Likuphi Troy? City of Troy - emlandweni. Troy kumephu yesimanje

Kuningi eminyaka, lo muzi kanye nomlando unyawo yayo abavubukuli bamazwe nje. Kwengxenye yekhulu leminyaka edlule, uHeinrich Schliemann wakwazi ukuthola indawo lapho kuyinto Troy, futhi ngo-1988 isithakazelo ososayensi kulo muzi edume wabuye wavuka. Kuze kube manje, kuye kwaba eningi yocwaningo kanye wathola izingqimba eziningana kwamasiko.

ulwazi olujwayelekile

Lokhu isiphetho impucuko Luwian, eyaziwa ngaphansi kwegama Ilion, lingumuzi wasendulo ukuthi esenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye -Asia Minor, eduze nogu Aegean Sea. Kulapho Troy kwaba kumephu jikelele. Umuzi baduma ngenxa epics lasendulo ngesiGreki umbhali uHomer izinganekwane eziningi nama-legends, futhi sitholwe umvubukuli Heinrich Schliemann.

Isizathu esiyinhloko esenza umuzi wasendulo sasibonisa ukuthandwa sinjalo iThrojani neMpi nayo yonke imicimbi ehambisana. Ngokusho izincazelo "Iliad", kwaba impi minyaka eyishumi edlule, okwaholela kokuwa zokuhlala.

Umsele lokuqala

Kukhona umbono wokuthi endaweni Troy lalilikhulu kakhulu kunalokho okwake kwacatshangwa. Ngo-1992, imivubukulo Kwakuseshwa, okwaphumela kokutholakala umsele ozungeza edolobheni. Lokhu emhosheni siphela kungaphelele kusukela izindonga zomuzi, 'ezizungezile endaweni engaba ngu-200 thous. M ^2, nakuba lo muzi ngokwawo kuthatha cishe 20 kuphela THS. M ^2. Usosayensi German uManfred Korfman ukholelwa ukuthi kule ndawo kwaba Lower Town, futhi kufika ku-1700 BC. e. khona asaphila abantu.

Eyesibili emseleni

Ngemva kweminyaka emibili, ngo-1994, ngesikhathi kumbiwa yesibili emhosheni eyayenziwe wadala kwatholakala, okuyinto wagijima amamitha angamakhulu amahlanu kusukela nqaba. Bobabili emhosheni uhlelo ebiyelweyo owawenzelwa ukuvikela inqaba, ngoba ayikwazi kunqotshwe ngayo izinqola zempi. Abavubukuli bakholelwa ukuthi lapha ngensimbi ezigxotsheni noma udonga lokhuni. okunamathiselwe okunjalo zichazwe ukungafi "Iliad", nakuba neze ke manje wencika njengoba indatshana zomlando.

Luvians noma engumKrethe-Mycenaeans?

Umvubukuli Korfman ukholelwa ukuthi Troy uyindlalifa ngqo ka lia Civilizations, hhayi, njengoba kukholelwa kanjalo ngokuvamile, Mycenaean. Insimu yesimanje kaTroy iqukethe okutholakele eziningi zokweseka. Kodwa ngo-1995 kwathiwa zathola ekhethekile itholakala ephrintiwe nabalingiswa olimini Luwian okuyinto ngaphambili ezivamile e-Asia Minor. Kodwa, ngeshwa, it akukabonakaliswa yokuvela kwezinto ezintsha ukuthi kwakuyobonisa ngokusobala ukuthi lo ezintathu akhuluma naye ngalololimi.

Nokho Korfman Wayeqiniseka ngokugcwele ukuthi Trojans lasendulo babeyinzalo ka oqondile ezizwe Indo-European babe Luvians imvelaphi. Lokhu abantu cishe II Millennium BC. e. Wathuthela Anatolia. izinto eziningi ukuthi kutholakele phakathi kumbiwa ngo Troy kungenzeka ukuba yilunga nale impucuko ethile, hhayi ngesiGreki. Kunezizathu eziningana, eqinisekisa kungenzeka lokhu nokucabanga. Endaweni lapho kwaba Troy, okusikhumbuza izindonga Mycenaean, futhi ukubonakala emakhaya kuyinto ngempela ejwayelekile ngobungcweti bokwakhiwa kwezindlu Anatolia.

