Opilkobeton: libuyekeza abakhi. izindonga Monolithic opilkobetona

Le nto eyenziwe izingxenye ephephile, ehlanzekile yemvelo (opilkobetona Ukwakheka: isihlabathi, usimende, chips izinkuni). With okuqukethwe kwe-yamathebhu organic (chips), amabhlogo abanjalo kuhle umsindo iyavuleka ukusebenza ezingeni eliphansi conductivity ezishisayo. Ngu nemingcele yayo, le nto okuhambisana ngokugcwele ukhuni Ngakho inikeza microclimate izinga endaweni yokuhlala.

Ukwenza kusezandleni zakho

opilkobetona emabhuloki awukwazi kuphela ukuthola, kodwa futhi zangisiza ekwenzeni bebodwa, ukwenza lokhu okudingayo:

• yamathebhu organic ezifana izinkuni chips noma sawdust;
• alumina sulphate noma lime;
• Portland kuqinise M300;
• amanzi;
• Izithako amaminerali, okungukuthi, waterglass, i-calcium chloride, i-sodium sulfate futhi ammonium acid.

Opilkobeton ungabahlukanisa ukwakheka kanye nokulungiselela ubuchwepheshe, okuqukethwe izithasiselo amaminerali kanye binders. Ukuze kwandiswe amandla, esihlabathini evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu.

Ukukhiqizwa opilkobetona yenziwa ngokuvumelana isikimu ezilandelayo:

• uhlanganise pre-kulinganiswa inani isihlabathi, usimende, lime kanye yamathebhu;
• e isitsha ngamanzi ukuncibilikisa zonke izakhamzimba amaminerali ekhiqizwa;
• isixazululo olwahlelwa, ukuze ungeze ingxube lelungiselelwe owomile;
• lonke Ukwakheka is kahle exubile.

Kuyadingeka ukuba uqaphele ukuthi izingxenye ukulungele akumelwe sidilike esandleni sakho. Uma kwenzeka lokhu, kubalulekile ukuze ungeze binders futhi futhi bonke ngokuphelele. Solidification futhi eyenza lukhuni abaqeqeshiwe amayunithi uyephuza, ukuze esekhokha amandla okubhekana yabo, kufanele bathathe izinyanga ezimbalwa.

Njengomthetho, kungenzeka ukukhiqiza amatshe ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene eyenziwe kule nto. Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga ukuba kwetinhlobo letikhetsekile ukuthi abe phansi esikhiphekayo. Khona-ke bathulula izingqimba okulungiselelwe ngxube ngokuqhubekayo ohlangene, emva kokuphothulwa zonke ikhefu kudingekile ukuba uthele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhlogo kudingeka asuswe nabanye futhi wathumela kuJehowashi indawo engakutholi yelanga futhi umswakama, lapho ekugcineni zastynut futhi uzothola amandla adingekayo.

imithetho yokukhiqiza

Ukuze izinga opilkobeton, kudingeka alandele imithetho ethile:

1. Sawdust yengezwe amanzi ngemva kuphela lapho binders ngokuphelele exubile bese isihlabathi ngefomu ezomile. Futhi amanzi ageleza kuphela izingxenyana ezincane nge ngenkasa uphondo izimbobo ezincane.
2. Central kuya ukwengeza amanzi ubhekwa senani, kusukela yayo ukushoda ozokufunda kuzokusiza ziphangwe. Futhi uma isamba ngokweqile - omiswe bese ukuqina ngeke okungalungile.
3. Khona-ke udinga ukuhlola ikhwalithi ketshezi. Uma konke kwakwenziwa ngendlela efanele, kokucindezelwa entendeni okokusebenza angawi ngaphandle futhi bayokwenza nomswakama kalula.
4. Uma iphakethe esesindile ngokugcwele, ubuso bayo kumele kahle overwritten nxazonke usimende noma kakhonkolo. I formwork angasuswa emva kwezinsuku 5 izobanjelwa.
5. Ukuze bandise nokuphila izindonga le nto, ungakwazi ukushintsha usimende ngenxa ebhekene isitini.

izinga

Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokwakha, ezisetshenziswa for ukwakhiwa kwezindlu, phakathi kwawo ikakhulukazi ukwaba opilkobeton, okuyinto kunezinzuzo zako siqu esiyingqayizivele:

