Impi kaSomolensk ka-1941: ukubaluleka

Ehlobo lika-1941, emadongeni aseSmolensk, ithemba likaHitler lokubheka ama-blitzkrieg enhle ngokumelene neSoviet Union kwakungafanele lenziwe. Lapha, amasosha aseJalimane ayingxenye ye-Army Group Center, izinyanga ezimbili ezibhekiswe empini nama-Red Army futhi ngaleyo ndlela alahlekelwa isikhathi kuphela, kodwa futhi ijubane lokuthuthuka, kanye namandla angase adinge esikhathini esizayo.

Impi yaseSmolensk ka- 1941 yayiyinkimbinkimbi yokusebenza, kokubili ukucasula nokuzivikela. Babeqhutshwa ngamayunithi amabutho aseCentral, Western, eBryansk naseNtshonalanga yezilwane ngokumelene namasosha aseFascist angena e-Army Group Centre. Impi yeSmolensk yenzeke kusukela ngoJulayi 10 kuya kuSepthemba 10. Ukuphikisana phakathi kwezinhlangothi ezimbili eziphikisayo kwenzeka ensimini enkulu, ehlanganisa cishe u-650 km emgqeni wangaphambili kanye no-250 km ejulile. Impi egcwele igazi yaqala. Impi yaseSmolensk, kumele ngithi, yadlala indima ebalulekile kuyo.

Izinhlelo ZamaJalimane

Kwakuwunyaka wokuqala wempi. NgoJulayi, ubuholi be-fascist babubeka iGeneral-Field Marshal Theodore von Bock, umphathi wamabutho "weCentral", umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu. Kwakukhona ekubhujisweni nasekubhujisweni okuqhubekayo kwamabutho aseSoviet, aphephe ukuvikeleka emifuleni yaseDnieper naseWest Dvina. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amabutho aseJalimane kwakudingeka athathe imizi yaseSmolensk, i-Orsha ne-Vitebsk. Lokhu kuzobavumela ukuba bavule indlela eqondile yokumangalela ngokumelene noMoscow.

Indawo yamabutho aseSoviet

Ekupheleni kukaJuni, umyalo weSoviet waqala ukuqinisa ngokushesha isibalo sebutho le-Red Army emabhange aseWestern Dvina naseDnieper. Umsebenzi wabekwa: ukuhlala iPoltsk, Vitebsk, Orsha, Kraslava, uMfula iDnieper futhi uhlanganise lezi zimingcele. Impi yaseSmolensk yayihloswe ukungavumeli amabutho aseJalimane ukuba awele emaphandleni aphakathi kwezimboni zezwe, kanye naseMoscow. Ekujuleni okungaba ngu-250 km ukusuka phambili, kwahlukaniswa izigaba ezingu-19. U-Smolensk naye ulungiselela ukuvikelwa.

Ngo-Julayi 10, amabutho aseNtshonalanga YaseNtshonalanga, eyabhalwa nguMarshal S. Timoshenko, ayengamabutho amahlanu (izingxenye ezingu-37). Futhi lokhu akubalanga izingxenye ezihlakazekile zamabutho aseSoviet abuyele ensimini yaseWest Belarus. Kodwa ngaleso sikhathi izigaba ezingu-24 kuphela sezikwazi ukufika endaweni yokuthunyelwa.

Indawo kanye nezinombolo zamabutho aseJalimane

Impi yaseSmolensk ka-1941 yayiyikhulu kakhulu. Lokhu kuboniswa inani lamabutho ahlanganyela kulo. Ngenkathi amabutho aseSoviet akha, umyalo waseJalimane nawo waqoqa ndawonye amabutho amancane amaqembu amabili amathangi endaweni ye-Western Dvina ne-Dnieper. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlukana kwezinsana ze-16th Army, eyayiyingxenye yeqembu laseNyakatho, lahlala kulo mkhakha kusuka kuDrissa kuya ku-Idritsa.

