Mask of Tutankhamun. Izimpahla zaseTutankhamun nesiqalekiso sethuneni lakhe

Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ekhulwini lama-20, ukuhanjiswa kwezinto zakudala zaseBrithani kwavula ithuna lenye yamaFaros of the New Kingdom. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, indawo yokuhlala yokugcina kaFaro Tutankhamun iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-33 isalokhu isungile futhi ingaguquki. Ukuthula kukaFaro akuzange kuphazamiseke noma abaphangi bangesikhathi esidlule noma abaphangi abaningi bamathuna. Emgodleni wathola inani elikhulu lobucwebe, ubucwebe, ama-specimens amakhono obuciko, okwakudume nge- Ancient Egypt. Umama wayese-sarcophagus enhle kakhulu, futhi ubuso bombusi wasendulo bembozwe yisigqoko segolide sikaFaro Tutankhamun.

Howard Carter

Ukutholakala okumangalisayo kwenzeka ngo-1922, ukuhambela kwabavubukuli abaphethwe nguWoward Carter. Lo mfundisi waseGibhithe kusukela ebusheni bakhe wazidela emlandweni wezwe lasendulo. Kusukela ngo-1899, uCarter wahlanganyela ekuhambeni kwemvelo. Impumelelo kuye yaletha ukutholakala kokungcwaba kowesifazane-faraoh Hatshepsut entshonalanga yeThebes.

Ukusebenza neNkosi Lord Carnarvon

Okwaziwa ngoWoward Carter nomvubukuli wezintandokazi iNkosi Carnarvon basize ukuthola izindlela zokufeza umgomo owusizo wokuthola ithuna elingalitholakalanga linye lamabusi amaningi aseGibhithe. Kusukela ngo-1914, leli qembu, eliholwa usosayensi ochwepheshe we-tandem kanye nomfundisi oyisigodi, laqala ukucwaninga ngentshiseko eMfuleni wamaKhosi. Izinkinga eziningi nokuthobeka okutholayo emathuneni abhujisiwe amakhosi asendulo awakhukhumeza intshiseko yesikhombisa, futhi umphakathi wesayense waleso sikhathi wawungabaza ngamathuba okuthola ithuna elingathunjiwe.

Ngokuphelele, uCarter wachitha iminyaka engu-22 efuna ithuna elingatholakali lababusi baseGibhithe, kodwa ekugcineni usesho lwakhe lwaluvuzwa. NgoNovemba 4, 1922, ithuneni elingenalutho latholakala lapho kwakuyizinsalela zikaPharao Tutankhamun. Ukuthola okuvubukulo kwakudonsela amehlo ososayensi abavela emhlabeni wonke, ngoba abaningi baze babuze nokuba khona kwaleli busi.

Intsha yenkosi

UTutankhamun wenyukela esihlalweni sobukhosi eneminyaka engu-8 noma engu-9. Igama lombusi wasendulo kuqala lizwakala njengeTutankhaton, okusho ukuthi "Isithombe se-Aton". Wayengumlandeli we-pharaoh-ovukelayo-u-Akhenaten odumile. UFaro owaziwayo uhloniphekile waphoqa abaseGibhithe ukuba baphakamise unkulunkulu omusha - u-Aton. Abathandi bezinkolelo zasendulo babenqatshelwe iminikelo futhi bakhohliwe.

Ukukhushulwa kukaFaro osemncane kwakuncike ekukhulekeleni isithombe se-sun sun Aton. Othisha bakhe kwakunguMeie noHoremhba. UMeie wayengumpristi ophakeme ngaphansi kwegunya likaFaro owedlule, neHoremhba - umholi wezempi osemhlalaphansi. Bobabili babengenelisekile ngombusi owedlule waseGibhithe, bobabili baphishekela imigomo yabo, befundisa inkosi encane. Njengoba ayephethe igunya phezu kweGibhithe lonke, uTutankhamun akazange akhohlwe izifundo zabafundisi bakhe futhi waqala ngokushintsha izinguquko.