• lezi izinto zokusetshenziswa akunakubangelwa esigabeni ngokhonkolo engasindi;
• impahla kokuba ngokwanele ezinhle ezishisayo ukwahlukanisa izakhiwo;
• udonga kusuka amabhlogo ezinjalo 40 cm conductivity yayo ezishisayo kuqhathaniswa kalula ukuba isitini ukujiya udonga 1 m;
• umsindo ukwahlukanisa ukusebenza lingaphezulu kakhulu kwalokho ngokhonkolo standard;
• Lokhu kwaziswa libhekene ukumelana nesithwathwa, ukumelana umlilo futhi umhwamuko permeability (kungaba ukumelana okushisa 1100-1200 degree angaba ngu-2.5 amahora), yingakho kungokwalabo iqembu ejenti esha;
• imvelo;
• phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo ukhonkolo engasindi it has a conductivity aphansi kakhulu ezishisayo.

Zonke lezi zimfanelo ezinhle uye opilkobeton. Izibuyekezo abakhi abonisa ukuthi le nto iyatholakala nemibi, okuhlanganisa hygroscopicity. Amanzi ukumuncwa ngayo zivela 8 kuya ku-12%. Kodwa lokhu ethile kungenziwa mitigated. izindonga yangaphandle ngaphakathi akhiwe ngezitini bakudinga ngenye indlela ukwenza sekugcineni olungaphambili lwesonto, kanjalo ukuvikela izingange ukuwela umswakama ngokweqile.

Ngaphambi chips ukukhiqizwa opilkobetona ngempela kusetshenzwe amanzi oxosha izingoma okuyinto kuzonciphisa ukusebenza hygroscopic.

It kubhekwa njengento ebaluleke ngokuthi le nto kalula enikeziwe ngomshini, ngakho lapho kwakhiwa izindonga ngeke eziningi udoti.

ngezigaba

Njengazo zonke izinhlobo izinto zokwakha, opilkobeton amabhlogo kufanele athobele GOST 6133-99. Basuke ihlukaniswa ngokweminyaka nemingcele ezifana:

1. Ukusetshenziswa:

• senzelwe laying kwezindonga engaphakathi futhi yangaphandle;
• ukwahlukanisa izingxenye asetshenziswa kuphela ukwakhiwa ukwahlukanisa izindonga.

2. Ukuma:

• ozwakala - ngokusebenzisa izimbobo lapho akhiwa senqubo yokukhiqiza (lokhu kwenziwa ukuze anikeze edingekayo ukusebenza iyunithi);
• Ngokugcwele ukuzenzela izinto ngemizimba - noma oluncane izingxenye ukuthi awunayo i uyize yangaphakathi.

3. Ubukhulu:

• ngokuhambisana GOST ngenhla, laying izitini ezisezindongeni zingase babe izinhlangothi ezilandelayo: 288h138h138 mm 288h288h138 mm 290h190h188 mm 390h190h188 mm 90h190h188 mm 190h190h188 mm;
• usayizi oluhlukanisayo izingxenye: 390h90h188 mm 590h90h188 mm 190h90h188 mm.

Kungenzeka futhi ukukhiqizwa kwe amabhlogo nezinye Ubukhulu edingekayo.

izindleko

itshe Ngokhuni, ngokhuni noma ngamatshe, njengoba ibizwa opilkobeton, futhi impahla ngempela ezishibhile. Opilkobeton, intengo okuyinto ongaphakeme, ubhekwa ezingabizi kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinto. Ngokwesibonelo, omunye odongeni iyunithi elinganisa 390h190h188 mm ikhiqizwa isihlabathi nokuhlolwa emakethe cishe 23 ruble. Stone, onesifo izilinganiso zobukhulu efanayo, kodwa wenziwe opilkobetona, kuyoba eshibhile by 3-4 ruble, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kuba engasindi kakhulu futhi efudumele.

By the way, kungaba esikhundleni izitini 7 (izindleko eyodwa - 5-7 ruble). Kulula ukubala ukuthi udonga inhlanganisela sawdust nokhonkolo kuyoba izikhathi 2.5 engabizi kuka isitini. Ngamanye amazwi, ukwakha ibhokisi endlini 8 by 8 amamitha uzodinga izitini 20,000, umnikazi kuyodingeka bakhokhe ama-ruble ayizigidi 140 kuphela amatshe, esilinganayo ukukhokhela wokwakha masters kanye ne-ruble 40,000 ngoba isihlabathi usimende. Uma sisebenzisa opilkobeton, intengo izakhiwo ezinjalo ngeke isukela ruble 100 kuya kwezingu-150. Ngiyavuma, inzuzo eziphathekayo.

