I-convoy yokuqala ye-Arctic emlandweni

Lo nyaka ungowesikhumbuzo engamashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu kuze kube sosukwini, lapho lempi waqala ukungena Murmansk impahla emikhunjini ezilethwa yi eBritain le America ukulwa isitha esifanayo - eJalimane lobuNazi. ukulethwa yabo kuyinselele kakhulu, kodwa olwaludingeka kabi onqenqemeni, futhi ekuqaleni wafaka kulandelana lokuqala lase-Arctic, wehlela emlandweni ngaphansi kwegama "Dervish".

Nalapha yafuna isipiliyoni emakhulwini eminyaka adlule

ngohide Arctic kweMpi Yezwe II kwaba phambili isiko, okuyinto seluqaliwe abaseSpain njengoba Ekuqaleni kwekhulu XVI. Ngalezo zikhathi zakudala, bona convoyed galleons zithutha ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic amathani zegolide nezesiliva, intshontshiwe eNingizimu Melika. Njengoba ukulandela umthwalo onjalo kwaba imikhumbi esiyingozi impela sabuthana emigwaqweni Havana, futhi kakade ngaphansi isembozo izibhamu iSpanishi, wawela expanses zihlaselwe pirates ngesiNgisi.

Futhi ngakho, lapho ngo-July 1941, eMoscow kanye London baye yasayina isivumelwano kwizenzo mutual ekulweni eJalimane futhi Churchill wathembisa usizo kukaStalin ngo konke okusemandleni akhe, i-British kukhunjulwe ukuthi indlela, okuyinto eminyakeni emine edlule, ulwandle abathwali kuvikelwa Bakwethu zabo nolaka.

Lokhu kwaba usizo kakhulu, ngoba amasonto amabili nje eSoviet Union yasayina isivumelwano ne-United States ngo-Izimpahla wezempi, kusho iCongress eyamukela uhlelo isimo amabutho azihlanganisa ukunikezela nezinhlamvu, imishini, ukudla nemithi, eyaziwa emlandweni ngaphansi igama Unikeza Ubufakazi-zokuqashisa. Kule ndaba, kwaphakama umbuzo ngokugcwele - indlela yokukhulula ekulingweni imithwalo umbimbi izintuba Soviet.

Izindlela ukuxazulula inkinga

Kukhona izixazululo ezintathu kule nkinga. Omunye umzila kwaba kuyiPacific Ocean, kodwa ngenxa yazo zonke port Soviet Far Eastern ka Vladivostok kuphela exhumene ngesitimela nge ezindaweni front-line. nomfelandawonye wayo berths njalo eboshelwe imikhumbi, futhi, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ujantshi Trans-Siberian kwaba-bandwidth ephansi ngesikhathi impi isiphelile-ke wakhululwa 47% wezimpahla lempi. Kodwa inkinga kwakungekona ukuthi lendlela kakhulu isikhathi esiningi.

indlela Okwesibili, futhi evikelekile kakhulu owawugobhoza Gulf ne-Iran. Nokho, ngenxa yobunzima lobuchwepheshe, bakwazi ukusebenzisa kuphela maphakathi no-1942, lapho usizo oludingekayo phambili ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke enyakatho ngohide arctic samuntu wesithathu ukulethwa kwezimpahla asebenzelana Allied umyalo kwadingeka okumbalwa phezu amanye amabili.

Okokuqala, kudingeka isikhathi kangako. hide Arctic owayenamandla okophula izimpahla e eziyishumi nje - kwezinsuku eziyishumi nambili, futhi okwesibili, Arkhangelsk futhi Murmansk, lapho ethula, usondele ngokwanele endaweni izingxabano futhi kuya maphakathi nezwe.

Nokho, lo mgudu kwakugcwele izingozi eziba khona lapho umuntu yokuthi imikhumbi baphoqeleka ukuba bathuthe nasogwini Norway, ilawulwa amaJalimane. Ingxenye enkulu endleleni babefanele kunqotshwe ngayo eduze ngokushesha airfields lezisekelo asolwandle lesitha. Nokho, naphezu kwakho konke, ngale ndlela kwaba esisemqoka, futhi i-arctic Allied ngohide 1941-1945 negalelo elikhulu ekunqotshweni lesitha. omkhulu ngokukhethekile indima yabo kwaba ngonyaka wokuqala empini.

