kuphela. Nokho, emhlabathini izimo ezinjalo awukwazi kabusha, ngakho-mpilo okumsulwa Umfutho.

Ngaleso sikhathi, izazi wayengazi ukuthi ezinye izinto uma kusetshenziselwa umoya-mpilo kukhona oluvuthayo. Esinye sazo kwakungu-fastener-zip. Esimweni-mpilo sekuyinto umthombo izinhlansi eziningi. Kulokhu, umlilo kungaba okwanele futhi omunye.

Umlilo lasakazekela imizuzwana embalwa umkhumbi, kokulimaza spacesuits osomkhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi akazange avumele iqembu ngokushesha ukuvula dweba. Ngokwe-Commission, i-osomkhathi kwabulawa emva yesine ngomzuzu ngemuva ukubonakala inhlansi.

Ngemva kokuba umlilo, uhlelo andize limiswe, kanye 34 kwethulwa eziyinkimbinkimbi adiliza. On ezilinganisweni zawo ezimisiweyo uqweqwe.

A umsebenzi kuhlulekile "Apollo 13"

A umsebenzi kuhlulekile "Apollo 13" mkhathi (Apollo-13) futhi ingxenye ukuphahlazeka rocket. TOP asikwazi ukukwenza ngaphandle kwalo. Indaba yakhe akukhona ungcono noma kukubi kakhulu ukwedlula owedlule futhi okwalandela. Vele, kwehlukile.

Space Shuttle "Apollo 13" wasuka ebusweni Zomhlaba Apreli 11, 1970, ukuletha lamabutho abantu enyangeni. Kwakuthinta okuzoqondiswa by Dzhim Lovell (ukaputeni), Fred Heyz noJohane Suaygeyt. izinsuku ezimbili indiza lidlule evamile. Konke lokhu kwaqala ngo-April 13. Nokho nemini isiyadlula. It uhlala kuphela ukuxuba fuel ukuze uthole izinsalela zayo. Bese ...

Ekuqaleni kwakukhona bang elikhulu, ngemva kwalokho umkhumbi ishanelwe ukuvunguza yangempela. Kwatholakala ukuthi uzobenza bonakale omunye amathangi yomoya-mpilo engasetshenziswa ketshezi. Kuyi-dashboard isixwayiso ukukhanya steel. Through the obukhulu ingilazi ifasitela lomkhumbi noma lebhanoyi osomkhathi wabona kusuka module isevisi evulekile ine indiza kakhulu igesi. Kwatholakala ukuthi ukuqhuma wabhubhisa ngokuphelele oxygen tank lokuqala baphinde balimaza yesibili. Naphezu kwayo yonke imizamo, kwakungenakwenzeka ukuba silungise umonakalo. Ngokushesha umkhumbi wasala ngaphandle kwamanzi, ugesi kanye nomoya-mpilo. Khona-ke "afa" chemical amabhethri ukufakwa module umyalo. Ukuze welule isikhathi xaxa, kwanqunywa ukuba ukuthutha ku module enqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga. Kodwa Yini elandelayo?

MCC ikhanda American Dzhin Krants isinqumo ukunweba "Apollo", usebenzisa amandla Luhambo zenyanga. I osomkhathi kuhlanganisiwe kwenyanga module injini, kodwa umkhumbi waqala ukujikisa. Kwasithatha amahora amabili kuya Jim Lovell, ukuze sifunde ukushayela umkhumbi izimo ezintsha futhi ukuqondisa ke indlela okuyiyona yona. Overflights of the Moon, "Apollo 13" baphuthuma Earth.

Ngemva nginazo, osomkhathi lifile, yanqamula phansi yalendawo. Three zabuyela ekhaya zikhathele, beqhaqhazela kanye zange alale umuntu.