Ufana ezinye izinto opilkobeton: intengo ngalinye imitha cubic izitini kuyoba ephakeme ukwedlula izindleko cube ilahle block izikhathi 3, yemvelo itshe cube - izikhathi 2, ilahle block - ezikhathini 1,5.

yokukhiqiza ubuchwepheshe

Ukuze kahle ukulungiselela opilkobeton, inani kufanele kuqashelwe ngokuvumelana iresiphi. Zonke izithako zingathengwa yisiphi isitolo ngalesi sakhiwo. Ngesisekelo kukhona chips, shavings, sawdust noma iyiphi imfucuza kusuka ukhuni ukucutshungulwa amabhizinisi. Ukulungisa amatshe M20 emamaki kumelwe athathe 200 kg kasimende, 50 kg ngobumba lime, 500 kg yesihlabathi 200 kg sawdust.

izingxenye ngokwenza ukhuni amabhlogo kubalulekile ukuze ahlunge, futhi uma kudingekile, kuba eminye othulini. Ukuze sieving kudingeka ngesihlungo 10x10 mm. Khona-ke izithako ukulungele zihlale nosawoti ukususa umphumela omubi izidakamizwa okunoshukela ezakha yamathebhu izinkuni itshe usimende. Ezinjalo njengoba impregnation ukunikeza incombustible izakhiwo impahla kanye ukuvikela ukulimala kanti isikhunta bola. Ukuze kungenzeka ngalezi zinhloso esetshenziswa sodium sulphate, umcako, calcium chloride, aluminium, sodium, i-potassium noma amanzi ingilazi.

Opilkobeton nomkhombe, wacondza okuye kulandele kahle, okungcono in a semende noma kunoma iyiphi enye mixer ezifanayo, njengoba izandla ukusebenzisa kanzima ngokwanele. Bok yamathebhu ixubene usimende nesihlabathi, lime sengezwe ngemva (ngobumba) kanye futhi zonke inhlama kahle exubile. Khona-ke izingxenye ezincane udinga ukwengeza amanzi. Khona-ke kahle ukuxuba mass okuholela.

Ukuze ukwazi ukubona ukuthi noma cha ingxube usulungile, udinga ngawakhamela it esandleni sakho. Ingxube eqeda kungenziwa kubhekwe njengento ihlule nokunwebeka ngaphandle umswakama ngokweqile. Isisindo ukulungele kufanele enwetshiwe ngokuvumelana amafomu kanye ngokucophelela ohlangene emoyeni ngokweqile waphuma ngokuphelele. Lokhu konke kumele kwenziwe ngokushesha, ngoba ngemva 1.5 amahora, ingxube isivele isethiwe.

Izidingo elawula for isayizi shape akuyona amabhlogo lelungiselelwe. Usayizi ububanzi uvame kuchazwa izindonga, futhi ukuphakama kuyinto amaningi lemigqa eziningana ngezitini (ucabangela therebetween isixazululo). Lokhu kuyoba elula ikakhulukazi uma kube sekupheleni lowo esikhulu opilkobeton isitini yokwakha yaseGrisi. Izibuyekezo abakhi ibonisa ukuthi asikho isidingo ukwenza amabhlogo esikhulu kakhulu, njengoba kuyoba isikhathi eside kakhulu ukuze ome, futhi ukusonteka ukuncipha libalulekile. Ukuze ugweme izinkinga ezifana, abakwenzayo izimbobo ambalwa. Ukuze kukhiqizwe amatshe amakhulu okulungiselelwe olulodwa noma kabili.

kungcono ukusebenzisa amafomu ezingase zigcwaliswe kusukela amatshe 4 kuya 9 ezincane osayizi block. Ukuze yokukhiqiza yabo evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ibhodi ukushuba 30 mm, bese obbivayut ithini ifilimu plastic, plastic, linoleum, noma ezinye izinto, le adhesion usimende okuzoba abangelutho. Ngaphandle izinkontileka ifomu P-umshudo nati emaceleni. Ukuze izakhiwo ezinkulu Udinga ukunikela izibopho ezengeziwe noma ezimbanjeni.