Ukubusa kweTutankhamun

Umlando weTutankhamun, njengombusi waseGibhithe, uqala emva kokungena kwakhe ngo-1333 BC. E. UFaro uguqukela ngokujulile ukuqondiswa kwempilo yenkolo nezombusazwe kulelizwe. Kusukela manje unkulunkulu wakhe ophakeme ngu-Amoni, ofanayo nokhokho bakhe ngaphambi kwe-Akhenaten; Futhi igama lakhe lizwakala njengeTutankhamun. Umuzi wabapristi base-Ahetatoni, indawo yokukhulekela yodumo oluqothulwayo, wabhujiswa futhi washiywa ungaboni. Ngokusemthethweni, inhloko-dolobha yaseGibhithe, lapho ama-Pharaoh aseGibhithe ayebusa khona, kwakunguThebes, kodwa uTutankhamun wasebenzisa isikhathi esiningi sempilo yakhe emfushane eMemphis. Ngokwemvelo, izikhulu zenkantolo, abaholi bezempi, izakhiwo kanye nabapristi bazama ukuhlala eduze noFaro.

Tutankhamun Necropolis

Ngisho nangemva kokufa kwakhe, amazwe amandla ayefuna ukusondelana nesithunywa sikaNkulunkulu u-Amoni - ngakho kwavela enye yezinkanyezi zaleso sikhathi, iSakkara. Kwakukhona lapho abaphathi, abapristi nabangaphambili abafundisi bepharao encane babefisa ukuhlela amathuna abo. I-Tutankhamun yayigcine futhi ibuyiselwe izindlu zangasese zangasese, ishiywa ngemuva kwezikhumbuzo eziningi zokwakha. Endlini yaseLuxor umhlobiso we-colonade, owakhiwe ngenhlonipho ka-Amenhotep III, wagcwaliswa, ithempeli laseNubian laqedwa, likhazimulisa lo mbusi. Imikhankaso eminingi yamasosha nayo yenziwa eNubia naseGibhithe Ephansi, ezinye zazo zagcwaliswa ngempumelelo. Mhlawumbe iTutankhamun ngabe idumile ngamakhulu eminyaka njengombusi omkhulu kunabo bonke, kodwa isiphetho simshiyile iminyaka eyishumi engapheli yokubusa. Ekugcineni, ukubusa kwakhe kwakungefani nokunye kwamapharahara. Ngisho nokuguqulwa kwekhadineli konkulunkulu ophakeme kwakungeyona into engejwayelekile. UFaro washona esemncane kakhulu, ngesikhathi sokufa kwakhe engaphelele iminyaka engu-19. Njengoba kufanele kube umbusi weqiniso waseGibhithe, inkosi yasengaphambili yayinakekela igumbi layo lokungcwaba - i-piramidi yaseTutankhamun yakhiwa ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe.

Ithimba likaTutankhamun

Phakathi nokuhlala kwesiGodi samaKhosi, abakheli baseGibithe bakha amathuna angama-65 kubafaro babo. Kwakhelwe futhi ipiramidi yeTutankhamun. Ubuchwepheshe bokumisa amathuna iminyaka engu-500 abukashintshi. Ebumnyameni edwaleni waxosha izinyathelo, washiya ngaphansi komhlabathi kuya kumamitha angu-200, okwaholela ekamelweni lokungcwaba. Ephakathi ne-central grotto, kwafakwa i-sarcophagus, lapho amakhofi amathathu afakwa khona. Ekugcineni wabeka isidumbu sikaFaro. Ingubo yangaphandle yenziwe ngamapulangwe aqoshiwe, lapho kwakuyizithombe zezinkukhu kanye ne-cobra. Lezi zimpawu zimelela iNyakatho neNingizimu yaseGibhithe. Izithombe zezilwane zisamangala ngomsebenzi obuthakathaka nokuhlobisa okucebile. I-plane ngayinye emaphikweni e-kite, isikali ngasinye esikhwameni se-cobra sanikwa ukubaluleka okukhulu, yonke imininingwane yabulawa ngokucophelela ngamakhosi angaziwa.

Ibhokisi lalihlotshiswe ngilazi enemibala. Wadlala indima ephakathi phakathi kwezwe labaphilayo kanye nezwe labafileyo. Ibhokisi lesithathu, lapho umzimba kaTutankhamun uphumula khona, wenziwe ngephepha lonke legolide elihlanzekile. Izinsalela zombusi zafakwa emgodini ongcono kakhulu, futhi ubuso bakhe buhlanganiswe nomaski womngcwabo weTutankhamun. Izinto eziningi ezazisendlini "yeHholo le-Golden", zahlala ngaphesheya kokulawula isikhathi futhi zasinda ezinsukwini zethu cishe cishe ukuphepha okuphelele. Izinto ezisuka ethuneni likaTutankhamun, ezungeze isidumbu somuntu oshonile, zimangala ngokunethezeka nokucebile kwazo, ngalunye lwalezi zenzo zobuciko kwakuwukusiza impilo yombusi endaweni yabafileyo.