Disaster "Challenger"

In the 80s of esidlule Disaster ekhulwini isikhala namarokhethi wajaha Astronautics Melika. Esinye isibonelo kuchaziwe ngezansi.

kwenzeka le nhlekelele Januwari 28, 1986. Ngalolu suku, abaningi ababebuthene Ukwethulwa kwesayithi Cape Canaveral, e-Florida (USA), asikwazanga ukubona nakusolwa esibhakabhakeni orange futhi Fireball emhlophe. Kwakubonakala ngemuva kwemizuzwana 73 ngemuva kokuqala, ngenxa yokuntuleka yobunzima we iraba ukubekwa uphawu phezu accelerators okuqinile yamila mkhathi "Challenger". I-American Uhlelo isikhala ilahlekelwe Francis Scobee, Michael Smith, uRonald McNair, Ellison Onizuka, Gregori Dzharvisa futhi Kristi Makoliff. Lesi sakamuva kwakungelona astronaut professional - wasebenza njengomfundisi esikoleni samabanga aphakeme, i-Lenema. Wawuhlanganisiwe iqembu ngesikhathi ekufuna ka uRonald Reagan.

Ngobusuku bangaphambi kokuqala emoyeni e-Florida selehlile -27 ° C. Zonke endaweni, kuhlanganise sikebhe omkhumbi, iced. Qala kufanele zihlehlise, ikakhulukazi njengoba waxwayisa omunye onjiniyela of Rockwell, unesibopho ekuqaleni. Nokho, wayesho azibalalelanga. Lo mkhumbi bephikelela alwa kwaze kwaba sekufeni.

Ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-16 ngemva kokuqala Shuttle wenziwa Ukujikeleza ngomusa futhi ubheke emkhathini ngaphandle. Kungazelelwe, phakathi phansi umkhumbi nophethiloli ethangini layo uvele siyafiliza ukukhanya. Esiyingqopha kamuva, uchungechunge ukuqhuma. Lo mkhumbi bagqekeza izicucu futhi yawela emanzini. Zonke the osomkhathi babulawa ngokuphazima kweso.

Amazwi athi "Challenger", "missile", "inhlekelele" uchaza okwenzeka amaphephandaba American. Nation uyalila. Ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo isikhala owamiswa iminyaka emithathu. Nokho, it ngokuphelele namanje ayivaliwe.

Ukufa "Columbia"

Nenhlekelele "Columbia» (Columbia) ubhekwa izenzakalo eziphawulekayo kunazo emlandweni Astronautics. Kwenzeka-February 1, 2003. It is ezihambisana hhayi kuphela inani lababuleweyo ngesikhathi esifanayo lo osomkhathi, kodwa futhi ithonya ukuthi bafakela on ukuthuthukisa isikhala isayensi.

Qala "Columbia" lihlehliselwe izikhathi eziningana. Uhambo lokuqala luzoba Kwakuhlelwe Meyi 11, 2000. Kwake kwaba nesikhathi lapho waxoshwa isheduli jikelele, kodwa US Congress wangenela. Yiqiniso, indiza ezenzeka ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwemibili.

Ngakho qala. Emkhunjini akhwela umkhuzi Rick Douglas Umyeni, Pilot William C. McCool, Ochwepheshe uDavid M. Brown, Kalpana Chawla, uMichael F. Anderson, Laurell B. Clark kanye astronaut Israeli Illan URamon. Ngiqala ukuqopha amakhamera eziningana ithelevishini. Lezi izinyathelo ukusiza ukucabangela ngokugcwele lokuchezuka ezihlukahlukene uma sezenzekile. Kuyinto ngosizo lwabo, 82 imizuzwana we zendiza, sabhalwa into encane elikhanyayo, hit iphiko kwesokunxele Shuttle. Kamuva kwathi kwaba ucezu Foam ukuthi hit kophiko lwesokunxele elingaphansi emkhunjini Ngamshaya isigamu-imitha imbobo. NASA olwenziwa sekusetshenziswa akalushongo engaba ezimbi, ngakho indiza baqhubeka.

Uphawu Okokuqala ngaphawula ngesikhathi kokufika aqondisa 16 h 59 imiz, Washington. ukufundwa okungavamile nokucindezelwa izinzwa zonke waphawula. Ukwehluleka kusolwa ukukhulumisana akukuhle. Kodwa ngalesi sikhathi waqala ukubhujiswa sikebhe lomkhumbi. Yena sikhuntile nibe yizicucwana esikhathini esingaphansi komzuzu. Zonke osomkhathi abulawa.

Izinhlekelele eziningi imfihlakalo missile ezingazange declassified. Lapho evulekile - alaziwa. Kodwa into niyamazi. Ingabe uyayithanda?