Izibuyekezo

Muva nje, ngokuvamile kakhulu esetshenziswa ukwakhiwa eshibhile futhi eliphezulu yezinto ezibonakalayo njengesihluthulelo opilkobeton. Izibuyekezo abakhi, abavame ukusebenza naye ukuqinisekisa zako ezisemqoka. Lezi zihlanganisa:

• ukuphepha kwemvelo. Le nto eyenziwe izingxenye kungokwemvelo (isihlabathi, sawdust, usimende), futhi ngaleyo ndlela uhlinzeke nobungane yaso ephezulu kwemvelo.
• Ngokuya umhwamuko permeability kanye ukumuncwa ongaqhathaniswa izinkuni.
• Yena kuyahlangabezana nezindinganiso ezihlanzekile futhi ihlanzekile ngokugcwele.
• Ngenxa ongaphakeme conductivity ezishisayo indaba, futhi voids yawo, indlu opilkobetona ibe nemfudumalo ngokwanele.
• nengxenye encane kunganciphisa izindleko zokuhamba kanye ukufakwa izisekelo.
• Kalula ukucutshungulwa lula kakhulu ukwakhiwa. amabhlogo ababhekene nesimo esinje kungabaduduza Basaha, yamba kulula kakhulu, futhi ngeke kube nzima esikhathini esizayo nokushayelela isipikili singene udonga opilkobetona.
• Indaba ine amandla okusezingeni eliphezulu e eguqa nezingxabano.

Naphezu kwazo zonke lezo zinzuzo, kusukela abakhi ungezwa izinkulumo ezimbi eziphathelene lento. I yokuntula zihlanganisa lezi ezilandelayo:

• Izinga kuqhathaniswa eliphezulu amanzi ukumuncwa, okudinga letengetiwe ukuze bazivikele umswakama.
• Kunesidingo ukwandisa okuqukethwe usimende e block ekwakhiweni izibuya eziningana. Lokhu kungase kwandise izindleko, Ukuwohloka ukwahlukanisa kanye ukwandisa nezidingo amandla isisekelo.
• Kukhona degree kuqhathaniswa eliphezulu ukuncipha, okuyinto nzima umsebenzi ku aliqede.

Kanjani ukwakha indlu aphume amabhlogo

Indlu opilkobetona kuwo wonke izinkomba zezempilo kuyodingeka ezinhle umsindo ukwahlukanisa nokuvikelwa ukushisa izimfanelo. Ngenxa yenani elikhulu emoyeni ikhule ezimbotsheni okuyinto ngaphakathi ezibonakalayo, izindonga uyowumisa ukugcina ukushisa futhi ukuqinisekisa ukupholisa engokwemvelo emagcekeni, kanjalo nokugcina nomswakama elikhulu.

Kusukela opilkobetona uthole isabelomali esanele ukwakha indlu (intengo okokusetshenziswa wahlola yithi ngenhla). Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabhlogo, ngaphandle ukuthi ungakwazi ukuthenga ngasiphi esitolo hardware, kulula ukwenza ngokwakho. Kufanele wazi ukuthi le nto kumele uzilungiselele kusenesikhathi laying, uma wenza ngokwakho. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kumele omisiwe ezinyangeni ezimbalwa.

muva nje uye nezidumile ukwakhiwa yangasese, usebenzisa amabhlogo letingemasayizi lahlukene ngoba, kuye ngezidingo. Izindonga izinto zokusetshenziswa okunjalo kuyoba ngokwanele, ukukhanya maloteploprovodnye. Uma kwakhiwa kahle, oyohlala isikhathi eside.

Njengoba sishilo ngenhla, opilkobeton has high umswakama umthamo. Ngenxa emva ukwakhiwa udonga lemva ezidingekayo, kodwa ukukwenza kahle ngemva ukuncipha ephelele (le nqubo kuzothatha cishe 8 izinyanga).

Bath kusukela opilkobetona, njengoba indlu kufanele kube namandla kakhulu, ngakho qiniseka ukuthi baqinise udonga slats lokhuni noma izinsaba, okuyinto wayeke waxoxa ngaphambili nahlanza emagxolweni. valve Elungisiwe ezibekwe zonke cm 40 imigqa eziningana. Kulokhu, ukunakekela kakhulu kumele zikhokhelwe emakhoneni futhi izindonga nalabo abashade nabo.

