Radar - ke ... Incazelo, izinhlobo, yokusebenza isimiso. radar

Radar - iqoqo izindlela zesayensi kanye izindlela kulo abakhonza sokunquma umsuka kanye nezici into esebenzisa namagagasi omsakazo. Lesi sikhungo yokuhlola uvame ukubizwa yisigcibisholo radar (noma target).

radar isimiso

Radio imishini futhi izindlela ezihloselwe ukwenza radar imisebenzi abizwa ngokuthi radar izinhlelo, noma amadivaysi (radar noma RLN). Kubaluleka radar esekelwe imihlola elandelayo ngokomzimba futhi izakhiwo:

• I radio wave esiphelweni imvelo, uhlangabezana izinto nge izakhiwo ezahlukene kagesi, bahlakazekile kubo. Wave kubonakala ukhatshana lelitshe (noma ukukhanya ayo), ivumela uhlelo radar ukuthola ukuhlonza target.
• Ngezinye amabanga ezinkulu Lokusakaza ezithathwe ngokuqondile ngesivinini njalo endaweni eyaziwa. Lokhu kucatshangwa kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukukala ibanga elitsheni futhi izixhumanisi yayo emincane (ngokuhlukahluka okuthile kweminye iphutha).
• Ngesisekelo nomphumela Doppler, imvamisa we wathola kubonakala isignali kubalwa Isivinini osabalalayo iphuzu emisebeni engenamandla RLN.

Imininingwane zomlando

On the amagagasi omsakazo ikhono dudula waveza physics omkhulu H. Hertz futhi Russian unjiniyela kagesi NJENGOBA Popov ngasekupheleni XIX leminyaka. Ngokwe-patent kusukela 1904, radar lokuqala ukusetha i-engineer German Karl Hyulmayer. Idivayisi, anibizela telemobiloskopom, wasebenzisa ngemikhumbi, bamhlohla Rhine. Mayelana ukuthuthukiswa izindiza ubunjiniyela ukusetshenziswa radar obukeka wethembisa kakhulu njengoba isici ukuzivikela. Ucwaningo e kule ndawo kwakukhona Ochwepheshe ehola emazweni amaningi.

Ngo-1932, izimiso eziyisisekelo ze-radar ezichazwe yakhe umcwaningi imibhalo Leningrad Isikhungo Electrophysics (Leningrad Electrophysical Institute) Pavel Kondratevich Oschepkov. Б.К. Anakho futhi, ngekubambisana nozakwethu BK Shembel futhi VV Tsimbalinym ehlobo lika-1934 eboniswa radar sibonelo, ilitshe itholakala endaweni engamamitha 150 m nge ibanga m 600. Emsebenzini elingezelelako ngcono radar ukukhulisa uhla imisebenzi yabo futhi ukunemba ekutholeni indawo target.

izinhlobo radar

Umhlobo kagesi Okuqondiwe emisebeni kusikisela izinhlobo eziningana radar:

• A radar yokwenziwa ihlola emisebeni eziwumgogodla (ezishisayo, kagesi nokunye okunjalo), okudala target (kweminsalo, izindiza, isikhala izinto).
• Ngezenzo kwenziwe nge impendulo ekhuthele, uma into ifakwe Lidlulisela ayo kanye nokuxhumana nabo lwenzeka algorithm "isicelo - impendulo".
• Active impendulo yokwenziwa kuhilela ekutadisheni yesibili (kubonakala) umsakazo. Radar kulokhu siqukethe Transmitter kanye myalezo.
• radar Semi-asebenzayo - icala ekhethekile asebenzayo, icala lapho kubonakala emisebeni umtshina itholakala radars (ezicitshwayo isb, isici kwesakhiwo homing).

Uhlobo ngalunye kunezinzuzo esingokwemvelo kanye nobubi obuthile.

Izindlela zokusebenza nemishini

Zonke izikhungo radar indlela esetshenziswa ukwabelana radar emisebeni okuqhubekayo kanye pulsed.

Owokuqala uqukethe ukubunjwa yayo Lidlulisela futhi isamukeli emisebeni esebenza kanyekanye futhi ngokuqhubekayo. Ngokwalesi simiso, amadivaysi radar lokuqala zidaliwe. Isibonelo isimiso esinjalo ongakhonza radioaltimetr (kudivayisi zezindiza inquma kokukhipha izindiza ebusweni phansi) noma yibo bonke abashayeli radar sokunquma umkhawulo ijubane le moto.