Ngokuqondene namabutho amabili ensimu eqembu elithi "Isikhungo," okungenani izingxenye ezingaphezu kwezingu-30, balala ngemuva kwezinhlelo eziphakeme ngamakhilomitha angu-130-150. Isizathu salokhu kulibazisa kwaba ukulwa okunzima ensimini yaseBelarus.

Ngesikhathi sokuqala kwempi, amaJalimane akwazi ukudala ukuphakama kobuchwepheshe kanye nabasebenzi ezindaweni zokuqondiswa kokuhlasela okuyinhloko.

Impi yaseSmolensk ka-1941 yayihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezine. Ngamunye wabo ubaluleke kakhulu kusukela ekubukeni komlando.

Isigaba sokuqala

Kwaphela ngo-10 kuya ku-20 Julayi. Ngaleso sikhathi, amasosha aseSoviet abonisa ukuqhuma okuqhubekayo kwesitha, esiwela ngakwesokudla nangaphakathi kweWest Front. Iqembu laseJalimane iGan German Goth kanye ne-16 Field Army, esebenzisana ndawonye, liphumelele ekuqedeni i-22nd kanye nokuqhekeka ngokuvikela i-19 Army esesifundazweni saseVitebsk. Ngenxa yempi engapheli, amaHitler aphumelela ukuthatha u-Velizh, uPoltsk, Nevel, Demidov noDukhovshchina.

Njengoba behlulekile, amabutho aseSoviet ase-22nd Army ahlanganisa izikhundla zawo emfuleni iLovat. Ngakho babamba uLuka Omkhulu. Okwamanje, i-19, ehola ukulwa, yaphoqeleka ukuba ihoxise eSmolensk. Lapho, yena kanye ne-16th Army, baqhuba izimpi zokuzivikela zomuzi.

Ngaleso sikhathi, i-2 Panzer Group, eyabhalwa nguHeinz Guderian, yakwazi ukuzungeza amasosha aseSoviet ngaseMogilev. Amandla abo amakhulu aphonswa ekuthunjweni kuka-Orsha, eSmolensk, eKrichev naseYelnya. Ezinye izingxenye zamabutho aseSoviet zizungezwe, abanye bazama ukugcina uMogilev. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-Army yama-21 yenza imisebenzi ehlukumezayo futhi yakhulula uRogachev noZhlobin. Ngemva kwalokho, ngaphandle kokuyeka, waqala ukuqhubeka ku-Bykhov noBobruisk. Ngalezi zenzo, waphonsela amandla amakhulu ebutho lempi yesitha lesibini.

Isigaba sesibili

Lesi yisikhathi kusukela ngoJulayi 21 kuya ku-Agasti 7. Amabutho aseSoviet aphikisana neWestern Front athola ukuvuselelwa okusha, futhi ngokushesha waqala ukucasula eduze kwezindawo zaseYartsevo, eBely naseRoslavl. Eningizimu, iqembu lamahhashi, elinamabandla amathathu, laqala ukuhlaselwa emgodleni futhi lazama ukuvimbela amabutho amakhulu ezitha, ingxenye ye-Army Group Center, ngemuva. Kamuva, abaqashi bajoyina amaJalimane.

Ngo-Julayi 24, amabutho ase-13 no-21 ayehlanganisiwe eCentral Front. Umphathi wamisa uColonel-Jikelele F. Kuznetsov. Ngenxa yempi ephikisanayo negazi, amabutho aseSoviet akwazi ukuphazamisa ukuhlehliswa kwamacembu e-tank esitha, futhi amabutho angama-16 ne-20 aqala ukulwa nempi. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingu-6, enye i-front yadalwa - i-Reserve. Umphathi wakhe nguGeneral G. Zhukov.