Amacebo asizayo yokukhiqiza amabhlogo

Inani elikhulu abaculi ngomsebenzi wabo usebenzisa opilkobeton. Izibuyekezo abakhi le nto muhle kakhulu futhi kuyoba usizo uma uya ukukwenza ngokwakho. Ukuze kunyatheliswe eliphezulu amayunithi, kubalulekile ukuba acabangele eziningi izincomo:

• ukuba kahle ezomile phakathi isidingo sokushiya izikhala;
• ngaphambi bathele impahla ku isikhunta basuke ibekwe emathileyi futhi bafafazwe ungqimba ezondile sawdust;
• ingxube kufanele kahle uphawu, le njongo, abakhi ngokuvamile zisebenzisa ngesandla rammer;
• amabhlogo ezomile ukulungele kangcono esikhathini okusalungiswa, ngenxa lokhu kulungiselelwa isikhathi esincishisiwe;
• kumelwe singakhohlwa ukuthi kungase imvula, uma yokuthi asikho isikhoselo, kufanele ukulungiselela polyethylene ngesikhathi ngendaba uma isimo sezulu sisibi.

Ukuze uthole ukuthi uqine kangakanani izinto okuholela, kungenzeka ukuba ngiqhube test. Ngenxa yalesi iyunithi ukulungele kwehla kusuka ukuphakama 1 m, uma ihleli - yingakho izinga kuhle.

Ukwakhiwa izindlu Monolithic

Namuhla kubhekwe imfashini kakhulu futhi evumelana sokwakha ngendlela esheshayo. Masters wayevame ukusebenzisa opilkobeton Monolithic. Ukuze ukwakhiwa yalolu hlobo kumelwe babeke phezu kwesisekelo nokuvikela ezimbili zamatshe ukufulela impahla. Endabeni laphansi ukuqedela inombolo yemigqa ngezitini wokwakha. Khona-ke ukukhwezwa formwork impahla elingasebenza njengesibuko amashidi steel, amabhodi, ipulangwe amanzi nemithi.

Ukuphakama izihlangu kumele afakwe cishe 60 cm. Okwamanje ethela ungqimba ecaleni lokuqala isisekelo ezigxotsheni phansi clog wonke ukuphakama izindonga. Indaba ekhethelwe izihlangu elalibambeke phakathi ecaleni evele kwesisekelo, bese izikhonkwane ehlangana nomunye izingcezu nemigoqo, kuyilapho labo okuyinto zitholakala ezinhlangothini ezihlukene odongeni, esebenzisa kokuqina wire.

Ekupheleni kokuthulula izikhonkwane kufanele zihlale ezindongeni, zizosetshenziselwa ukuqinisa izihlangu ngesikhathi sokuvuselelwa kwefomu, futhi emva kokwakhiwa kwangasese kuqediwe - ukuvikela ukuqhuma emgqeni.

Ingxube elungiselelwe i-sawdust khonikhali ithululelwa emigqeni, ukuphakama kwayo akudluli ku-15 cm, futhi ngemva kwalokho kukhishwa ngokuphelele. Ngesinye isikhathi, udonga lungakhuliswe kuphela ngo-20-30 cm, ngemuva kokudinga ukuphumula izinsuku ezingu-5-7. Ngemuva kwamasentimitha angu-40 kufanele kuqiniswe ngesikhatsi eside ngokusebenzisa imigwaqo yamapulangwe noma i-steel mesh.

Emva kokuthululwa sekuphelile, ibhande elivela ebhajini libekwe phezulu, okuyinto kamuva elizoba usizo lwezinto eziphahleni. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuvikela izindonga ezintsha emanzini. Ngenxa yalokhu, uphahla lwesikhathi esizayo lwenziwa ngama-overhangs amaningi, kanti isicabha sibhekene nayo.

Akuyona imali ebiza kakhulu kuyokwakha indlu. Intengo yokukhonjiswa kwe-sawdust iyamukeleka kakhulu kubantu abahlala ezweni lethu. Lesi sakhiwo sizosebenza iminyaka eminingi, izindonga zalo, ezakhiwe kulokhu okubonakalayo, ngeke zidingeke ukuthungwa kwe-thermal, futhi ukufakwa kwamatshe angama-40 cm kuzohlinzeka ukuvikelwa kusuka efrijini ngisho nase-degrees -35.