Lapho ishayela indlela amandla kagesi ikhishwa wukukhanya e pulses lemfishane microseconds ambalwa. Ngemva odala isiteshi isignali isebenza kuphela reception. Ngemva lokuqoqa nokubhalisa kubonakala radar radiowaves okuhambisa ishayela ezintsha kanye emijikelezweni aphindaphindwe.

Radar izindlela

Kukhona izindlela ezimbili eziyisisekelo ukusebenza iziteshi radar kanye namadivayisi. Umsuka - kuthwetshulwa isikhala. It wenziwa ngokuqinile ngokuvumelana nesimiso kusengaphambili. Kusahlaziywa ezilandelanayo ezihambayo radar ugongolo bungabi isiyingi, Helical, oyindilinga, uhlamvu sectored. Ngokwesibonelo, amalungu afanayo antenna kungase ajikelezwe kancane kumbuthano (e azimuth) ngenkathi ukuskena ekuphakameni (Nyakazisa phezulu naphansi). Ngo parallel ukuskena ugongolo radar amashadi eyenziwa imisebe. Ngamunye uye umamukeli ayo ezenziwayo eziningi Imininingwane ukusakaza.

Imodi Ukulandelela kusho directivity njalo antenna ukuze kwento ekhethiwe. Ukuze sayo, ngokuhambisana trajectory ilitshe ezihambayo, usebenzisa ekhethekile ngokuzenzakalela ngomkhondo izinhlelo.

I-algorithm sokunquma ububanzi futhi isiqondiso

Ijubane Lokusakaza amagagasi kagesi emkhathini kuyinto ayizinkulungwane 300. Km / s. Ngakho-ke, uma wazi ukuthi isikhathi esichithwa isignali ukusakazela amboze ibanga kusuka esiteshini elitsheni futhi emuva, kulula ukubala ibanga into. Ukuze wenze lokhu kumelwe alobe ngokunembile isikhathi ukuthumela i-pulse kanye nesikhathi lapho kwemukelwa isignali kubonakala.

Ukuze uthole ukwaziswa on indawo target esetshenziswa Ukuvumelanisa radar. Ukunqunywa azimuth futhi ukuphakama (ekuphakameni noma kwendawo) into ekhiqizwa nge ewumngcingo antenna uvumelanise. radar Modern ukusetshenziselwa lokhu ikhishiwe afanayo antenna (PAR) uyakwazi ukusetha ugodo oluqondile, futhi elinesimo ngesivinini ngokushintshana. Ngokuvamile, isikhala ukuskena inqubo wenziwa imishayo okungenani ezimbili.

Amapharamitha eyinhloko izinhlelo

Kusukela izici Tactical futhi technical umshini owenza kuncike kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kanye nekhwalithi imisebenzi.

Ukuze Tactical radar izinkomba lilinganise:

• emkhakheni buka, kungagcini minimum futhi ububanzi esiphezulu target ukuthola, a azimuth engela evumelekile futhi ukuphakama engela.
• Ukulungiswa limile, azimuth, kokuphakama nesivinini (ikhono ukunquma kwemigomo Okuqondiwe eduze).
• ukunemba Ukumeda, okuyinto kukalwa khona emaphutheni amakhulu, ehlelekile noma okungahleliwe.
• Noise amasosha omzimba nokwethembeka.
• I degree of ezishintshayo ukubuyisa kanye sicubungula idatha Ukusakaza okungenayo imininingwane.

Elicacisiwe izici Tactical wabeka ngesikhathi ukuklama amadivaysi imingcele ethile yezobuchwepheshe, phakathi awo:

• yenethiwekhi imvamisa nokuguquguquka kwezwi of oscillations elakhiwe;
• amaphethini antenna;
• amandla okuxhunyanwa namadivayisi ethola;
• Ubukhulu nesisindo uhlelo.

Lisemsebenzini

Radar - iyithuluzi enemisebenzi esiye kabanzi wezempi sphere, isayensi kanye nomnotho. Ukusetshenziswa Kancani kancani ekwandiseni sibonga ukuthuthukiswa nokwenziwa ngcono lobuchwepheshe imishini nezilinganiso ubuchwepheshe.