Izintambo zikagesi ezisobala indlela imithambo ezokuthutha

Ukuze sibonakalise ukuhlaselwa kungenzeka lesitha, Allied umyalo amacebo ezakhiwa, sibonga ngalo lolu hide Arctic ungase uvikelekile cargo ngangokunokwenzeka. Uyisa ezakhiwa hhayi udwendwe olulodwa, futhi iDemo yokuvuka ikholomu, ezihamba phambi at amabanga amade uma liya komunye nomunye, futhi ngokuvamile ashintshe inkambo. Lokhu kuvumela hhayi kuphela yokulawula iyashelela kubo, kodwa wadala eyinkimbinkimbi okungeziwe ngwenya-German.

Ukuze ulwe ngwenya yakhelwe encane umkhumbi wokugada, ehlanganisa minesweepers, frigates futhi kubabulali. Kwakumelwe ukuqhela imikhumbi ephelezelwa kubo. Ngaphandle kwabo, mission ukulwa eyenziwa nemikhumbi emikhudlwana yokuhweba, besondela ogwini, futhi enzelwe ukubonakalisa amabutho esitha surface futhi zezindiza.

Kuyo yonke indlela kuze Bear Island, engxenyeni esentshonalanga uBarents Sea, esenyakatho ngohide Arctic ngaphansi kwesivikelo eBritish zamasosha. Ngesikhathi esigabeni sokugcina, lo msebenzi wakhe wawela phezu amatilosi amaSoviet nasemakamu airmen.

Arctic Allied ngohide 1941-1945, kwamiswa, futhi bathatha e izimpahla zabo lisiphathele ushushiso port Scottish, elise ethekwini Loch U. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela yabo walala e Reykjavik, lapho imikhumbi wagijima amathangi fuel, bese ilandelwa eya endaweni. Ngokucabangela izimo ice, ilandela inkambo sabekwa ngangokunokwenzeka kuya enyakatho. Lokhu kwakwenzelwa ukuba kwenyuswe ibanga ukusuka ogwini, elalihlala isitha.

timvo letehlukene Amabili

Kuyathakazelisa ukuphawula umniningwane owodwa ungaphakathi leyo minyaka, imbangela izingxabano ezithile phakathi izinduna Soviet kanye nozakwabo British. Ngokusho imiyalelo ekhishwe Admiralty ukuba soMkhulu wakhe, futhi sisebenza kuzo zonke yempi, hhayi nje kuphela lezo beniyingxenye ngohide Arctic, ezokuthutha, ingalimala noma ilahleke empini ukuphathwa, ukudluliswa nezisebenzi kwenye inkantolo, bamfuna torpedoes futhi saya phansi.

Lokhu kwakwenziwa ngoba ukuphila amatilosi eyayibekwe kude phezulu amafa eziphathekayo, futhi yimuphi umzamo ukuze lisindise umkhumbi befa bawaphoqa ingozi ebulalayo. Ngisho kuthabathela ecaleni ezingokoqobo, British babekholelwa ukuthi ukulungiselela iqembu unqambothi, kuba nzima kakhulu kunokuba ukwakha umkhumbi. Le ndlela kwaba ngokuphelele kuze kufike ohlangothini Soviet, futhi wayevame isizathu angimangalele umbimbi umzamo ukuletha ethekwini lapho uya khona kwezimpahla ngangokusemandleni.

Inhlanhla, kuhambisane "Dervish"

I kulandelana lokuqala lase-Arctic, ikhodi-okuthiwa "Dervish", washiya ethekwini Reykjavik, 21 Agasti 1941. Lalinama imikhumbi eziyisithupha British ezokuthutha kanye eyodwa Soviet. Ziphephile kuqinisekiswa minesweepers eziyisikhombisa futhi abachithi ezimbili. Ngokuphepha ukufinyelela iNgelosi Enkulu, August 31 uyisa, wapha ngebhange nanhlanu "iSiphepho" bomlilo, acishe abe yizinkulungwane ezine ukujula amacala, amaloli amaningana kweshumi, kanye amathani iraba, uvolo futhi zonke izinhlobo iyunifomu.

Arctic Allied ngohide 1941-1945. imibiko abekade umyalo igama ikhodi iqala izincwadi PQ. Kwakuwusuku uhlamvu lokuqala egameni British Admiralty isikhulu uPetru Kvilina (Peter Quelyn), unesibopho ukuhlela ukuvikelwa imithambo ezokuthutha. Ukulandela izincwadi waya inombolo ukulandelana lolu hide esilandelayo. Izindwendwe, uyeza kolunye uhlangothi, okhonjiswe QP, futhi sibe nenombolo ye-sequence.