Imfihlakalo Yokufa

Nokho, hhayi ukuphila nokubusa kweNkosi yaseGibhithe ngaleso sikhathi ososayensi abanentshisekelo. Kwakuhlaba umxhwele kakhulu ukuthola isizathu sokufa okunjalo. Kunezingcaphuno eziningana ezibekwe phambili, zichaza izimfihlo zokuthunyelwa kweTutankhamun. Ukufa kwakhe kwazuzisa uRegent Eyé, owabusa phezu kweGibhithe ngemuva kokufa kombusi oneminyaka engu-19 ubudala. I-Tutankhamun yayingathandwa yi-Aton ye-Aton elaliqothulwa, elahlekelwa yimadolobha namathempeli. Phakathi kwezimbangela ezimbi zokufa kwakuyi-suffocation, i- head trauma noma i-poisoning. Kodwa ukuhlolwa ngo-2005 kubonise ukuthi ukulimala kwekhanda kwenzelwa uFaro ngemuva kokufa kwakhe, cishe kungenzeka ukuthi itholwe ngenxa yokumiswa komzimba wombusi. Ngamanye amacebo okufa okuvuthiwe anqatshiwe, imininingwane emisha yokuphila emfushane kaFaro omncane yembulwa.

Idatha yokucwaninga

Ngokusho kososayensi, umbusi omkhulu waseGibhithe, wayengumuntu osemusha ogulayo owayenomlando wezifo eziningana ezingokwemvelo, okwakubhekana namanye amaharaya aseGibithe alobukhosi. I-Tutankhamun ayikwazanga ukuhamba ngendlela evamile, lokhu kwaphazamiseka ngenombolo yokuzala engapheli futhi engaphelele yeminwe engaleni lakhe lesokunene. Ekugcineni, iqembu labacwaningi laveza imbangela yangempela yokufa kweNkosi yaseGibhithe. Wayengumcabilisi omncane kakhulu we-plasmodium falciparum, obangela izinhlobo ezimbi ze-malaria. Ukutheleleka kwafaka kabi enkosini, isidumbu sakhe sasibuthakathaka ngenxa yokugula okubelethwe kanye nokuhlukunyezwa okubangelwa i-punch noma ukuwa kwehhashi.

Ukuvulwa kwethuneni

Amanothi uHoward Carter akhuluma ngayo ngeminyaka ende efuna ukukhuluma kancane kancane esigodini samakhosi. Ngemuva kwezinkulungwane ezintathu, amaphiramidi ayegcwele izihlabathi, amazwe ashintshe iziqephu zawo, indawo yezwe lasendulo okuthiwa iGibhithe yashintshwa. I-Tutankhamen yanyamalala ngemuva kwesigqoko somlando kangangokuthi ososayensi abaningi babangabaza ngisho nokuba khona kwayo. Eminyakeni eminingi emva kokuqala kokumba emfuleni weMakhosi, ngaphansi komunye wabasebenzi, uCarter waphawula ukuthi izinyathelo zihamba phambili. Ukucwaninga kwambulwa ethuneni lenkosi, kungaphazanyiswa abaphangi noma izinhlekelele zemvelo. Ngokusobala, abakhi abakha igumbi lokungcwaba likaFaro ngesikhatsi esilandelayo ngenkuthalo bathululela ukungena ethuneni likaTutankhamun. NgoFebruwari 16, 1923, uCarter wavula "iHholo leDorob" - indawo yokuphumula ngokushesha kaFaro. Emathuneni ombusi wasendulo kwakukhona izindwangu ezingaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu nemisebenzi yobuciko, eyenziwe ngabaphathi baseGibhithe lasendulo. Phakathi kwalezi zinto kwakutholakala imibhede ehlanganiswe ngamashidi egolide elicwengekileyo, futhi yakha izinqola zempi, imodeli yemikhumbi kanye nezifuba ezinemihlobiso eminingi.