Isigaba sesithathu

Kwaphela ngo-Agasti 8 kuya ku-21. Ngalesi sikhathi, impi yahamba eningizimu yeSmolensk iya eCentral, futhi kamuva eya eBryansk Front. Lesi samuva sidalwe ngo-Agasti 16. ULieutenant-General A. Eremenko wamiswa ukuba amlalele . Kusukela ngo-Agasti 8, izingxenye ze-Red Army ziye zaxosha ngokuphumelelayo konke ukuhlaselwa amaJalimane kanye neqembu labo. Esikhundleni sokuhlaselwa eMoscow, ama-fascists ayephoqeleka ukuba amelane nezingxenye zamabutho aseSoviet abesongela abaseningizimu. Kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, amaJalimane akwazi ukuhamba phambili ensimini cishe nge-120-150 km. Bakwazi ukwehlukanisa phakathi kokuhlelwa kokubili kwamaphethelo aseCentral naseBryansk.

Kube nosongo lokuzungeza. Ngesinqumo se-Stavka, ingxenye yeSouth-Western neCentral Fronts yahoxiswa ngo-Agasti 19 ngeDnieper. Amasosha aseNtshonalanga neNdawo yokuPhepha, kanye namabutho angama-43 no-24 aqala ukuphazamisa abantu abanamandla ngokumelene nesitha ezifundeni zaseYartsevo naseYelnya. Ngenxa yalokho, amaJalimane alahlekelwa kakhulu.

Isigaba sesine

Isigaba sokugcina sempi senzeke kusukela ngo-Agasti 22 kuya kuSepthemba 10. Ibutho lesibili laseJalimane, kanye neqembu lesitokisi, laqhubeka lilwa nezinyunyana zaseSoviet ngaseceleni kweBryansk. Ngalesi sikhathi, amathangi esitha ayebhekene nezigameko eziqhubekayo zomoya. Izindiza ezingaphezu kwezingu-450 zahlanganyela kulokhu kuhlasela kwezindiza. Kodwa, naphezu kwalokhu, ukuhlaselwa kweqembu le-tank kwakungavumi. Yayiphatha ngamandla kakhulu egcekeni elingaphandle le-Western Front. Ngakho, idolobha laseTotopets lalihlala amaJalimane. Ibutho lama-22 ne-29 laphoqeleka ukuba lihoxise i-Western Dvina.

NgoSeptemba 1, amabutho aseSoviet athola imiyalo yokwehlisa, kodwa ayiphumelelanga kakhulu. Kwakungenzeka kuphela ukuqeda umgwaqo onobungozi wamaJalimane eduze kwase-Elnya. Futhi kakade ngoSepthemba 10 isenzo sokucasula sanqunywa ukuba siyeke futhi sivikele. Kanjalo kwaphela i-Battle of Smolensk ngo-1941.

Ukuvikelwa kukaSmolensk

Ezinye izazi-mlando zivame ukukholelwa ukuthi ama-Soviet amayunithi ashiye umuzi ngoJulayi 16. Kodwa amaqiniso abonisa ukuthi i-Red Army ivikela uSmolensk. Lokhu kuboniswa ukulahlekelwa okuphawulekayo okwabangelwa amaJalimane, afuna ukuwela emgwaqweni womuzi futhi awuthathe.

Ukugcina amabutho esitha, ngo-Julayi 17, ngokulandelana kukaColonel P. Malyshev sappers bashaya amabhuloho ngaphesheya kweDnieper. Kwaphela izinsuku ezimbili kwakukhona izimpi zomgwaqo ezingenakuqeda, lapho izifunda eziningi zedolobhana zingadlula izikhathi eziningana kuya kwesinye futhi kwezinye izandla.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, amaJalimane akhula amandla abo okulwa, futhi ekuseni ngoJulayi 19 bakwazi ukuthatha ingxenye yeSmolensk, eseceleni kwesigodi somfula. Kodwa amasosha aseSoviet ayengeke azinikeze isitha esitheni. Impi yokuzivikela yaseSmolensk yaqhubeka ngoJulayi 22 no-23. Esikhathini salo, i-Red Army yenza ukuhlaselwa okuphikisanayo okuphumelelayo, futhi yakhulula umgwaqo ngaphandle komgwaqo, ikota ngemva kwekota. Ezimpi zomuzi amaHitler asebenzisa amathangi e-flamethrower. Le nqubo kusukela ekuqhumeni kwayo yaqhuma ama-flame amakhulu, efinyelela ku-60 m ubude. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindiza zaseJalimane zaqhubeka ziqhubeka phezu kwamakhanda aseSoviet.