I kulandelana lokuqala lase-Arctic, wehlela emlandweni njengoba PQ-0, safinyelela Arkhangelsk ngaphandle nobunzima ikakhulu ngenxa umyalo isiJalimane, igxile "blitzkrieg" - umbani impi, wethembe ukuqedela umkhankaso Eastern ngisho ngaphambi ukuqala ebusika, futhi akazange asinakekele ngokwanele okwakwenzeka e-Arctic. Nokho, lapho kucaca ukuthi impi kungaba isikhathi eside kwe-Arctic ngohide atholwe anencazelo ekhethekile.

Ubuningi amabutho esitha ekulweni le Allied ngohide

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngemva Meyi 1941 Flagship British ukuthi bashone yi-German Navy yempi "Bismarck", uHitler zawumisa nabasebenza kuzo imikhumbi surface angena empini okukhululekile British. Isizathu kwaba silula - ke babengafuni waphinda ukunikeza imbangela isitha celebration. Manje isithombe ishintshile.

Ebusika ekuseni ka-1942 endaweni yase-ukubukeka okungenzeka ngohide eBrithani ngokushesha efakwe Cruisers ezintathu ezinkulu nezincane nokukhiqiza eyodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakufanele ngondle abachithi ezinhlanu futhi ngwenya nanhlanu. In parallel nalokhu, isibalo izindiza zazisekelwe at airfields eNorway, aye athuthukiswa ukuze izilinganiso ezingamakhulu amahlanu, esangenza, ngo-Ephreli ngawo lowo nyaka ukuqala emoyeni njalo ukuhlaselwa nokuseshwa Murmansk.

Izinyathelo ezinjalo kukhona ukuthatha nomphumela, futhi kuzolile esimweni okwakwenza inguqulelo ngohide yabo yokuqala, salandelwa okwamanje ukulwa isimo. OMfelandawonye yizo wokuqala ngo-January 1942, lapho amaJalimane beniyingxenye kulandelana PQ-7 Ngishoné yi umkhumbi ezokuthutha British "Waziristan".

Ukulahlekelwa njengabangane futhi izimpendulo zabo

Ngokwakhela empumelelweni, umyalo German ihlelwe wokufuna mbamba letimayelana nalesihloko kulandelana eduze PQ-8. On ukucabhela bakhe beza yempi "Tirpitz", lifana ncamashi Ngishoné phambi "Bismarck" futhi abachithi emithathu ngwenya eziningana. Nokho, naphezu kwayo yonke imizamo, lo ukuthola ngesikhathi esifanele kulandelana Arctic behluleka, uyedwa, kodwa ngeshwa kakhulu kithi isisulu kwaba umkhumbi ezokuthutha namaSoviet "Izhora", ngenxa yobuchwepheshe obuhilelekile, le stragglers kusukela iqembu eliyinhloko.

Ngeshwa, ngemuva kwalokhu Allied ukulahlekelwa ikhuphuke kakhulu. Ngokusho nezifinyezo usuku, ngo-March 1942, amaJalimane ephethwe ukucwila uyisa ezinhlanu saseBrithani, futhi ngenyanga ezayo, kwangena omunye imikhumbi ayisishiyagalolunye beniyingxenye ngohide ezine ilibangise Murmansk.

Nokho, i-main Ukushiyeka amabutho aseBrithani Apreli 30 lapho torpedo ixoshe kusuka umkhumbi German ukuthi bashone yi-impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu "Edinburgh", kubuyisele ogwini yaseBrithani. Kanye naye baya phansi base wezikhali zakhe zewayini ezinhlanu kanye amathani nengxenye zegolide ethathwe uhulumeni wamaSoviet emuva izimpahla lempi bekungenjalo oludlulele kithi.

Ngemva kwalokho, igolide uvusiwe ngokuhamba ukusebenza wokutakula, eyaqala esikhathini kusukela ngo-1961 kuya ku-1968. Ngokuhambisana inkontileka esayinwe ngaphambi, lonke lalihlukene phakathi kweSoviet Union, eBrithani, amafemu ukuthi kwenziwe imisebenzi kwamanzi.