inkolo

Phakathi iqoqo imivubukulo lapha atholakele umHeti-Lubian lwezinhlangano ezingathandwa ezibhekwa izinto. Eduze kwesango eningizimu babe steles ezine, owawufanekisela unkulunkulu umHeti isiko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emathuneni, okuyinto etholakala eduze kwezindonga zomuzi, zikhona izimpawu nokushiswa kwesidumbu somuntu ofile. Njengoba sazi ukuthi le ndlela lokungcwatshwa akuyona ejwayelekile Emazweni aseNtshonalanga, kodwa amaHeti ke yakhetha ke, kuyinto enye plus esivuna Korfman theory. Nokho, namuhla kuya kuba nzima kakhulu ukunquma ukuthi kwakubaluleke kangakanani ngempela.

Troy kumephu emhlabeni

Ngenxa Troy wabanjwa phakathi - phakathi kwamaGreki nabalimi namaHeti - ngokuvamile kwakudingeka ukuba abe party kwesibhicongo. Njalo lapha endabeni impi, isiphetho kanye ehlaselwa zonke izitha entsha. It is ngokwesayensi kungase kutholakale, njengoba endaweni lapho Troy kuyinto, okungukuthi, ensimini ka Turkey yesimanje, iminonjana imililo atholakele. Kodwa emhlabeni 1180 BC. e. lapha kwaba ingozi, okuyinto kwakhe kwaphawula ukuqala kwenkathi eziyinkimbinkimbi emlandweni hhayi kuphela Troy, kodwa futhi emhlabeni wonke.

I iThrojani impi

Uma zobuciko oqondile otholakala phakathi yokwemba, futhi ungasho okuthile ethize, izenzakalo ezenzeka in the kwezepolitiki, futhi iqiniso ngemva kwabo, uhlala umbuzo omkhulu. Ukuswelakala kokusebenza ngokuhlanganyela ulwazi kanye eziningi nokuzamula, ngokuvamile engenangqondo, abanye bamukele kokuzikhathaza ukuthi kuye kwavula izinganekwane eziningi nama-legends. Kuyefana nasendleleni nendumezulu olukhulu umculi yamaGreki asendulo Homer, abanye ososayensi ngenxa yokushoda kobufakazi okulungiselelwe ukucabangela ubufakazi ngokufakaza, kodwa empini kwenzeke eside ngaphambi kokuzalwa umbhali nkondlo, futhi yebo wayazi wakhe kuphuma emlonyeni abanye kuphela.

UHelen Paris

Ngokusho yetinsita ezichazwe "Iliad", imbangela impi wayengowesifazane, umka-King Menelaus - Elena. Troy, omlando wakhe wayazi asemrarweni, hhayi kanye uhlaselwe amaGreki ngakho ngaphambi kwempi, njengoba Trojans bakwazi ukusinqanda lesi ubudlelwane uhwebo iDardanelles. Ngokusho izinganekwane, kuqala impi ngenxa yokuthi omunye amadodana enkosi iThrojani Priam - Paris - entshontsha umka umbusi ngesiGreki, namaGreki, esikhundleni salokho, wanquma ukuphindela kulo.

Cishe, empeleni lo mcimbi senzeka emlandweni, kodwa kwakungeyona kuphela imbangela impi. Lesi senzakalo kwaba umvuthwandaba, ngemva kwalokho, futhi yaqala impi.

ihhashi lethrojani

Enye legend ngokuqondene nokubhujiswa Troy, iyalandisa mayelana nendlela amaGreki wakwazi ukunqoba impi. Uma ukholwa ukuthi imithombo tetemibhalo, sekuyinto Sibonga kungenzeka ukuba okuthiwa iThrojani ihhashi, kodwa kule nguqulo, kukhona ukuphikisana eziningi. Enkondlweni yayo yokuqala "The Iliad", ngokuphelele abazinikezele Troy, uHomer alisho lutho ngokugujwa kosuku lesisiqephu kwempi, futhi ku "Odyssey" likuchaza ngokuningiliziwe yakhe. Kule singaphetha ngokuthi, cishe, kuba eqanjiwe, ikakhulukazi njengoba iningi labantu akukho bufakazi bemivubukulo esakhiweni, lapho Troy etholakele.