Umama kaFaro

Umzimba wombusi watholakala kuphela ebhokisini lesithathu. Umama, ngemizamo yabaphathi bamandulo bamngcwaba, wayegqoke ama-linens of the bestvasvasvas. Isembozo esiphezulu sasihlotshiswe nge-appliqués ezicwebeziwe ngesithombe sezandla zegolide. UFaro wayephethe i-wand ne-whip ezandleni zakhe-izimpawu zasendulo zombusi. Phakathi kwamaveli kwakukhona izinto eziningi zokucweba nezinto eziqondene nomuntu kaFaro, kanye nemigqa ehamba phambili yegolide elihlanzekile, ngokuxoshwa kwemithandazo yasendulo nemifanekiso evela encwadini yabafileyo. Esikhathini sokubhukuda sasebenzisa izingqungquthela zamakhemikhali ezilahlekelwe manje, okwakunamathele eminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu ezihlanganisiwe emzimbeni womngcwabo womzimba womama.

Ukuthola Okumangalisayo

Kodwa okwakumangalisa kakhulu ukutholakala kwakuyi-Mask of Tutankhamen, ehlanganisa ubuso bakhe. Abavubukuli babona indalo emangalisayo yamakhosi asezindaweni zasendulo. Le ndaba kufaneleka kahle incazelo ehlukile. Ama-masks ababusi baseGibithe ayejwayelekile kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Kodwa akukho mask omngcwabo owodwa owakwazi ukubona abantu bethu. Lokhu kubeka amacala abaphangi bamathuna, ababhubhisa amathuna asendulo ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka. Ngubonga kubavubukuli abamnyama ukuthi i-Egyptology yanamuhla ihlola izicabango zayo kanye nezizindlo, esekelwe kwabambalwa abangatholanga amathuna asendulo. Futhi okubaluleke nakakhulu kwakuwukutholakala kokungcwaba kwangaphambili kukaCarter.

Incazelo yemaski kaFaro

Isigqoko segolide saseTutankhamen sigubha ikhanda nomzimba ophezulu wombusi. Isisindo salo sonke sasingu-11.26 kg. Lo mhlobiso onemba ngokunembile wawunamathele emzimbeni ophezulu nakubuso bombusi waseGibhithe. I-mask ibonisa ubuso bukaFaro ngokwakhe, ngamehlo amakhulu avulekile, aletha i-antimony, amehlo ngokwabo ayenziwe nge-obsidian. Lo mdwebo wobuciko omangalisayo wenziwe ngekhasi elimhlophe legolide futhi elihlotshiswe ngemihlobiso ehlukile. I-handkerchief, amashiya namajwabu amehlo afundiswa ngobuchwepheshe ngilazi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka omnyama, umgexo ophumula esifubeni somama wawuhlotshiswe ngamatshe amancane. I-mask yegolide yaseTutankhamun, ngenxa yezinhlayiya ezikhethekileyo ezimnandi, yayinamathele ngokuqinile ebusweni bomama. Kuthatha umsebenzi omude futhi onzima ukuhlukanisa le nto eyingqayizivele ngaphandle kokuchitha ubuhle bayo. Futhi ngenxa yobuciko benkosi yasendulo, izazi ze-anthropologists zanamuhla zazikwazi ukuqiniseka ngokuqiniseka okuyizinto eziphathelene nefihara lasendulo.

Isibonakaliso saseGibhithe

Ukuthola okumangalisayo kokuvubukulwa kwemvelo kwakuhlanganiswe kabanzi emaphephandabeni futhi kwahlinzeka ngezizathu zezingxoxo ezihlukahlukene kanye nokucabanga okungacabangi-kwesayensi. Igama elithi Tutankhamun laziwa kabanzi futhi labangela ukuba kube nesithakazelo ekutadisheni okudlule kweGibhithe nezwe lasendulo njengalo lonke.

I-mask yegolide kaFaro Tutankhamun namanje ayinayo inzuzo ethile yemakethe. Lo mhlobiso wasendulo unenani elikhulu lomlando, lamasiko kanye namacici. Ngomqondo othize, i-mask yaseTutankhamun iwuphawu lweGibhithe lasendulo nanamuhla, umbukiso omkhulu we-Cairo National Museum. Wazama kaningi ukuthumba, umzamo wokugcina wenziwa ngo-2011 phakathi nalokho okuthiwa i-spring yaseGibhithe. AbaseGibhithe banamuhla babhekisela emasikini njengenduna, lapho amabutho asendulo ayeqapha izimfihlo zaseTutankhamun iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu. AbaseGibithe banethemba lokuthi izwe labo lasendulo lizophinde libe lizwe lamazwe amakhulu kakhulu emhlabeni, futhi isisindo seTutankhamun sizobasiza kulokhu.