Khona-ke ngo-1942, ngenxa izinkinga simo, oMfelandawonye izinyathelo esiphuthumayo athathwa. imikhumbi American wathumela ukuba aqaphe ngohide ngempela isigaba umxhwele, ehlanganisa yempi ezimbili, Cruisers emibili abachithi eziyisithupha. Ungahlali eceleni umyalo Soviet. Uma ngaphambi Northern Fleet eyenziwa izitsha wiring ezokuthutha ngokukhethekile kuphela nakhelwe lolu imikhumbi injongo, manje bathunyelwa maqondana wonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, amabutho etholakalayo.

Feat izisebenzi we "amaBolshevik Old"

Ngisho endaweni lapho iqhaza indiza ngayinye edingekayo amatilosi sesibindi ubuqhawe, kwakukhona izimo lapho uyazidinga lezi zimfanelo ikakhulukazi. Isibonelo insindiso ka-amatilosi Soviet imoto "Old kwamaBolshevik 'isitsha, eyakhishwa kusukela Reykjavik, kanye kulandelana PQ-16. Kwangathi 27, 1942 sihlaselwa izindiza German namabhomu ngenxa yalokho, lo mlilo uqale ebhodini hit.

Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ebhodini eziningi amathani iziqhumane, amatilosi wenqaba ukunikeza nozakwabo IsiZulu ukuya ebhodini omunye Imikhumbi yawo wonke Iqembu lasemkhunjini lasebenza kanzima emlilweni. Ngemva kwamahora ayisishiyagalombili, umlilo, njalo ezisengozini aqhume, waba ucime, kanye "Old kwamaBolshevik" ngempumelelo wabanjwa lonke enkantolo, okuyinto wahamba isendleleni eya Murmansk.

Disaster kulandelana Arctic PQ-17

Isiphetho lesi kulandelana, eyakhishwa kusukela Hvalfjörður Juni 27, 1942, waba inhlekelele enkulu ngoba yonke inkathi ukulethwa wezimpahla azihlanganisa emzileni Arctic. Senzeka njengoba kamuva ngazwi linye waphawula ochwepheshe ezempi, kuphela ngenxa iphutha British Admiralty, Admiral Pound.

Lolu shintsho lwaqala ngesikhathi yokuthi ngemva kwezinsuku ezine, lolu hide kwatholakala izindiza German, ukuphatha endaweni amanzi oLwandle Norwegian. Ngokushesha kwathunyelwa nokunciphisa lezindiza nomoya amabutho ezinkulu, ukuhlasela lapho British neyaziwayo phezu izinsuku ezintathu, ukulahlekelwa ezintathu isitsha ezokuthutha. Kungenzeka ukuthi lonke enkantolo futhi ayeyofika okuyiwa, kodwa ngo-July 4, yabe seyaziwa ukuthi lasuka ezixukwini elibangise kubo kwekulu ngaleso sikhathi, lo mkhumbi we Navy German - "Tirpitz" yempi.

Lokhu giant, ifakwe eziyisishiyagalombili izibhamu pyatnadtsatidyuymovymi, noyedwa owakwazi ungabhubhisi kuphela zonke imikhumbi yezimpahla umbimbi, kodwa ndawonye nabo kanye nokuvikelwa imikhumbi. Lapho bezwa ngalokhu, Admiral Pound wenza isinqumo kwesibhamu. Yayala imikhumbi ukuba aqaphe ukuba empini ne yempi bese ukuhambisa amabanga amade uma liya. Ezokuthutha nkantolo kwadingeka ukuba welulele, futhi ngamunye ngamunye ukulandela Murmansk.

Ngenxa yalokho, "Tirpitz", lapho engayitholi emakamu isitha, wabuyela base, futhi uyisa zihlakazeke ngokuvumelana oda undunankulu sika olwandle, baba khona isisulu esilula izindiza isitha nemikhumbi-ngwenya. Izibalo yale nhlekelele iyesabeka. Kulaba Allied imikhumbi ezingamashumi amathathu nesithupha, amabili nantathu abangu Ngishoné, futhi ndawonye nabo ngezansi ngakwesokunxele, eyenziwa e yabo yombango ezintathu namakhulu isigamu izimoto, amathangi amane namashumi amane, izindiza ezingamakhulu amabili mayelana ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu amathani impahla emikhunjini ehlukahlukene. Imikhumbi emibili waphenduka, nanye kuphela bafika echwebeni uya khona. Ziyikhulu namashumi ayisihlanu nantathu abantu abashonile, anamakhulu mathathu ukuphila wasinda nje ngesikhathi layilamula amatilosi Soviet.