Kukhona isiphakamiso ihhashi iThrojani Homer wayecabanga ziyalungiswa, noma ngakho wabonisa uhlamvu lwemikhumbi elafika ukucekwa edolobheni.

Kungani Troy labhujiswa

Umlando komuzi, eyabhalwa Homer, lithi ngokubhujiswa komuzi ibizwa ngokuthi ihhashi iThrojani - isipho eziwubala amaGreki. Ngokusho yetinsita amaGreki Sathi uma ihhashi izoba ezindongeni zomuzi, khona-ke uyokwazi bazivikele kusukela kuphangwa.

Izakhamuzi eziningi ababevumelana lokhu, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umpristi Laocoön wajikijela indodana yakhe ngomkhonto ihhashi, bese-ke kwaba sobala ukuthi kuyize. Kodwa, kubonakala sengathi, logic of the Trojans wahlupheka, futhi banquma ukwenza samanje kuze kufike emzini lesitha, ngoba yena bavuna kabuhlungu. Nokho, lokhu kumane nje Homer Ukuqagela, akunakwenzeka ukuthi lokhu empeleni kwenzekani.

multilayer Troy

On ibalazwe lesimanje edolobheni-isimo phakathi endaweni sentaba Hissarlik eTurkey. Ngesikhathi kumbiwa eminingi ezindaweni eziningana ziye zatholakala endaweni, ababe lapha ezikhathini zasendulo. Abavubukuli baye bathola izingqimba eziyisishiyagalolunye ehlukene, okungokwendlela iminyaka ezahlukene, kodwa ingqikithi zalezikhathi libizwa Troy.

Kusukela isiphetho kuqala ukuphepha babe zakhiwo ezimbili kuphela. Ucwaningo we ungqimba yesibili yenzani nje Genrih Shliman, bekholelwa ukuthi lalilapho nguye of Troy, lapho ababehlala ezihlatshelelwa King Priam. ukuthuthukiswa okukhulu, ngokuvumelana okutholakele safinyelela ezakhamuzini komnikazi lesithupha endaweni. Ngokusho imiphumela ekumbeni kwatholakala ukuthi phakathi nale nkathi kwaba khona eyenziwa i ukuhweba asebenzayo nge amaGreki. Umuzi ngokwawo labhujiswa ngenxa yokuzamazama komhlaba.

abavubukuli nanamuhla bakholelwa ukuthi ungqimba lesikhombisa wathola - lena Homeric Ilium. Izazi-mlando zithi edolobheni wabulawa umlilo okuqalwe amabutho ngesiGreki. ungqimba lesishiyagalombili - ukukhokhela bamakoloni ngesiGreki owayehlala lapha kakade emva Troy labhujiswa. Bona, ku okushiwo abavubukuli, ezakhiwe lapha ithempeli Athena. Owokugcina izingqimba, elesishiyagalolunye fanele ngenkathi wonke uMbuso WaseRoma.

Troy yanamuhla insimu enkulu, lapho kumbiwa abazenzi kuze kube yilolu suku. Umgomo wabo - ukuthola ubufakazi yomlando, ezichazwe nendumezulu omkhulu Homeric. ezinganekwaneni Abaningi nezinganekwane ukuthi emakhulwini amaningana eminyaka ukhuthaze ososayensi, abavubukuli bamazwe entsha uyenze eyakho - siqala elincane - umnikelo ekutholakaleni izimfihlakalo kulo muzi omkhulu, okuyinto yake kwaba omunye main ukuyothenga Umthambo zezwe lasendulo.

Endaweni lapho Troy senziwa bathole okuningi, okuyinto zazibaluleke kakhulu isayensi yesimanje. Kodwa akukho nezimfumbe kancane unikezwa imivubukulo eyenziwa lenqwaba abavubukuli okhokhelwayo. Ngesikhathi namuhla, thina kuphela silinde kuze kube entsha, ubufakazi obuqine izenzakalo kuyotholakala ezichazwe "Odyssey" futhi "Iliad". Okwamanje, sizoba baqagela izenzakalo kweqiniso esenzeka umuzi omkhulu lasendulo kaTroy kuphela.