Kwabelwa izimpi ezinamandla kakhulu emathuneni omuzi, kanye nakwezinye izakhiwo zamatshe. Ngokuvamile baqala ukulwa ngezandla, okuvame ukuphela ekunqobeni uhlangothi lweSoviet. Ukuqina kwempi kwakungaphezulu kakhulu kangangokuthi amaJalimane ayengenaso isikhathi sokukhipha abafile nabalimala emasimini.

Ezingxenyeni ezintathu zamaSoviet ezazibandakanya ekuvikeleni uSmolensk, ngalinye lalingekho amasosha angaphezu kuka-250-300, kanti ukudla nokutholakala kwezinhlamvu kwakudliwe. Ngaleso sikhathi, iqembu elihlangene ngaphansi komyalo kaK. Rokossovsky laxosha amaJalimane ukusuka ekuthunjweni kweYartsevo, futhi lawabamba ama-ferries ngaphesheya kweDnieper ngaseSolovyov naseRatchino. Yilesi senzo esavumela amabutho aseSoviet kanye nama-16 aseSoviet ukuba ahoxiswe.

Amagumbi wokugcina e-Red Army ashiya uSomolensk ebusuku kusukela ngo-28 kuya ku-29 kuJulayi. Kwakukhona ibutho elilodwa kuphela elisele. Waqondiswa umfundisi omkhulu wezepolitiki u-A. Turovsky. Umsebenzi walo mbuthano kwakuwukumboza ukuhoxiswa kwamandla amakhulu amabutho aseSoviet avela eSmolensk, kanye nokulingisa ukuba khona kwamaqembu amakhulu empi edolobheni. Ngemuva kokuqedela umyalelo, abasindile bathuthela esenzweni sokuqothula.

Imiphumela

Ngo-1941, kuphela i-Great Patriotic War yavutha. Impi yaseSmolensk yanika abaphathi be-Red Army isipiliyoni esidingekayo sezempi, ngaphandle kwalokho okungenakwenzeka ukulwa nesitha esinjalo esihleliwe nesinamandla. Le mpikiswano, ezinyangeni ezimbili ezihlala njalo, kwakuyisizathu esiyinhloko sokuwa kwecebo likaHitler nge-blitzkrieg ngokumelene neSoviet Union.

Incazelo yempi kaSmolensk ayikwazi ukuvezwa. Ngenxa yemizamo engamanyala kanye nezenzo zobuqhawe, futhi nangenxa yokulahlekelwa okukhulu, i-Red Army yakwazi ukumisa isitha futhi iya ekuvikeleni izindlela eMoscow. Amakamelo aseSoviet azwakalisa ukuxoshwa okukhulu kweqembu lama-tank laseJalimane, ababefuna ukuyisebenzisa ukuthatha idolobha lesibili elibaluleke kakhulu le-USSR - Leningrad.

Impi yaseSmolensk, isithombe sayo sezenzakalo esifikile ezinsukwini zethu, sibonise ukuthi inqwaba yamasosha kanye nezikhulu ekulahlekeni kwempilo yabo ngokuqinile futhi ngokuzimela ivikela impela yonke imitha yomhlaba wayo. Kodwa ungakhohlwa izakhamuzi hhayi nje kuphela idolobha, kodwa futhi nesifunda, esinikeze usizo olubalulekile ekudaleni izikhundla zokuzivikela. Lapha basebenze abahlali bendawo abangaba ngu-300 000. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nabo babambe iqhaza empi. E-Smolensk ngesikhathi esifushane, kwakhiwa ama-brigades angama-25 namabutho e-fighter.