Imiphumela le nhlekelele

Le nhlekelele cishe okubangelwa ekunqanyulweni kwe ukudiliva kokuphindela eSoviet Union kwezimpahla wezempi, futhi kuphela ngaphansi kwengcindezi eMoscow, i-British baphoqeleka ukuba uqhubeke ukuzibophezela odlule. Nokho, ngemva kwesikhashana inhlabaluhide elilandelayo elahlekile imikhumbi emithathu torpedoed ngu ngwenya isiJalimane, eminye Ukuthumela ihlehliselwe ekuqaleni ebusuku polar.

Ngemva kulandelana kabuhlungu elahlekile umyalo British washintsha engajabule e Ngokombono wabo, igama lekhodi ku YW PQ, futhi RA. Kwakukhona futhi ngomzamo ukushushumbisa izimpahla izitsha olulodwa ezokuthutha, kodwa akazange asilethe elamukelekile futhi yaphela ukulahlekelwa kwabo futhi balahlekelwe ukuphila.

Kuphela ngo-December 1942, inhlanhla amabutho aseBrithani. Ngo emibili kulandelana phakathi nenyanga bakwazi ukufeza Murmansk lossless. Kunobufakazi bokuthi lokhu kuye kwabangela i ngokufutheka engachazeki Hitler, futhi izindleko-uMphathi Navy ka Grand Admiral Raeder.

Luck wamuka amaNazi

Nokho, ngesikhathi impi i ukwa sobala. Iningi imikhumbi surface German zihanjiswe kwezinye izindawo, futhi phakathi kwalokhu nenkathi yeminyaka 1943-1945 ngokumelene Allied ngohide babe ninodwa we ngwenya. Inombolo yabo yehlile ngenxa ulwe ukulahlekelwa, kuyilapho umkhakha German ngaleso sikhathi kwaba kakade ayikwazi ukugcwalisa kubo.

Ekupheleni kuka-December 1943 Navy-German ilahlekelwe omunye yempi yayo ayetholakala - impi esheshayo engahlomile kakhulu "Scharnhorst", wethuka British ngenkathi kuzanywa ukuhlasela kulandelana Arctic ebizwa isihloko YP-55. Ngokulinganayo isiphetho esidabukisayo ihlukaniswe Flagship Naval Amandla Germany - yempi "Tirpitz". Awuzange zihlanganyele empini, ke labhujiswa izindiza British ngqo pier.

Umnikelo amatilosi Allied Amandla ukuba ukunqoba

Phakathi nempi, e-Arctic ngohide, izithombe zazo ethulwa iphepha zilethwe ezweni lethu ezine kanye amathani eziyisigidi nesigamu wezimpahla lempi nokudla, okuyinto wayeneminyaka engaba ngamashumi amathathu amaphesenti usayizi lonke Union usizo. Ngokuphathelene ethize ukuze izikhali, ukuthi wathunyelwa lasenyakatho ngasemfuleni okungenani isigamu semali enikeziwe yiSoviet Union, eBrithani naseMelika. Ubude ngohide Arctic Kwakuseshwa eduze ngokushesha emikhawulweni German-matasa 1398 umkhumbi ezokuthutha.

Kulo nyaka, umphakathi ezweni lakithi, kanye US nase-UK ukugubha usuku lokukhumbula lolu hide lokuqala Arctic. Kwaba usuku kubaluleke kakhulu. umbimbi Owabe yayigubha iminyaka engu 75th. ngohide Arctic baye bafeza indima ebalulekile anjalo esikhathini ukunqotshwa laseJalimane lobuNazi, ukuthi inani layo ayikwazi overestimated, ngakho-ke imikhosi eyayihlelelwe ngezikhathi Pomorie, thatha ububanzi ezifanele. Basuke ubuhanjelwe amathimba abasuka emazweni ayisishiyagalolunye.

Ngaphandle Severodvinsk futhi Arkhangelsk, imicimbi ukumaka walo mkhosi, futhi yaba khona e Murmansk futhi Petersburg, lapho eminyakeni emibili edlule kwakukhona lesikhumbuzo e-Arctic ngohide. Ngaphambili, isikhumbuzo kumemori iqhaza lezo zenzakalo nobuqhawe yasungulwa ngo Murmansk.

Phakathi nokugujwa ku Russian ithelevishini ukubonisa, eyenziwe filmmaker American ku 2001 documentary "Arctic Allied ngohide 1941-1945.". Nale ifilimu movie bakithi bakwazi ukufunda okuningi ngezenzakalo eziye zenzeka phakathi neminyaka impi esikhaleni solwandle zindawo enyakatho.