Ukusetshenziswa radar emkhakheni empi engase ukuxazulula inkinga ebalulekile Ukubuyekeza kanye nokuqapha isikhala, ukuthola umoya, izwe namanzi Okuqondiwe ephathekayo. Ngaphandle radar akunakwenzeka ukucabanga imishini elikhonza ukwazisa izinhlelo navigation nokulawula kwezibhamu izinhlelo.

Military base radar siyingxenye ye isixwayiso amasu ka missile kuhlasela nekuhlanganisa missile ukuzivikela.

radioastronomy

Kuthunyelwe ngu- amaza omsakazo ebusweni bomhlaba futhi ziyabonakala kusuka izinto esikhaleni eduze futhi yangaphandle, kanye Emhlabeni uphela. izinto eziningi isikhala kwakungenakwenzeka ukuphenya ngokugcwele kuphela ukusetshenziswa amathuluzi okubona, futhi kuphela ukusetshenziswa amasu radar kwezokuhlolwa kwezinkanyezi nesayensi ayithelanga nokwaziswa mayelana bemvelo yabo kanye nesakhiwo. Ngokokuqala ngqá radar yokwenziwa lujula kwenyanga ibilokhu isetshenziswa izazi zezinkanyezi American and isiHungary ngo-1946. Emhlabeni esifanayo, wavuka umbhejazane wahambe kuthathwe kanye amasignali omsakazo emkhathini.

ngezibonakude zanamuhla ethola antenna has ukuma ngilugweda isitsha esikhulu eyindilinga (ufana nesibuko we kugqame optical). I emikhulu ububanzi, ubuthakathaka isignali antenna kungathatha. yerediyo ukusebenza iyinkimbinkimbi, ngokuhlanganisa amadivayisi hhayi kuphela etholakala eduze komunye nomunye, kodwa kukhona emazweni ahlukahlukene. Phakathi imisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yezinkanyezi yesimanje - ekutadisheni pulsars nemithala nge nuclei asebenzayo, ukutadisha medium interstellar.

izicelo civil

Kwezolimo namahlathi, amadivayisi radar kukhona esisemqoka ukuthola ulwazi ukusatshalaliswa kanye kwabantu afanayo isitshalo, ukutadisha isakhiwo, imingcele kanye nezinhlobo zenhlabathi, ukuthola esifike imililo. Ngo geography nokwakheka radar isetshenziswa ukwenza imisebenzi topographic futhi geomorphological, ukucacisa isakhiwo kanye nendlela okwakheke ngayo amadwala, thola enomkhiqizo wokumbiwa phansi. I Hydrology futhi Oceanography izindlela radar kuyaqashwa mfula eyinhloko yezwe, iqhwa, ukukwazi ugu.

Radar - iwumsizi elibalulekile ukuze ababikezeli bezulu. Radar kalula ukuthola isimo emkhathini at ibanga amashumi amakhilomitha, futhi phezu ukuhlaziywa kwe-data, izinguquko umhlahlo ezimweni sezulu kwezinye izindawo.

amathemba ukuthuthukiswa

Ukuze radar yesimanje kokuhlaziywa main umbandela iyona ratio kahle futhi izinga. Ukuphumelela libhekisela izici generalized Tactical futhi technical imishini. Ukudala radar ephelele - a ubunjiniyela eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi inkinga yesayensi-yomsebenzi osizayo, ingaphansi ukuqaliswa lapho kungenzeka kuphela ukusetshenziswa impumelelo yakamuva Electromechanics kanye electronics, informatics namandla wekhompyutha.

Ochwepheshe babikezela ukuthi esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, amayunithi main ukusebenza iziteshi amazinga ahlukahlukene oyinkimbinkimbi injongo abaqinile-kwisimo esisebenzayo (afanayo ikhishiwe) afanayo ikhishiwe, okuyinto isiginali analog kuya yedijithali. Ukuthuthukiswa kohlelo computer ngeke ngokuzenzakalelayo ngokugcwele ukuphathwa kanye imisebenzi eyisisekelo radar, ukuhlinzeka ekupheleni ikhasimende zihlolisisa isimo ngokwaziswa esikuthola.